Mechanisms and Diagnostic Implications

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Mechanisms and Diagnostic Implications UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN (UCL) INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH (IREC) SERVICE D’HÉMATOLOGIE, CLINIQUES UNIVERSITAIRE SAINT-LUC CENTRE DE GÉNÉTIQUE HUMAINE, CLINIQUES UNIVERSITAIRE SAINT-LUC Molecular analysis of simple and complex genetic variants in a cohort of patients with hemophilia A: Mechanisms and diagnostic implications Nathalie Lannoy December 2015 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of «Docteur en sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques» Promoter : Professor Cédric Hermans Co-promoter : Professor Miikka Vikkula Jury members Chair: Prof. Luc Bertrand Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of cardiovascular research Promoter: Prof. Cédric Hermans Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Unité de Thrombose et Hémostase, Service d’hématologie, Bruxelles, Belgique. Co-Promoter: Prof. Miikka Vikkula Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Bruxelles, Belgique Members of the examination committee: Prof. Jean-Noël Octave Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institute Of NeuroScience (IoNS), Pôle Cellulaire et moléculaire Prof Christiane Vermylen Université catholique de Louvain, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Service d'hématologie et oncologie pédiatrique, Bruxelles, Belgique. Prof Laurent Knoops Université catholique de Louvain, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Service d'hématologie adulte, Bruxelles, Belgique. Prof Christine Vinciguerra Université Claude Bernard, Groupement hospitalier Edouard Herriot, Service d’hématologie biologique, Lyon, France Summary Haemophilia A (HA) is caused by widespread mutations in the factor VIII gene. Although genetic alterations responsible for HA can now be identified in a vast majority of patients, molecular diagnostic remains challenging in some patients. This thesis addresses important issues in the diagnostic and molecular mechanisms of some frequent or rare genetic alterations associated with HA. It demonstrates the value of computational and molecular approaches for predicting the causality of unreported missense mutations. It also shows that the overrepresentation of specific missense mutations in mild HA can be explained by a founder effect rather than by an independent occurrence. Also, it highlights how complex genetic rearrangements such as tandem inversion duplication within intron 1 and exons 1-22 duplications involving intron 22 homologous repeats (int22h) can be detected and their occurrence best explained. Finally, it demonstrates for the first time the existence of wild-type human genotype harbouring five int22h copies identified in the rare intron22 inversion type 3 of the factor VIII gene. Keywords: Hemophilia A, F8 mutation analysis, duplication breakpoints, intron 22 inversion, Copy Number Variation, genotyping, CGH array, MLPA, int22h homologous repeats Résumé L'hémophilie A (HA) est due à des mutations du gène F8 codant pour le facteur VIII de la coagulation. Bien que les mutations génétiques responsables de l'HA puissent désormais être identifiées pour la majorité des patients, le diagnostic moléculaire reste problématique chez certains sujets atteints. Cette thèse aborde les techniques d’identification et d’interprétation de plusieurs défauts génétiques concernant quelques nucléotides ou incluant de larges remaniements. Elle propose des stratégies bio-informatiques et moléculaires pour évaluer la causalité de mutations ponctuelles nouvellement décrites. Elle montre également que la surreprésentation des quelques mutations faux-sens peut être expliquée par un effet fondateur, plutôt que par un événement de novo récurrent. Ensuite, elle suggère des hypothèses pour expliquer les mécanismes moléculaires de certains réarrangements génétiques complexes tels qu’une duplication en miroir pour la duplication de l’exon 1 et une participation de deux séquences homologues int22h pour la duplication des exons 1 à 22. Finalement, elle montre pour la première fois qu’il existe des génotypes humains normaux contenant cinq copies de séquences homologues int22h qui sont techniquement visibles dans un type rare de l’inversion de l’intron 22. Mots-clés Hémophilie A, analyse moléculaire, gène F8, inversion de l’intron 22, copies homologues int22h, duplication, puce d'hybridation génomique comparative, génotypage, variabilité du nombre de copies, MLPA. Remerciements Une thèse est loin d’être un long fleuve tranquille. Pourtant, à l’écriture de ces quelques lignes, je n’ai aucun regret de cette aventure magnifique, passionnante et particulièrement enrichissante tant sur le plan humain que celui de la connaissance. Je suis aussi convaincue que cette