The Effects of Trade Policy
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Commercial Faqs
A consumer information brochure published by the New Hampshire Insurance Department 21 South Fruit Street, Suite 14 Concord, NH 03301 Commercial phone: (800) 852-3416 fax: (603) 271-1406 TDD Access: Relay NH 1-800-735-2964 FAQs WHAT KIND OF INSURANCE DO I NEED TO PURCHASE FOR MY BUSINESS? Depending on the individual risk characteristics of your business, the broker- agent will present you with different coverage options for purchasing commercial insurance. A broker-agent’s proposal is just that, a proposal. When all is said and done it is your responsibility to make an informed decision and choose the insurance that best fits your business plan. The relationship that you build with a broker-agent is extremely valuable in this critical decision making process. An The New Hampshire Insurance experienced broker-agent has dealt with hundreds of businesses similar to yours. Department makes sure that insurers Since commercial insurance can be complicated, you should feel free to discuss doing business in the state are financially sound, that insurance is any terms, conditions, or concepts that are unclear to you with your broker- available and appropriately priced, and consumers are treated fairly by doing agent. It is part of a broker-agent’s service to answer your questions and help you the following: understand the insurance you are purchasing. • Licensing insurance companies and monitoring their financial While your business may not need all commercial coverage lines, it is a good idea stability to have a basic knowledge of the types of insurance coverage available. As your • Reviewing insurance forms and premium rates to be sure they business changes and expands you will have the necessary knowledge to purchase comply with state law insurance coverage as new exposures arise. -
Economy and Employment 35
Economy and Employment 35 CHAPTER 4 36 Doncaster Unitary Development Plan Economy and Employment 37 Economy and Employment INTRODUCTION 4.1 A healthy economy is vital to the future well being of Doncaster and its citizens. Yet despite recent changes and developments, there is a continuing need to diversify the economy and also to secure growth in the manufacturing and service sectors. Additional employment opportunities are required to counter the present unacceptably high levels of unemployment, to provide for the anticipated growth in the workforce to 4.3 The preparation of this Unitary Council’s planning objectives and 2001 and beyond and to replace those Development Plan has coincided with development priorities. Economic jobs which will be lost as the measures being taken to create a Single Regeneration is identified as one of the traditional employers, especially the European Market by 1992, as well as three major themes. The main coal industry, continue to rationalise other developments by the European contribution of the UDP towards this and shed labour. Commission related to institutional objective lies in identifying and reform and Community enlargement. safeguarding a supply of land for 4.2 The process of restructuring and These will impact on Doncaster, industrial and commercial developing the local economy has although the nature and extent of this development and in promoting the commenced and significant progress impact will depend on a number of servicing and development of this has been achieved in recent years. A factors. -
Small Business Guide to Commercial Insurance
1-800-927-4357 www.insurance.ca.gov Small Business Guide to Commercial Insurance Dave Jones, Insurance Commissioner California Department of Insurance . Dave Jones Insurance Commissioner Dear California Consumer: The California Department of Insurance (CDI) is the nation’s leading consumer protection agency and your best resource for honest and impartial answers to insurance questions. We have knowledgeable insurance professionals staffing our consumer hotline. My staff is available to help you get answers to insurance related questions, file a request for assistance, or report suspected insurance fraud. Call 800-927-HELP (4357) or visit www.insurance.ca.gov to view all of our consumer information guides and insurance resources. These tools are available to consumers for free. Thank you for giving us the opportunity to serve you. Sincerely, Dave Jones California Insurance Commissioner . Table of Contents Small Business Guide to Commercial Insurance Introduction to Commercial Insurance . 3 How Can I Purchase Commercial Insurance? . 3 What Should I Expect from a Broker-Agent Who Specializes in Commercial Insurance? . 4 What Kind of Insurance Do I Need to Purchase for My Business? . 6 Property Insurance . 7 • Commercial Property • Inland Marine • Boiler and Machinery • Crime Casualty Insurance . 13 • Commercial Automobile • Commercial General Liability • Commercial Umbrella • Workers Compensation What Is a Business Owners Policy? . 20 How Are Commercial Policies Rated, Deductibles Selected, and Premiums Developed? . 20 What Do I Need to Know About Commercial Claims? . 21 Deductible . 22 Loss Control . 22 What If I Have Trouble Locating Insurance for My Business? . 23 • Surplus Line Insurance • California FAIR Plan Are There Specific Rules on Commercial Insurance Cancellation and Nonrenewal? . -
Trade Policy and Economic Growth
