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Home , Articulatory phonetics, Manner of articulation, Phonation, Tap and flap consonants

Introduction to General - & winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert

Universität Tübingen Seminar für Sprachwissenschaft

Phonetics k Phonology

(Hall, Kapitel 1.1 – 1.5; Clark & Yallop, Chapter 2 & 3)

Christian Ebert [email protected] 1 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert The articulatory process

reminder: An egressive pulmonic airstream (ð airstream process) passses through the , more precisely the (ð ) in the oral tract, the receives its final shape (ð articulatory process)

2 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert The articulatory process the

sagittal section of the vocal tract — from X-ray to schema

Vorlage: Karl-Heinz Wagner, Skript zur Phonetik und Phonologie 3 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert The articulatory process the vocal tract

three resonating cavities e i g o

nasal cavity o n o h P

d n

u oral cavity

k i t e n o h P

r u z

t p i r k S

, the (the velum) can be r e n g

a lowered (ð airflow through W

z n

i nasal cavity) or raised e H - l r (ð airflow only through oral a K

: e

g cavity) a l r o V 4 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert The articulatory process articulators

obstructions in a flow cause turbulences to occur (vgl. Windkanal)

the exact nature of the turbulence is determined by the shape of the obstruction

this is the fundamental principle of the articulatory process: by forming constrictions in the resonating cavities the airstream is modified (turbulences are caused) and the resulting sound is shaped 5 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert The articulatory process articulators

the constrictions are formed by the so-called articulators

hard palate (lat. palatum) /teeth ridge soft palate (lat. velum) teeth (lat. dentes) uvula

(lat. labiae) pharynx wall

(lat. lingua)

glottis

6 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert The articulatory process articulators

the tongue is further subdivided into regions

tip (lat. apex) back (lat. dorsum) root (lat. radix) blade (lat. lamina) 7 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert The articulatory process articulators German English Latin adjectiv Zunge tongue lingua lingual linguo- Zungenspitze tongue tip apex apikal apico- Zungenblatt tongue blade lamina laminal lamino- Zungenrücken back (of tongue) dorsum dorsal dorso- Zungenwurzel tongue root radix radical radico- Lippen lips labiae labial labio- Zähne teeth dentes dental Zahndamm teeth/alveolar ridge (alveolen) alveolar harter Gaumen hard palate palatum palatal palato- weicher Gaumen soft palate velum velar Zäpfchen uvula uvula uvular Rachen/-wand pharynx pharynx pharyngal Stimmritze glottis glottis glottal 8 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert The articulatory process

during the articulation of consonants the airstream is obstructed at a supraglottal position

during the articulation of the airstream can pass unhindered

consonants ó noise vowels ó clear /tones

consonants are classified according to three dimensions:

(1) the constrictions are formed by approaching/touching one articulator with another. The involved articulators determine the

(2) the type of constriction determines the

(3) furthermore the resulting sound can be voiced of voiceless, which determines its phonation 9 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation

the constriction is formed by moving upper incisors an active articulator towards a palatum passive articulator upper teeth ridge velum uvula active articulators are the (more or less) flexible articulators in the pharynx lower part of the vocal tract lower lip apex dorsum lower incisors lamina radix passive articulators are the (more or less) stationary articulators in the upper part of the vocal tract 10 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation a pair of adjectives corresponding to active articulator-passive postalveolar dental articulator is used describe the palatal alveolar exact place of articulation labial velar uvular some sounds make it necessary to pharyngal introduce further regions: postalveolar (palato-alveolar) labial dorsal apical the region right behind the laminal radical dental alveolar ridge sublaminal sublaminal the bottom region of the tongue on the opposite side of the tongue back (i.e. the lamina) 11 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation labial sounds

Labio-labial: the lower lip approaches the upper lip and forms a constriction since both lips are involved those sounds are rathter called bilablial some bilabial sounds are [m] as in , [p] as in , [b] as in , 12 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation labial sounds

Labio-dental: the lower tip touches the outer and bottom sides of the upper incisors

some labio-dental sounds are [f] as in , [v] as in

13 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation apical ó laminal / dental ó alveolar apico-/lamino-dental: the tip/blade of the tongue forms a constriction with the egdes/inner sides of the upper incisors some apico-/lamino-dental sounds: [T] as in and [D] as in and