thèse est loin d'être un travail solitaire. Jamais, je n'aurais pu réaliser ce travail doctoral sans le soutien d'un grand nombre de personnes dont la générosité, la bonne humeur et l'intérêt manifestés à l'égard de mes recherches m'ont permis de progresser dans cette phase délicate du «chercheur». En espérant n’oublier personne, je tiens à remercier Mon promoteur, le Professeur Cédric Hermans, Service de Thrombose et Hémostase des cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc Pas facile pour un hématologue de comprendre le langage et les méandres de la génétique. Pourtant, tu n’as pas hésité à m’accorder ta confiance. Mille mercis d’avoir accepté ce challenge et cette aventure. Mille mercis aussi pour ton enseignement, ta rigueur scientifique, ta disponibilité, ta patience, ton enthousiasme et surtout pour tes qualités humaines d’écoute et de compréhension tout au long de ce travail doctoral. De cette expérience, j’ai appris énormément en espérant qu’elle sera un tremplin pour un nouveau futur plus serain et plus respectueux. Mon co-promoteur, le Professeur Miikka Vikkula, laboratoire de génétique moléculaire humaine de l’Institut de Duve Vous avez été à la fois, mon promoteur et mon chef de service pendant deux ans. A mes yeux et à ceux de beaucoup d’autres, vous êtes l’exemple de la réussite dans ce domaine exigeant qu’est le monde académique et la ʺRechercheʺ. Merci de m’avoir fait partager votre expertise dans des entrevues privilégiées dénichées dans votre agenda plus que chargé. Les Membres du Jury J’exprime ma gratitude au Professeur Luc Bertrand d’avoir présidé le jury de mon comité d’encadrement. Vous avez toujours été prompt et disponible pour répondre à mes questions et mes doutes. Il en va de même pour le Professeur Christiane Vermylen, le Professeur Jean-Noël Octave, le Professeur Laurent Knoops et le Professeur Alexandre Persu d’avoir accepté de faire partie de ce comité et d’avoir suggéré maints conseils lors de nos réunions. En effet, vos critiques et vos réflexions éclairées ont largement contribué à améliorer ma thèse en vue de sa publication. Je remercie aussi chaleureusement le Professeur Christine Vinciguerra d’avoir fait le voyage jusque dans notre Belgique et d’avoir accepté de relire cette thèse. J’ai apprécié vos remarques et commentaires. J’espère que l’avenir nous permettra de nous revoir et de participer à des projets communs. Un encadrement scientifique est indispensable pour l’aboutissement d’une thèse de doctorat. Pourtant, une structure technique est tout aussi primordiale pour son bon déroulement et sa réalisation. Le présent travail est le fruit d’une collaboration étroite avec de nombreux chercheurs et techniciens de différents laboratoires qu’il me tient à cœur de remercier. Ainsi, mes premiers remerciements vont naturellement et prioritairement à Isabelle Abinet. Pendant plus de 28 ans, nous avons travaillé ensemble. Ce qui fait un paquet d’analyses effectuées, de mises au point, d’innovations techniques, de très bons moments et d’autres plus sombres. J’ai apprécié tout au long de ces années, ta rigueur de travail, ta conscience pofessionelle, ton esprit critique et ton expertise. Je remercie ensuite Arnaud Bosmans, Mélanie Vast, Jean-Luc Guerin et Vincent Kayndaszyk pour leur aide technique; Marie Ravoet et Claude Bandelier pour leur soutien dans les phases délicates de la soumission d’articles. Je ne voudrais certainement pas oublier Bernard Grisart du centre de génétique de l’IPG. Ton enthousiasme et tes connaissances autour des « duplications » ont permis la publication de plusieurs articles. Merci à Vinciane Dideberg, Cécile Libioulle et au docteur Stéphanie Gaillez du centre de génétique de Liège, au docteur Catheline Vilain du centre de génétique de l’ULB, aux docteurs Elisabeth Ronge-Collard, Jean-Marc Minon, Marie-Françoise Dresse et Michel Reginster de m’avoir fait confiance en m’envoyant des prélèvements de patients à analyser. Je remercie également chaleureusement toutes les personnes du service d’Hématologie des cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, les docteurs Catherine Lambert et Sophie Dupont, Eva Devricis, Dominique Pothen et Dominique Verkissen de m’avoir soutenue tout au long de ces années de thèse, sans oublier aussi les patients et leurs familles. Sans eux, cette thèse n’aurait pu aboutir. Je n’oublie pas tous les thésards, mes camarades de galère inscrits eux aussi en thèse, Laurent Pitance, Sébastien Lobet, Damien Lederer, Séverine Henrard et Xavier Pepermans. Je n’ai qu’une phrase à leur dire : ʺIl faut l’avoir vécu pour savoir ce que ça représenteʺ. Ce travail n'aurait pu être mené à bien sans l'aide de différents financeurs qui, au travers de leur soutien matériel, ont reconnu mon travail et m’ont fait confiance. Je remercie ainsi les sociétés Pfizer, Bayer,
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