Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Ras 2020

THE INSTITUTE OF STATE AND LAW RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE OF STATE AND LAW OF THE RAS 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1

“Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN — Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS” — a multilingual academic periodical for the coverage of the results of fundamental and applied enquiries in the field of State and law. The Journal launched by the Institute in 2006 is published bimonthly (six times a year). Manuscripts are accepted in Russian, English, German, French, Spanish or Italian. The Journal has been registered as a mass media (registration certificate No. ФС77-70200 of 21 June 2017). It is included into the Press of Russia Agency Catalogue “Newspapers. Magazines”, subscription index — 86119. It is also available through the East View Information Services and “Ural-Press” Agency. The Journal is recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Fede- ration for publication of scientific results of doctorate dissertations. It is indexed/abstracted in Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), Scientific Electronic Library, Cyberleninka, Legal In- formation System “Garant”, WorldCat, Urlich’s Periodicals Directory. Address of the Editorial Board: 10, Znamenka str., Moscow 119019, E-mail: [email protected] Russian Federation Web: http://igpran.ru/en/proceedings.php Phone: +7 (495) 691-13-09 DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522 Circulation: 300 copies. Order No. Published by LLC “Amirit” 88, N.G. Chernyshevskogo str., Saratov 410004, Russian Federation Printers proof reader: Ol’ga V. Mehonoshina Desktop publisher: Anna P. Savasteeva РЕДАКЦИОННАЯ КОЛЛЕГИЯ EDITORIAL BOARD

Савенков Александр Николаевич Alexander N. (главный Savenkov (Editor-in- редактор) Институт государства Chief) и права РАН (Москва, Российская Institute of State and Law, Федерация) Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russian Federation)

Дидикин Антон Anton B. Didikin Борисович (заместитель (Deputy Editor-in- главного редактора) Институт Chief) государства и права РАН (Москва, Institute of State and Law, Российская Федерация) Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russian Federation) Токарев Василий Vasilii A. Tokarev Алексеевич (ответственный (Executive Secretary) секретарь) Институт государства Institute of State and Law, и права РАН (Москва, Российская Russian Academy of Sciences Федерация) (Moscow, Russian Federation)

Masha V. Antokolskaia Антокольская Мария VU University Amsterdam Амстердамский свободный (Amsterdam, the университет Netherlands) (Амстердам, Нидерланды) Антонов Михаил Mikhail V. Antonov Валерьевич Национальный Higher School of Economics исследовательский университет National Research University, Высшая школа экономики Campus in Saint Petersburg в Санкт-Петербурге (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation) (Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация) Bill Bowring Бауринг School of Law, Билл Биркбек-колледж, Birkbeck, University of London Лондонский университет (London, United Kingdom) (Лондон, Великобритания) Doris Wydra Видра Дорис University of Университет им. Париса Лодрона Salzburg (Salzburg, (Зальцбург, Австрия) Austria)

Грачева Елена Elena Yu. Gracheva Юрьевна Московский Kutafin Moscow State Law University государственный (Moscow, Russian Federation) юридический университет имени О.Е. Кутафина (Москва, Российская Федерация) Dmitry V. Dozhdev Дождев Дмитрий Moscow School of Social Вадимович Московская высшая and Economic Sciences школа социальных и (Moscow, Russian Federation) экономических наук (Москва, Российская Федерация) Кленова Татьяна Tatyana V. Klenova Владимировна Самарский Korolev Samara National Research национальный University исследовательский университет (Samara, Russian Federation) им. академика С.П. Королева (Самара, Российская Федерация) Bjarne Melkevik Мелкевик University of Laval Бьярн Университет (Quebec, Canada) Лаваля (Квебек, Канада) Svetlana V. Polubinskaya Institute of State and Law, Полубинская Светлана Russian Academy of Sciences Вениаминовна Институт (Moscow, Russian Federation) государства и права РАН (Москва, Российская Федерация) Marat S. Salikov Ural State Law University (Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation) Саликов Марат Сабирьянович Уральский государственный юридический университет Anita K. Soboleva (Екатеринбург, Российская Higher School of Economics National Федерация) Research University (Moscow, Russian Federation) Соболева Анита Карловна Национальный Lawrence Solan исследовательский университет Brooklyn Law School Высшая школа экономики (Москва, (Brooklyn, USA) Российская Федерация) Alexander Солан Лоуренс Trunk Kiel Бруклинская школа права University (Kiel, (Бруклин, США) Germany)