In most , the distinction between apical and laminal articulation is irrelevant and hence these sounds are referred to as dental sounds. 14 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation apical ó laminal / dental ó alveolar apico-/lamino-alveolar: the tip/blade of the tongue forms a constriction with the teeth ridge some apico-/lamino-alveolar sounds are [t] as in and [d] as in and [n] as in , and [s] as in and [z] as in und again, if the apical/laminal distinction is of no importance, these sounds are simply called alveolar sounds 15 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation apical ó laminal / dental ó alveolar many of the sounds above can be formed in an apical, laminal, dental, oder alveolar way in the IPA there are diacritical symbols for a precise description of the place of articulation (where the „unmarked“ case is an alveolar sound): [dÏ] dental [d×] apikal [dØ] laminal in most languages there are either dental sounds (Russian, Spanish) or alveolar sounds (German) but rarely both instance of the latter: : [pVnÏnÏi] (pig) vs. [kVnni] (first) 16 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation postalveolar apico-postalveolar: tongue tip slightly behind the teeth ridge some apico-postalveolar sound: British English [£] as in und lamino-postalveolar: tongue blade slightly behind the teeth ridge some lamino-postalveolare sounds: [S] as in , , [Z] as in , 17 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation postalveolar sublamino-postalveolar: undersurface of the tongue and postalveolar region sublamino-postalveolar sounds are called retroflex in some English dialects the 'r' is a retroflex sound: [²] as in und . retroflex sounds as [ µ  © ] in an many other indian languages

18 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation palatal and velar lamino/dorso-palatal: blade/back of tongue approaches hard palate the only true palatal sound of English is [j] as in a palatal sound of German is the „ich-Laut“ [] as in und in some variants of English, [C] may also occur, e.g. in

19 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation palatal and velar dorso-velar: back of tongue approaches the soft palate (velum) velar sounds include [k] as in and [g] as in and [N] as in , as well as the German „ach-Laut“ [x] as in und 20 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation uvular and pharyngal

Dorso-uvular: back of the tongue approaches the uvula the „standard“ pronounciation of „r“ in German gives an example of an uvularer sound [³] wie in radiko-pharyngal: the root of the tongue approaches the pharynx wall pharyngale sound such as [ ¶] occur e.g. in 21 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation glottal

as discussed in the previous session, the glottis is of major importance for phonation. however, it can also participate in articulation one sound produced with the glottis is the [?] to articulate [?] the vocal folds are kept tightly together and then the glottis is opened rapidly ð a click sound can be heard the glottal stop occurs in German before word-inital vowels (cf. the corresponding english sentence): [?]Anna [?]aß [?]ein [?]Ei.

another glottal sound is [h] as in und . 22 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation glottal

this fact is responsible for letting German sound so „hard“ in the ear of non-native German speakers

[?] can also be found between two vowels, in particular if the second is stressed

cha[?]ótisch Ru[?]íne Be[?]ámter O[?]áse

a sequence of two glottal stops is characteristic for denial:

[?V?V] [?a?a] [?m?m]

23 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation summary

some combinations of active and passive articulator cannot form constrictions for anatomic reasons, e.g apiko-uvular, radiko-dental sometimes the description of places of articulation are shortened by using special expressions (e.g. bilabial for labio-labial, retroflex for sublamino-postalveolar) sounds can be grouped together by specification of only the passive articulator (e.g. velar, palatal, uvular, pharyngal)

or by specification of the active articulator labial with lip involvement coronal with involvement of tongue tip or blade

dorsal with involvement of tongue back, etc. 24 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Places of articulation summary

labial bilabial lower lip upper lip [p b m] labiodental lower lip upper incisors [f v] koronal alveolar apex/lamina teeth ridge [t d n s] postalveolar apex/lamina behind teeth ridge [S Z] retroflex sublamina behind teeth ridge [² µ  ©] dorsal palatal dorsum hard palate [C] velar dorsum soft palate [k g x N] uvular dorsum uvula [³] radical pharyngal tongue root pharynx wall [ ¶] — glottal vocal folds (vocal folds) [? h] 25 nach Hall (2000): Phonologie, S. 8 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation

the second important parameter for classifying articulation (next to the place of articulation) is the manner of articulation for instance: [t s] are both alveolar sounds ð same place of articulation [k x] are both velar sounds ð same place of articulation

[t k] are articulated by the rapid release of a complete oral closure ð same manner of articulation alveolar velar [s x] are articulated by forming a stop t k constriction that causes a turbulence s x in the flowing air, producing a hissing sound ð same manner of articulation 26 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation stops/ stops (with egressive pulmonic airstream: plosives) are formed by a total oral closure that is rapidly released. Hereby the velum is raised and the air flows through the oral cavity only

voiceless voiced bilabial [p] [b] alveolar [t] [d] retroflex [µ] [] Hindi palatal [c] [] Hungarian velar [k] [g] uvular [q] [] Tlingit glottal [?] German 27 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation fricatives both articulators form a constriction such that causes a turbulence in the flowing air, producing a hissing sound voiceless voiced bilabial [­] [B] Ewe labiodental [f] [v] dental [T] [D] alveolar [s] [z] postalveolar [S] [Z] retroflex [´] [À] Mandarin-Chinesisch palatal [C] [] German / Margi velar [x] [G] German / Greenlandic uvular [X] [R] German / Greenlandic pharyngal [] [¶] Arabic 28 glottal [h] [] German / Czech Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation

affricates are simple sequences of a followed by a homorganic fricative

homorganic means being produced by the same active articulator

it makes sense to regard affricates (as e.g. [tþ] in ) as one single and not as a sequence of two sounds [t] (as we will see later)

to mark their special status, an arch symbol þ is used in the IPA to span the sequence of plosive and fricative