TRADE POLICY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A SKEPTIC'S GUIDE TO THE CROSS-NATIONAL EVIDENCE Francisco Rodríguez and Dani Rodrik University of Maryland and Harvard University Revised May 2000 Department of Economics University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 (301) 405-3480 John F. Kennedy School of Government 79 Kennedy Street Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 495-9454 We thank Dan Ben-David, Sebastian Edwards, Jeffrey Frankel, David Romer, Jeffrey Sachs, and Andrew Warner for generously sharing their data with us. We are particularly grateful to Ben- David, Frankel, Romer, Sachs, Warner and Romain Wacziarg for helpful e-mail exchanges. We have benefited greatly from discussions in seminars at the University of California at Berkeley, University of Maryland, University of Miami, University of Michigan, MIT, the Inter-American Development Bank, Princeton, Yale, IMF, IESA and the NBER. We also thank Ben Bernanke, Roger Betancourt, Allan Drazen, Gene Grossman, Ann Harrison, Chang-Tai Hsieh, Doug Irwin, Chad Jones, Frank Levy, Douglas Irwin, Rick Mishkin, Arvind Panagariya, Ken Rogoff, James Tybout, and Eduardo Zambrano for helpful comments, Vladimir Kliouev for excellent research assistance and the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard for partial financial support. TRADE POLICY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A SKEPTIC'S GUIDE TO THE CROSS-NATIONAL EVIDENCE ABSTRACT Do countries with lower policy-induced barriers to international trade grow faster, once other relevant country characteristics are controlled for? There exists a large empirical literature providing an affirmative answer to this question. We argue that methodological problems with the empirical strategies employed in this literature leave the results open to diverse interpretations. -
The Dollar and the Policy Mix: 1971
ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE NO. 85, May 1971 IIMMINIMIMINNEM THE DOLLAR AND THE POLICY MIX: 1971 ROBERT A. MUNDELL INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey This is the eighty-fifth number in the series ESSAYS IN IN- TERNATIONAL FINANCE, published from time to time by the International Finance Section of the Department of Eco- nomics of Princeton University. The author, Robert A. Mundell, is Professor of Eco- nomics at the University of Chicago. He has written many articles in the field of international finance and several books,including most recently, Man and Economics( 1968), International Economics (1968), Monetary Problems of the International Economy (with A. Swoboda, 1969), and Monetary Theory: Inflation, Interest and Growth in the World Economy (ii). The Section sponsors the essays in this series but takes no further responsibility for the opinions expressed in them. The writers are free to develop their topics as they wish. Their ideas may or may not be shared by the editorial com- mittee of the Section or the members of the Department. FRITZ MACHLUP, Director International Finance Section ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE NO. 85, May 1971 111:LE:ME.MEMMII THE DOLLAR AND THE POLICY MIX: 1971 IIMEMINCOMENI ROBERT A. MUNDELL INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey Copyright © 1971, by International Finance Section Department of Economics Princeton University L.C. Card No. 70-165467 Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press at Princeton, New Jersey THE DOLLAR AND THE POLICY MIX: 1971 THE DEFICIT AND THE DOLLAR • A decade ago Professor Rueff characterized the American balance-of- payments deficit as a "deficit without tears." He meant that the United States could buy expensive-to-make( European) resources with cheap-to- print dollars. -
A) the Economic Rationale for Trade Net Effect on the Terms-Of-Trade, but Lead to a Agreements Contraction of Trade Volumes Which Reduces Overall Welfare (See Box 1
II – B FLEXIBILITY IN TRADE AGREEMENTS B FLEXIBILITY IN TRADE AGREEMENTS The aim of this section is to: (a) clarify what Economists have identified several rationales for justifies the inclusion of contingency measures in the existence of trade agreements, such as those trade agreements; (b) provide an account of all embodied in the WTO, and its antecedent, the circumstances when a suspension of commitments General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). may make economic sense; and (c) identify the Two main approaches can be distinguished.1 The flexibility measures built into WTO agreements. first states that in the absence of a trade agreement, The section provides a framework for the discussion a country may be tempted to manipulate the of specific contingency measures in the subsequent terms-of-trade (i.e. the price of its exports relative sections of the Report. to its imports) in order to increase its national income at the expense of its trading partners. The 1. ECONOMIC THEORIES OF second approach stresses the economic and political TRADE AGREEMENTS AND THE difficulties that governments face in setting trade policy. As discussed below, trade agreements allow ROLE OF FLEXIBILITIES governments to escape terms-of-trade conflicts and/ or to resist pressures from the private sector and Trade agreements aim to strike a balance between special-interest groups urging the government to flexibility and commitments. If there is too deviate from a liberal trade policy. much flexibility, the value of the commitment is undermined. If there is too little flexibility, countries i) The traditional approach to trade agreements may refuse to make deep commitments or may easily renege on such commitments. -