Трунк Александр Кильский Elena V. Timoshina университет им. Saint Petersburg State Христиана Альбрехта University (Saint Petersburg, (Киль, Германия) Russian Federation) Тимошина Елена Владимировна Санкт- Edoardo Fittipaldi Петербургский State University of Milan государственный (Milan, Italy) университет (Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация) Andrey M. Shirvindt Lomonosov Moscow State University Фиттипальди Эдоардо (Moscow, Russian Federation) Миланский государственный университе т (Милан, Италия)

Ширвиндт Андрей Михайлович МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова (Москва, Российская Федерация)

7 95th ANNIVERSARY OF THE INSTITUTE OF STATE AND LAW OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

From the Editor ...... 9

PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGY OF LAW Anton B. Didikin Speech Acts and Actions in Legal Language: Conceptual Analysis ...... 12

HISTORY OF LEGAL IDEAS AND INSTITUTIONS Yuriy L. Shulzhenko Issues of Constitutionalism in the Constitutional projects of the XIX century in Russia...... 27

JUDICIAL POWER AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM Mikhail I. Kleandrov On the System of Legislation on Administrative Offences, Administrative Courts and Administrative Violation ...... 4 2

LAW AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Galina G. Shinkaretskaya International Space Law and Legal Entities ...... 59

LEGAL DOCTRINE Victor B. Naumov, Gulfia G. Kamalova Issues of building Legal Definitions in the field of Artificial Intelligence ...... 81

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8 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sergey A. Kalinin Geocultural Approach of the World outlook research Program: on the Problem of Interaction of Liberal and Traditional Standards ...... 94

TRIBUNE OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS Dmitrii E. Tonkov Method of “Social Welfare” of Vilhelm Lundstedt ...... 125 Roman G. Oganesyan The Provincial Urban Affairs Presence as an Organ of Administrative Supervision of Municipal Government in the 70–90-s. XIX Century ...... 150 Zhanna A. Nikolaeva On the Defects of Legal Regulation of the Concept of Liability for Tax Offences ...... 164

SCIENTIFIC LEGACY Hans Kelsen Science and Politics ...... 183

Труды Института государства и права РАН. 2020. Том 15. № 1

ANTON B. DIDIKIN Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences 10, Znamenka str., Moscow 119019, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] SPIN code: 4897-4450 ORCID: 0000-0003-0808-8900

DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-didikin

SPEECH ACTS AND ACTIONS IN LEGAL LANGUAGE: CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS Abstract. Reconsideration of legal phenomena by legal language means is a typical feature of analytical tradition in the legal philosophy, since legal regulations are expressed not only in language, but are inextricably linked with the linguistic content of rules whilst applying them. Language as a form of communication and representation of the world is a holistic and specific phenomenon, that is localized in speech acts that form subject’s intentions and his further actions. It is necessary to count the meaningful use of signs for the reality perception, that form the language. Legal reality and its language forms are inseparable, and thus, we can learn more deeply the essence of legal phenomena by interpreting legal texts and speech acts that illustrate legal intentions and actions. So in the speech acts theory of J.L. Austin introduces the category of commis- sives, denoting the obligations declared by the intentions of the person (promise, agree, intend, plan, provide, allow, swear, etc.). In legal language speech acts are used with the purposes of execution, prohibition, coercion for maintenance of a social order, therefore legal discourse has performative character. Performative expressions in legal language are characterized by speech stereotypes due to repetitive procedures (for example, procedural actions in criminal proceedings or court hearings). If it is a question of acts of application of the right, from the point of view of their performative form they have declarative character, that is contain instructions and obligations of legal character. The illocutionary function of these proposals is to form a respectful attitude to the established norms, and the perlocutive force is to impose compliance with these norms. The question of the relation of speech acts and actions in a different context was considered by Gilbert Ryle. Ryle’s key thesis is that the workings of consciousness should not be described as a complex of some point operations, but rather should be

Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

understood in the context of observed human behavior. Consciousness is determined by the actions of the subject, not by the construction of metaphysical entities. As a man thinks, so he acts. If the researcher inspects the scene of the accident, the notary certifies the authenticity of the documents drawn up, and the judge gives arguments for the adoption of a legitimate judicial decision, they do not need the whole set of causality relationships in nature, or an explanation that human behavior is completely determined, that he is not free, because he can not control the mental processes in consciousness. H.L.A. Hart defines the essence of legal statements and their ascription of attributing legal value of a particular performative speech acts. The arguments on the specific features of legal statements in the context of the existing concepts of J.L. Austin, J. Searle, H. Hart and their critics. Keywords: legal language, speech acts, legal statements, ascription, interpretation REFERENCES Austin J. L. (1962) How to do Things with Words. Oxford, Clarendon Press Baker G.P., Hacker P.M.S. (2005) Wittgenstein: Understanding and Meaning. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Baker G.P., Hacker P.M.S. (2009) Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar and Necessity. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Bix B. (1991) H. L.A. Hart and the “Open Texture” of Language // Law and Philosophy. Vol. 10, pp. 51–72. Hampshire S., Hart H.L.A. (1958) Decision, Intention and Certainty // Mind. Vol. 67. No. 265, pp. 1–12. Hart H.L.A. (1994) Concept of Law. Second Edition. Oxford University Press Legal Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: The Common Law World (2011) by Gerald J. Postema. USA, Springer Masaki Y. (2004) Critique of J.L. Austin’s Speech Act Theory: Decentralization of the Speaker-Centered Meaning in Communication // Kyushu Communication Studies, Vol. 2, pp. 155–175. Moore G.E. (2004) Philosophical Papers. London, New York, Routledge Classics Ogleznev V. (2012) Hart i formirovanie analyticheskoi filosofii prava [H.L.A. Hart and formation of Analytical Legal Philosophy]. Tomsk, Tomsk University Press Ogleznev V., Surovtsev V. (2016) Analyticheskaya filosofiya, yuridicheskii yazik i filosofiya prava [Analytical Philosophy, Legal Language and Legal Philosophy]. Tomsk, Tomsk University Press Roermund B. van. (2013) Rules as Icons: Wittgenstein’s Paradox and the Law // Ratio Juris. Vol. 26. No. 4, pp. 538–559. Russell B. (2009) The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell. London, NY, Routledge Classics Ryle G. (2009) The Concept of Mind., London and New York, Routledge Searle J.R. (1989) How Performatives Work // Linguistics and Philosophy. Vol. 12, pp. 540–561.

Труды Института государства и права РАН. 2020. Том 15. № 1

Stout R. (2003) Ryle’s Behaviorism // Revue Internationale de Philosophie. Vol. 57.No. 23 (1), pp. 37–49. Waismann F. (1965) Principles of Linguistic Philosophy. London, Macmillan Waismann F. (1968) How I see Philosophy. Edited by R. Harre. London, Palgrave Macmillan Waismann F. (2011) Causality and Logical Positivism. Netherlands, Springer Wittgenstein L. (2001) Philosophical Investigations. USA, Blackwell Publishing

AUTHOR’S INFO: Anton B. Didikin — Doctor of Philosophy, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Head of the Department of Legal Philosophy, Legal History and Legal Theory, Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.

FOR CITATION: Didikin A.B. (2020) Speech Acts and Actions in Legal Language: conceptual analysis. Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN / Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS, 15(1), pp. 12–26. DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1- didikin

Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

28 Ю.Л. Шульженко

DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-shulzhenko

YURIY L. SHULZHENKO Institute of state and law of the Russian Academy of Sciences 10, Znamenka str., Moscow, 119019, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

