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Semaphorin 3B Is a 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 -Induced

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Semaphorin 3B Is a 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 -Induced 0888-8809/08/$15.00/0 Molecular Endocrinology 22(6):1370–1381 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2008 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/me.2007-0363 Semaphorin 3B Is a 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Induced Gene in Osteoblasts that Promotes Osteoclastogenesis and Induces Osteopenia in Mice Amelia L. M. Sutton,* Xiaoxue Zhang,* Diane R. Dowd, Yogendra P. Kharode, Barry S. Komm, and Paul N. MacDonald Department of Pharmacology (A.L.M.S., X.Z., D.R.D., P.N.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio 44106; and Women’s Heath Research Institute (Y.P.K., B.S.K.), Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426 The vitamin D endocrine system is important for global skeletal homeostasis in intact animals and skeletal homeostasis. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 osteoblast function in cell culture. Osteoblast-tar- [1,25(OH)2D3] impacts bone indirectly by promot- geted expression of SEMA3B in mice resulted in ing intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate reduced bone mineral density and aberrant trabec- and directly by acting on osteoblasts and oste- ular structure compared with nontransgenic litter- oclasts. Despite the direct actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 mates. Histomorphometry studies indicated that in bone, relatively little is known of the mecha- this was likely due to increased osteoclast num- nisms or target genes that are regulated by bers and activity. Indeed, primary osteoblasts ob- 1,25(OH)2D3 in skeletal cells. Here, we identify tained from SEMA3B transgenic mice stimulated semaphorin 3B (SEMA3B) as a 1,25(OH)2D3-stimu- osteoclastogenesis to a greater extent than non- lated gene in osteoblastic cells. Northern analysis transgenic osteoblasts. This study establishes that revealed strong induction of SEMA3B mRNA by SEMA3B is a 1,25(OH)2D3-induced gene in osteo- 1,25(OH)2D3 in MG-63, ST-2, MC3T3, and primary blasts and that osteoblast-derived SEMA3B im- osteoblastic cells. Moreover, differentiation of pacts skeletal biology in vitro and in vivo. Collec- these osteogenic cells enhanced SEMA3B gene tively, these studies support a putative role for expression. Biological effects of SEMA3B in the SEMA3B as an osteoblast protein that regulates skeletal system have not been reported. Here, we bone mass and skeletal homeostasis. (Molecular show that osteoblast-derived SEMA3B alters Endocrinology 22: 1370–1381, 2008) ,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]isthe ciencies in either the hormone or the receptor result in 1bioactive metabolite of vitamin D. This hormone undermineralized bones (3, 4). functions through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a Acting in concert with PTH, 1,25-(OH)2D3 preserves member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, bone mineralization primarily by maintaining calcium to regulate the transcription of target genes in a num- and phosphate homeostasis. 1,25-(OH)2D3 controls ber of tissues including the intestine, bone, parathy- serum levels of these minerals by stimulating calcium roid gland, skin, and a variety of other systems (1, 2). and phosphate absorption by the intestine, by increas- The 1,25-(OH)2D3/VDR endocrine system functions in ing reabsorption of calcium and phosphate in the kid- diverse biological processes, such as hair follicle cy- ney, and by liberating calcium and phosphate from cling, mammary gland development, and immune cell skeletal stores (3). When dietary sources of calcium function (2). One of the most profound actions of 1,25- are inadequate, 1,25-(OH)2D3 promotes osteoclasto- (OH)2D3 is to protect skeletal integrity because defi- genesis and bone resorption, in part, by stimulating osteoblasts to express receptor activator of nuclear factor-␬B ligand (RANKL) (5), a molecule essential for First Published Online March 20, 2008 * A.L.M.S. and X.Z. contributed equally to this work. osteoclast formation and function (6, 7). Under condi- Abbreviations: CM, Conditioned medium; ␮CT, microcom- tions of normocalcemia, the 1,25-(OH)2D3/VDR endo- puted tomography; FBS, fetal bovine serum; hSEMA3B, crine system also modulates osteoblast differentiation human SEMA3B; MCSF, macrophage colony-stimulating and mineralization (8–11). Thus, 1,25-(OH)2D3 func- factor; 1,25-(OH)2D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; pQCT, pe- ripheral quantitative computerized tomography; RANKL, re- tions both systemically to regulate serum concentra- ceptor activator of nuclear factor-␬B ligand; SEMA3B, sema- tions of calcium and phosphate and locally to fine-tune phorin 3B; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; VDR, the balance between bone formation and bone resorp- vitamin D receptor; VDRE, vitamin D response element. tion. However, with the exception of RANKL and a few Molecular Endocrinology is published monthly by The bone matrix proteins (5, 12–14), the network of target Endocrine Society (http://www.endo-society.org), the foremost professional society serving the endocrine genes that mediate the effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on community. osteoblast function remain largely unknown. 