The Brazilian Economy-1980/97: from Hyper-Inflation to Stabilization
Working paper No.62 The Brazilian Economy-1980/97: From Hyper-Inflation to Stabilization by Claudio Monteiro Considera Institute of Applied Economics Research Ministry of Planning and Budget March 1998 Department of Research Cooperation Economic Research Institute Economic Planning Agency Tokyo, Japan Any opinions expressed here are those of the authors and not those of the institution to which the authors belong. THE BRAZILIAN ECONOMY-1980/97 From Hyper-Inflation to Stabilization CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. The Social and Economic Crisis- 1980/92 2.1. The Record of the Crisis 2.2. The Origin of the Crisis: the Domestic and External Debts 2.3. The Stabilization Programs: a Chronicle of Failures 3. The Transaction Period : 1993/94 3.1. Political Transition: Development cum Inflation 3.2. The First Semester of 1994: the Transition by the URV 3.3. The New Currency: The Real 3.4. The First Nine Months of the Real: the Overheating of the Demand 4. Stability with Small Growth: 1995-97 4.1 The Impact of the Mexican Crisis 4.2 Consolidation of Stability and Economic Recovering 4.3 The Impact of the Asian Crisis 5. Real Plan, Macroeconomic Stability and Social Development-an Overview THE BRAZILIAN ECONOMY-1980/97 From Hyper-Inflation to Stabilization1 Claudio Monteiro Considera2 1. Introduction Brazilian experience along the 80’s and the beginning of the 90’s has been characterized by a general tendency to stagnation associated to the persistence of deep macroeconomic disequilibrium-in particular, by high and increasing inflation. Notwithstanding the localized spells of growth, usually related to expectation involving the future behavior of inflation, between 1980 and 1992 the economy has grown at an average of only 1.25% p.a., in this manner forcing the per capita income to drop to 7.6% during the period. -
International Trade Law and the “Carbon Leakage” Problem: Are Unilateral U.S. Import Restrictions the Solution? Bernd G
Sustainable Development Law & Policy Volume 8 Article 7 Issue 2 Winter 2008: Climate Law Reporter 2008 International Trade Law and the “Carbon Leakage” Problem: Are Unilateral U.S. Import Restrictions the Solution? Bernd G. Janzen Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/sdlp Part of the Environmental Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the International Trade Law Commons Recommended Citation Janzen, Bernd G. “International Trade Law and the “Carbon Leakage” Problem: Are Unilateral U.S. Import Restrictions the Solution?” Sustainable Development Law & Policy, Winter 2008, 22-26, 84-85. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sustainable Development Law & Policy by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTE R NATIONAL TR A D E LAW AN D THE “CA R BON LEAKAGE ” PR OBLEM : AR E UNILATE R AL U.S. IMPO R T RE S T R ICTION S THE SOLUTION ? by Bernd G. Janzen* IN T RO D UC ti ON manufacturing from the former to the latter. This could lead to t the December 2007 United Nations Climate Change the reduction of such production in developed countries and an Conference in Bali, Indonesia, negotiators overcame increase in exports of GHG-intensive goods from developing Atremendous differences to agree on a “Bali Roadmap” -
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
• - RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON Spec(65)117 TARIFFS AND TRADE 5 November 1965 Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions DRAFT REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON BALANCE OF PAYMENTS RESTRICTIONS ON THE CONSULTATION UNDER ARTICLE XII:4(b) (UNREVISED) WITH URUGUAY 1. In accordance with its terms of reference the Committee conducted the consultation with Uruguay under paragraph 4(b) of Article XII (unrevised). The Committee had before it a background paper provided by the International Monetary Fund, dated 22 October 1965> together with a supplementary paper, dated 26 October 1965. 2. In conducting the consultation, the Committee followed the plan for such consultations recommended by the CONTRACTING PARTIES (BISD, Seventh Supplement, pages 97 and 98)• The consultation was completed on 4 November 1965- This report summarizes the main points of the discussion. Consultation with the International Monetary Fund 3. Pursuant to the provisions of Article XV of the General Agreement, the CONTRACTING PARTIES had invited the International Monetary Fund to consult with them in connexion with the consultation with Uruguay. In accordance with the agreed procedure, the representative of the Fund was invited to make a statement supplementing the Fund's documentation concerning the position of Uruguay. The statement was as follows : "The International Monetary Fund has transmitted to the CONTRACTING PARTIES a background paper on Uruguay dated October 22, 1965, together with a supplementary paper dated October 26, 1965« "During the past two years Uruguay has experienced severe balance of payments difficulties and has incurred very large short-term foreign liabilities as a result of which heavy repayment obligations will fall due in the near future. -
The WTO at Twenty Challenges and Achievements