ISSUES OF CONSTITUTIONALISM IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROJECTS OF THE XIX CENTURY IN RUSSIA Annotation. The article is devoted to domestic constitutional projects of the XIX century and above all, the practically unexplored issue of the nature of the regulation of the institutions of constitutionalism in them. We also note that these issues were in the focus of attention of foreign scientists. But they also did not concentrate on reflecting the problems of constitutionalism in them. It is indicated that, unlike some constitutional projects of the second half of the XVIII century. 19th century projects were voluminous, fundamental, prepared at a higher theoretical level. All these documents reflected the interests of various segments of the population, representatives of various kinds of legal thought, and mainly monarchy, liberalism, and revolutionary movements. Hence, in principle, there was a different approach to the regulation of constitutionalism, although at that time they did not think about it. In this regard, the conclusion is drawn that monarchist projects were embellished with tsarism. Only some of them mentioned such institutions of constitutionalism as representation, status of an individual, and law. Most of them are only proposals for the creation of various kinds of deliberative bodies, which were not endowed with any authority. Liberals are also advocates of only restricting the monarchy peacefully. They are for the constitution, constitutional monarchy, popular representation. Representatives of the revolutionary movement called for the elimination of serfdom, tsarism, the republican form of government. Their projects featured such institutions of constitutionalism as the constitution, separation of powers, popular representation, the individual and, above all, its rights and freedoms, legality, and self-government. In preparing the article, three main scientific methods were primarily used — dogmatic, historical-legal, comparative-legal.

Keywords: legality, constitutionalism, constitution, constitutional draft, monarchy, popular representation, self-government

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Вопросы конституционализма в конституционных проектах XIX в. в 29 России REFERENCES Absoljutizm v Rossii. (XVII–XVIII vv.) (1964): Sbornik statej k 70-letiju so dnja rozhdenija i 45-letiju nauch. i ped. dejatel’nosti B.B. Kafengauza. Ed. by N.M. Druzhinin [Ab- solutism in Russia. (XVII–XVIII centuries): Collection of articles on the 70th anniversary of the birth and 45th anniversary of the scientific. and ped. the activities of B.B. Kafen- gauz] M.: Nauka (in Russ.) Dolgorukov P.V. (1862) O peremene obraza pravlenija v Rossii [On the change of government in Russia]. Leipzig: A. Franck’sche Verlags Buchhandlung (in Russ.) Istorija burzhuaznogo konstitucionalizma XIX v. (1986) [The history of bourgeois constitutionalism of the XIX century] M.: Nauka (in Russ.) Nechkina M.V. (1988) Dekabristy [Decembrists]. M.: Bukinist, 1988. (in Russ.) Speranskij M.M. (1905) Plan gosudarstvennogo preobrazovanija [State Transformation Plan] M.: Russkaja mysl’. (in Russ.) Shul’zhenko Yu.L. (2005) Iz istorii federacii v Rossii (monarhicheskij period) [From the history of the federation in Russia (monarchical period)]. M.: Institut gosudarstva i prava RAN. (in Russ.)

AUTHOR’S INFO: Yuriy L. Shulzhenko — Chief Researcher, Department of Constitutional Law and Constitutional Justice, Institute of the State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences.

FOR CITATION: Shulzhenko, Yu.L. (2020) Issues of constitutionalism in the constitutional projects of the XIX century in Russia. Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN / Proceedings of the Insti- tute of State and Law of the RAS, 15 (1), pp. 27–41. DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15- 1-shulzhenko

Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

О системе административного законодательства, административных 43 судах…

DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-kleandrov

MIKHAIL I. KLEANDROV Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences 10, Znamenka str., Moscow 119019, Russian Federation Е-mail: [email protected] SPIN-код: 8677-5868

ON THE SYSTEM OF LEGISLATION ON ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENCES, ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS AND ADMINISTRATIVE VIOLATION Abstract. The article deals with the issues of offences in the field of criminal and administrative law. The author draws attention to the fact that those types of legal proceedings (including criminal and administrative) which are proclaimed in Part 2 of Art. 118 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation are not equivalent from the procedural perspective. The Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation is a unified federal procedural legislative act. While administrative legal proceeding is based on the Code of Administrative Judicial Procedure of the Russian Federation and the Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation — for economic disputes arising from administrative legal relations, the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (which will soon be replaced by a new one together with a separate one — fundamentally new Procedural Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation) and a number of other acts, including acts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, at the very beginning of this century, the State Duma developed and in the first reading adopted a draft federal law on administrative courts in the Russian Federation, which a few years later was excluded from the plan of legislative work of the State Duma due to, as the author believes, the absence of an appropriate procedural law. The unity of understanding of offences in the administrative and criminal fields is based on the fact that in both cases it is a socially dangerous act, the difference is only in the degree of public danger. Moreover, each of these types of offences is divided into a number of subspecies — also depending on the degree of public danger. In this connection the legalization of a criminal infraction as well as the introduction of criminal liability of legal entities would be appropriate within the framework of the issue under consideration. Then it will make possible legislative consolidation (in its final form) of a single "line" of offences, differentiated in detail (at about ten "categories") depending on the degree