29 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation affricates examples: [tþS] in coronal alveolar coronal postalveolar [dþZ] in coronal alveolar coronal postalveolar examples from German are [tþs] in coronal alveolar coronal alveolar [pþf] in labio - labial labio - dental example from Swiss German [kþx] in dorsal velar dorsal velar no affricates are [ks] in dorsal velar coronal alveolar [ps] in labio - labial coronal alveolar 30 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation nasal nasal a complete oral closure is built, but the velum is lowered such that air can flow through the nasal cavity

bilabial [m] labiodental [F] Teke alveolar [n] retroflex [©] Hindi palatal [J] Spanish <ñ> velar [N] uvular [ª] Japanese

31 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation approximants similar to a fricative a constriction is formed which is, however, not narrow enough to cause turbulences in the air flow and hence the air can pass relatively unhindered

approximants can be further classified by the type of constriction

in the case of lateral approximants (short: laterals) the passes at the sides of tongue the tongue which forms a central closure in the case of central the air passes in the center while there are constrictions at the sides of the oral tongue cavity 32 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation approximants — laterals

the following sounds are lateral approximants (short: laterals)

alveolar [l] retroflex [] Toda palatal [L] Italian [Li] velar [¢] middle Waghi

Note that there are also lateral fricatives, e.g. in some north- and south american languages

voiceless voiced

alveolar [K] [¡] 33 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation approximants — central

the following sounds are central approximants:

labiodental [P] Dutch [Pat@r] alveolar [£] Engl. [t£aI] retroflex [²] Engl. [²Ed] velar [¦] Aranda

the following two central approximants are also called semi-vowels or glides

'labio-velar' [w] Engl. [wEd] palatal [j] Engl. 34 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation trills

trills are produce by a vibration of the two articulators, caused by the current of air

labial [] „make the horse stop“-sound alveolar [r] süddt. „gerolltes“ 'r' uvular [³] German „standard“ „R“-sound

35 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation taps & flaps

taps & flaps are produced by a single contraction of the muscles of the tongue tip such that one articulator is thrown against another as in a rapid stop gesture

alveolar [4] retroflex [±] in some dialects of English (American English) for : [sI4IN] in Spanischen the tap contrasts with [r]: (but) (dog) [pe4o] [pero] 36 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation Further classification

are those fricatives (and affricates), that have more acoustic at a higher pitch than other fricatives, i.e. [s z S Z ´ À] (note: this is an auditive characterisation)

is the collection of plosives, fricatives and affricates

are all other non- sounds

sonorants are usually voiced and are more -like, obstruents are rather noise-like

rhotics are the 'R' sounds and comprise central approximants [£ ²], trills wie [r ³] and taps such as [4]

liquids is a cover term for rhotics and 'l' sounds (i.e. lateral approximants) 37 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Manner of articulation Further classification

consonants

obstruents sonorants

plosives affricates fricatives liquids nasals [p d k] [ ts pf ] [f v S] [m N]

rhotics laterals [ r] [l] 38 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Phonation

phonation is the third important parameter in the classification of consonant articulation the vocal folds may — depending on the exact state of the glottis (see last session) — vibrate and cause the sound to be voiced, or otherwise voiceless obstruents are found in both variants, sonorants (like e.g. nasal sounds, laterals, etc.) are usually voiced in some languages, voiceless sonorants are found, e.g. voiceless nasal sounds in Burmese (Myanmar) [maè] (healthy) vs. [mßaè] (order)

a voiceless sound is marked by the diakritic ß in the IPA 39 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert The IPA table Consonants

40 Introduction to General Linguistics - Phonetics & Phonology winter term 2010/2011 Christian Ebert Exercise

(1) Go to the Interactive IPA Chart on the web site http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/ipa-lab.htm and listen to the various consonant sounds

(2) Note the IPA-Symbol for the following sounds: (a) alveolar trill (c) (b) palatal lateral (d) palatal glide

(3) Give an exact description of the following sounds: (a) [n] (b) [pþf] (c) [t] (d) [±]

(4) Why is there no voiced counterpart for the voiceless glottal plosive [?] ? 41