The WTO at Twenty Challenges and achievements The WTO at Twenty Challenges and achievements Contents 3 WTO “widening” – Foreword by WTO more members, Director-General more participation 20 Accessions: building Roberto Azevêdo a 'global' WTO 21 Empowering developing countries 27 1 Conclusion 33 Introduction 06 2 Building a trade organization – strengthening the institutional foundations for global trade cooperation 10 Establishment of the WTO – the building of a permanent institution 11 WTO Secretariat 16 Negotiations in the WTO 16 4 Conclusion 19 WTO “deepening” – reducing barriers and expanding rules 34 Consolidating and expanding tariff commitments 35 Consolidating and expanding the regulatory framework for trade in goods 37 Consolidating and expanding the disciplines on trade in services 45 Modernizing and expanding the reach of disciplines on government procurement 47 Conclusion 49 2 5 Improving transparency – strengthening monitoring, surveillance and consultation 50 Reviewing trade policies to encourage policy dialogue 51 Monitoring trade policies to understand trends and contain protectionism 53 8 Monitoring and Strengthening documenting RTAs 54 outreach – Increasing transparency towards enhanced through notifications 55 engagement 78 Conclusion 58 7 Conclusion 81 Strengthening policy coherence – cooperation with other organizations 68 Expanding policy coherence: Art III.5 and beyond 69 6 Coherence in action 74 Dispute settlement – Conclusion 77 clarifying rules and resolving disputes 60 An accessible dispute settlement system 61 9 Establishing a rules-based Conclusion 82 system for resolving disputes 62 Lessons, issues, and principles from 20 years of WTO case-law 64 Conclusion 67 3 Foreword by WTO Director-General Roberto Azevêdo When the World Trade Organization was launched elimination of all remaining global tariffs. -
The Operation of the Trade Agreements Program in Overcoming Barriers to Hemisphere Trade
THE OPERATION OF THE TRADE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM IN OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO HEMISPHERE TRADE CHARLES F. DARLINGTON* I. THEORY AND BACKGROUND OF PRESENT UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL POLICY While war raged in Europe and the Orient a most important event of a peaceful nature took place this Fall in the Western Hemisphere. On October 14 th there was signed in Buenos Aires a trade agreement between Argentina and the United States, the first commercial agreement or treaty to be concluded between the two countries since 1853. The signature of the agreement represents the culmination of a long effort by both governments. Argentina, occupying a leading position politically and eco- nomically in our own hemisphere, was naturally one of the first countries to be considered when the trade agreements program was begun in 1934. On two occa- sions since then, in 1936 and again in 1939, agreement seemed in sight, but not until this autumn could the differences between the two countries be bridged. The message addressed by President Roosevelt to Acting President Castillo, and Dr. Castillo's reply, lifted the agreement out of the realm of commerce and stressed its significance in the political relations between the two countries. Both made it clear that they consider that the main importance of the agreement lies not in the trade benefits which the two countries concede to each other but in its contribution to the principle of hemisphere solidarity and cooperation. President Roosevelt pre- dicted that "in the years to come we will look upon the agreement signed today as a monument to the ways of peace, standing in sharp and profound relief upon a desolate plain of war and destruction.' To consider the trade agreements program as simply a matter of reducing some of the rates in our tariff and of obtaining lower rates abroad for some of our exports isto fail to appreciate the true character of this most important work. -
2019 Insurance Fact Book
2019 Insurance Fact Book TO THE READER Imagine a world without insurance. Some might say, “So what?” or “Yes to that!” when reading the sentence above. And that’s understandable, given that often the best experience one can have with insurance is not to receive the benefits of the product at all, after a disaster or other loss. And others—who already have some understanding or even appreciation for insurance—might say it provides protection against financial aspects of a premature death, injury, loss of property, loss of earning power, legal liability or other unexpected expenses. All that is true. We are the financial first responders. But there is so much more. Insurance drives economic growth. It provides stability against risks. It encourages resilience. Recent disasters have demonstrated the vital role the industry plays in recovery—and that without insurance, the impact on individuals, businesses and communities can be devastating. As insurers, we know that even with all that we protect now, the coverage gap is still too big. We want to close that gap. That desire is reflected in changes to this year’s Insurance Information Institute (I.I.I.)Insurance Fact Book. We have added new information on coastal storm surge risk and hail as well as reinsurance and the growing problem of marijuana and impaired driving. We have updated the section on litigiousness to include tort costs and compensation by state, and assignment of benefits litigation, a growing problem in Florida. As always, the book provides valuable information on: • World and U.S. catastrophes • Property/casualty and life/health insurance results and investments • Personal expenditures on auto and homeowners insurance • Major types of insurance losses, including vehicle accidents, homeowners claims, crime and workplace accidents • State auto insurance laws The I.I.I.