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2001-Audit.Pdf DEMOCRACY AUDIT: ECUADOR 2001 BY MITCHELL A. SELIGSON WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF AGUSTÍN GRIJALVA UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH LATIN AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION PROJECT DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH PITTSBURGH, PA 15260 [email protected] JULY 31, 2003 SUPPORTED BY A GRANT FROM THE U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (511-330-4265) Democracy Audit: Ecuador 2001 1 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The survey reported on in these pages is the largest, most comprehensive effort to systematically measure the political culture of Ecuador. As such, it required a great deal of effort by many parties, and we would like to thank a number of them here. The sample design, field work and data entry for the project were carried out by CEDATOS, the Gallup International affiliate in Ecuador, ably led by its director, Dr. Polibio Córdova. We have been deeply impressed by the professionalism, skill and care demonstrated by that organization at every step of the way. The pre-testing of the questionnaire and the supervision of interviewer training was carried out by Dr. Orlando Pérez of the University of Central Michigan. With Orlando’s expert assistance we were able to move through what turned out to be 19 distinct revisions of the instrument and to produce a polished final product. At the University of Pittsburgh, we owe a great deal to Melanie Weissberger and Rocco Belmonte, our two work-study assistants who helped track down citations and struggle with the formatting of the final document. Mary Malone ably translated key components of the study. Michelle Pupich of the Department of Political Science ably handled all of the financial and logistical details of the project. The study was funded by the United States Agency for International Development with a grant to the University of Pittsburgh. We would like to especially thank Peter Natiello and Lucrecia Tola and Lars Klassen for working closely with us to make this study as useful as possible for the promotion of democratic development in Ecuador. Finally, we would like to thank the over 5,000 Ecuadorians who gave their time to respond to our questions in order to enable us all to better understand the nature of democratic beliefs and practices in that country. ____________________________________________________ University of Pittsburgh Latin American Public Opinion Project Democracy Audit: Ecuador 2001 2 Contents Contents CONTENTS........................................................................................................................................................................................2 FIGURES...........................................................................................................................................................................................4 TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER I. POLITICAL CULTURE: THEORY AND METHOD ...........................................................................................8 THE STUDY OF POLITICAL CULTURE........................................................................................................................................ 9 Qualitative studies of political culture in Ecuador.......................................................................................................10 Quantitative Empirical Studies.........................................................................................................................................13 SAMPLE DESIGN ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15 OVERVIEW OF THE SAMPLE..................................................................................................................................................... 19 PARTIAL LIST OF STUDIES OF THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF ECUADOR ............................................................................ 24 CHAPTER II. SUPPORT FOR STABLE DEMOCRACY........................................................................................................26 THE EXISTENCE OF A POLITICAL COMMUNITY IN ECUADOR............................................................................................. 26 SYSTEM SUPPORT ...................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Predictors of System Support............................................................................................................................................34 POLITICAL TOLERANCE ............................................................................................................................................................ 44 SUPPORT FOR STABLE DEMOCRACY...................................................................................................................................... 52 EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOLERANCE AND SYSTEM SUPPORT IN ECUADOR............................................. 54 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................................................................ 61 CHAPTER III. ANTI-DEMOCRATIC VALUES........................................................................................................................62 PREDICTORS OF ANTI-DEMOCRATIC VALUES...................................................................................................................... 69 Political Factors in Support of a Coup...........................................................................................................................75 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................................................................ 79 APPENDIX: THE LATIN BAROMETER ITEM ON DEMOCRACY.............................................................................................. 80 CHAPTER IV. LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND DEMOCRACY...............................................................................................84 CITIZEN VIEWS OF MUNICIPAL PROBLEMS........................................................................................................................... 86 PERCEIVED RESPONSIVENESS OF MAYORS TO PROBLEMS................................................................................................. 90 SATISFACTION WITH MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT ................................................................................................................. 94 CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN MUNICIPAL MATTERS.............................................................................................................. 99 DEMAND-MAKING ON MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT ............................................................................................................105 PARTICIPATION IN THE BUDGET -MAKING PROCESS ..........................................................................................................110 LOCAL VS. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ..................................................................................................................................112 CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................................................................................117 CHAPTER V. THE RULE OF LAW........................................................................................................................................ 118 LEVELS OF TRUST IN THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS...........................................................................................................123 SATISFACTION WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF JUDGES.........................................................................................................133 VICTIMIZATION........................................................................................................................................................................138 CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................................................................................143 CHAPTER VI. CORRUPTION AND DEMOCRACY............................................................................................................. 144 PERCEPTION OF THE MAGNITUDE OF CORRUPTION ...........................................................................................................144 MAGNITUDE OF INDIVIDUAL ACTS OF CORRUPTION.........................................................................................................148 WHO ARE THE VICTIMS OF CORRUPTION IN ECUADOR? ..................................................................................................151 ____________________________________________________ University of Pittsburgh Latin American Public Opinion Project Democracy Audit: Ecuador 2001 3 Contents IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON SYSTEM SUPPORT .................................................................................................................158 Corruption and Its Impacts ............................................................................................................................................ 159 Corruption
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