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44 М.И. Клеандров of public danger of each of the "categories", with a simultaneous (also a single law) legal procedural basis for regulating the procedure for considering cases of offenses. Keywords: offence, act of crime, criminal infraction, corporate criminal liability

REFERENCES Administrativnoe sudoproizvodstvo v Rossijskoj Federatsii: razvitie teorii i formirovanie administrativno-protsessual’nogo zakonodatel’stva (2013). [Administrative Proceedings in the Russian Federation: the Development of Theory and the Formation of Administrative Procedural Legislation]. Ser.: Yubtlei, konferentsii, forumy [Anniversaries, conferences, fo- rums]. Vol. 7. Voronezh: Publ. of the Voronezh State University. 1060 p. (in Russ.) Bespalov, Yu.F. (2016). Kommentarij k Kodeksu administrativnogo sudoproizvodstva Rossijskoj Federatsii (postatejnyj, nauchno-prakticheskij) [Commentary on the Code of Ad- ministrative Judicial Procedure of the Russian Federation (itemized, scientific and practical)].Moscow: Prospekt. 768p. (in Russ.) Dernovoj, V.B. (2005). Razvitie sistemy administrativnoj yustitsii v Rossijskoj Federa- tsii [The Development of the System of Administrative Justice in the Russian Federation]. Rossijskaya yustitsiya [Russian Justice], (4), pp. 2–11. (in Russ.) Dorozhkov, V.V. (2016). K voprosu ob ugolovnom prostupke [On the Issue of Criminal Misconduct]. Mirovoj sud’ya [Magistrate Judge], (12), pp. 31–39. (in Russ.) Dvornikov, A. (2019). Nekotorye problemy implementatsii administrativnoj preyuditsii v ugolovnoe zakonodatel’stvo [Some Issues of the Implementation of Administrative Pre- judice in the Criminal Law]. Ugolovnoe pravo [Criminal Law], (2), pp. 35–41. (in Russ.) Ershov, V.V. and Stahov, A.I. (2018). Novye podhody v teorii otechestvennogo administrativnogo prava i protsessa [New Approaches in the Theory of Domestic Administrative Law and Process]. Rossijskoe pravosudie [Russian justice], (6), pp. 5–14. (in Russ.) Gadzhiev, G.A. (2005). Konstitutsionno-pravovye orientiry pri sozdanii sistemy administrativnyh sudov [Constitutional and Legal Guidelines for Creating a System of Administrative Courts]. Sravnitel’noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie [Comparative Constitutional Re- view], 3(52), pp. 163–167. (in Russ.) Garbatovich, D.A. (2019). Neprestupnye deyaniya v ugolovnoj sfere Evropejskogo suda po pravam cheloveka [Unapproachable Acts in the Criminal Sphere of the European Court of Human Rights]. Mezhdunarodnoe publichnoe i chastnoe parvo [Public and Private Inter- national Law], 1 (106), pp. 10–12. (in Russ.) Habrieva, T.Ya., Fyodorov, A.V., Bear-Tushe, M. et al. Fyodorov, A.V. ed. (2018). Ugo- lovnaya i administrativnaya otvetstvennost’ yuridicheskih lits v Rossii i vo Frantsii: monografiya [Criminal and Administrative Liability of Legal Entities in Russia and in France: Mono- graph]. Moscow: the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. 200 p. (in Russ.) Klepitskij, I.A. (2000). Prestuplenie, administrativnoe pravonarushenie i nakazanie [Crime, Administrative Offense and Punishment]. Gosudarstvo i pravo [State and Law], (3), pp. 65–74. (in Russ.) Kogamov, M.Ch. (2019). Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost’ yuridicheskih lits: voprosy ugolovno-protsessual’noj reglamentatsii dosudebnogo rassledovaniya po delam dannoj kategorii [Crimi- nal Liability of Legal Entities: Issues of Criminal Procedural Regulation Труды Института государства и права РАН. 2020. Том 15. № 1