1370 Downloaded from mend.endojournals.org at Case Western Reserve Univ Cleveland Health Science Lib on December 2, 2008 Sutton et al. • Targeted SEMA3B Expression Causes Osteopenia Mol Endocrinol, June 2008, 22(6):1370–1381 1371 In this study, we characterize the regulation and tumor suppression, and immune modulation. In this actions of semaphorin 3B (SEMA3B), a 1,25-(OH)2D3- microarray screen, a 6-h treatment of MG-63 cells with induced gene in osteoblasts. Semaphorins are a family 10 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3 resulted in a 10-fold induction of of cell surface and secreted glycoproteins that were the SEMA3B transcript (data not shown). Northern blot originally identified as axonal guidance proteins but analysis confirmed that 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased subsequently have been found to regulate cell migra- SEMA3B mRNA levels in a time- and dose-dependent tion, cell growth, differentiation, and angiogenesis in a manner (Fig. 1, A and B). This increase was evident as variety of tissues (15). SEMA3 molecules are secreted early as 3 h after hormone addition. Maximal induction proteins that signal through neuropilin receptors (16, (25-fold) was observed at 12 h (Fig. 1A). As little as 1 17) and plexin coreceptors (18, 19). The SEMA3B gene nM 1,25-(OH)2D3 induced SEMA3B, and transcript lev- was first identified based on its position in the chro- els continued to increase up to 10 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3 mosomal region 3p21.3, a frequent site of loss of (Fig. 1B). This increase in SEMA3B mRNA was specific heterozygosity in lung, kidney, ovarian, and testicular for 1,25-(OH)2D3 because neither cholecalciferol, an cancers (20). Reexpression of SEMA3B in either lung inactive 1,25-(OH)2D3 precursor molecule, nor or ovarian cancer cells diminishes their proliferative 24,25(OH)2D3, a vitamin D metabolite, altered and tumorigenic potential (21, 22), indicating that SEMA3B mRNA levels (Fig. 1A and data not shown). SEMA3B is also a putative tumor suppressor. As shown in Fig. 1C, 1,25-(OH)2D3 failed to increase SEMA3B transcripts have been detected in osteoblas- SEMA3B mRNA levels when transcription was tic cell cultures obtained from human oral tissue ex- plants in vitro (23). Moreover, neuropilin-1 expression has been detected in osteoclasts and in osteoblasts in A B vitro and in vivo and appears to be down-regulated as 1,25-D 3 Ch osteoblasts differentiate into more mature osteocytes Time, h 03612 24 24 1,25-D 3 0 (24). However, biological effects of SEMA3B in the SEMA3B SEMA3B skeletal system or in osteoblast and osteoclast func- tion are currently unknown. β-actin β-actin The present study characterizes SEMA3B as a novel 1.0 2.8 7.019 25 0.7 1.0 1.2 2.55.0 4.9 1,25-(OH)2D3-activated gene in multiple osteoblastic cell lines as well as in primary mouse osteoblasts. The C D SEMA3B transcript is also dramatically increased dur- Veh. Act D -Chx +Chx ing osteoblastic cell differentiation, suggesting that 1,25-D 3 -+-+ 1,25-D SEMA3B may have an important role in osteoblast 3 -+-+ SEMA3B function. To probe the potential role(s) of osteoblast- SEMA3B derived SEMA3B, transgenic mice were created that β-actin express SEMA3B under the control of the osteoblast- 1.0 6.9 2.0 1.8 THRM selective 2.3-kb promoter of the mouse pro-␣1(I) col- lagen gene. Mice that express the SEMA3B transgene E β-actin 24 h 48 h exhibited decreased body weight and shorter tibiae 1.0 5.6 1.0 1.6 and displayed a deficit in trabecular and cortical bone -+-+ C mineralization. Although osteoblast number and func- SEMA3B tion appeared normal in SEMA3B transgenic mice in β-actin vivo, osteoclast number was dramatically increased. In vitro studies indicated that transgenic osteoblasts Fig. 1. 1,25-(OH)2D3 Induces SEMA3B in MG-63 Osteoblas- supported increased osteoclastogenesis. Thus, this tic Cells A, MG-63 cells were treated for the indicated times with study identifies osteoblast-derived SEMA3B as a Ϫ8 Ϫ8 10 M 1,25-(OH)2D3 (1,25-D3)or10 M cholecalciferol (Ch). novel regulator of bone mass that may function by B, MG-63 cells were treated with ethanol vehicle control (0) or stimulating osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast 0.1 to 100 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3 for 6 h. C, MG-63 cells were activity. pretreated with methanol vehicle control (Veh.) or 1 ␮g/ml actinomycin D (Act D) for 1 h. Cells were then treated with Ϫ Ϫ8 ϩ ethanol control ( )or10 M 1,25-(OH)2D3 ( )for6h.D, RESULTS MG-63 cells were pretreated with 10 ␮g/ml cycloheximide (ϩ Chx) or ethanol control (Ϫ Chx) for 1 h. Cells were then Ϫ8 treated with ethanol control or 10 M 1,25-(OH)2D3 (1,25-D3) SEMA3B Is a 1,25-(OH)2D3-Regulated Gene in Osteoblastic Cells for 6 h.
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