О системе административного законодательства, административных 45 of Pre-Trialсудах Inves… tigation in this Category]. Pravo i gosudarstvo [Lawand State], 1(82), pp. 15–26. (Republic of Kazakhstan, in Russ.) Kurbanov, R.A. and Gurbanov, R.A. eds. (2019). Sudebnye sistemy Evropy i Evrazii: nauchno-entsiklopedicheskoe izdanie [Judicial Systems of Europe and Eurasia: a Scientific and Encyclopedic Publication]: in 3 vol. Vol. 1. Zapadnaya i Severnaya Evropa [Western and Northern Europe]. Moscow: Prospekt. 488 p. (in Russ.) Luparev, S. (2003). Administrativnye sudy: evolyutsiya ili revolyutsiya? [Administrative Courts: Evolution or Revolution?]. Rossijskaya yustitsiya [Russian Justice], (5), pp. 22–24. (in Russ.) Salishcheva, N.G. and Hamaneva, N.Yu. (2002). Administrativnaya yustitsiya, administrativnoe sudoproizvodstvo [Administrative Justice, Administrative Proceedings]. Gosudarstvo i pravo [State and Law], (1), pp. 5–11 (in Russ.) Sevryugin, V.E. and Kozlova, A.S. (2016). Rol’ administrativno-pravovoj nauki v razrabotke novogo Kodeksa RF ob administrativnyh pravonarusheniyah [The Role of Administrative Science in the Development of a New Code of the Russian Federation On Admini- strative Offenses]. Lex Russica, 10 (119), pp. 164–172 (in Russ.) Starilova, Yu.N.ed. (2004). Administrativnaya yustitsiya: konets ХIХ veka — nachalo ХХ veka: Hrestomatiya [Administrative Justice: Late ХIХ Century — Early ХХ Century: Anthology]. Part 1. Voronezh: Publ. of the Voronezh State University. 720 p. (in Russ.) Vlasov, A. (2002). Kakoj budet administrativnaya yustitsiya? [What Will Be the Administrative Justice?]. Rossijskaya yustitsiya [Russian Justice], (11), p. 17 (in Russ.) Zor’kin, V.D. (2017). Konstitutsionnyj Sud Rossijskoj Federatsii: doktrina i praktika [Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation: Doctrine and Practice]. Moscow: Norma. 385 p. (in Russ.)

AUTHOR’S INFO: Mikhail I. Kleandrov — Chief Research Fellowof the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

CITATION: Kleandrov, M.I. (2020). On the System of Legislation on Administrative Offences, Administrative Courts and Administrative Violation. Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN — Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS, 15(1), pp. 42–58. DOI: 10.35427/ 2073-4522-2020-15-1-kleandrov

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60 Г.Г. Шинкарецкая

DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-shinkaretskaya

GALINA GEORGIYEVNA SHINKARETSKAYA Institute of state and law of the Russian Academy of Sciences 10 Znamenka street, Moscow, 119019, Russian Federation E-mail: gshink@ yandex.ru SPIN code: 7952-4807

INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW AND LEGAL ENTITIES Abstract. From the very beginning of the space activity in the middle of the XX century the whole of it was considered mostly from the point of view of the military use of outer space. The only subjects of the space activity were states. All legal regulation of the activity was formatted by states. Both responsibility and liability for all activity were laid down upon states whoever was busy with the activity. Over time as technology advanced the outer space has become a place of the so calledaction- oriented kinds of the use of the space. These are tele- and radio emission; the access to the Web; collection of meteorological and ecological data; communication and traffic, as well as remote sensing of the surface of the Earth and its subsoil. Practically all action- oriented kinds of the use of the space are made by means of the artificial satellites, the number of these active in the space is now estimated as about 2000. The space activity turned out to be quite profitable, so that it became an object of big investments. Naturally significant capitals of private business began to flow into outer space. Multinational corporations got interested in the space activity as well. Lately private companies began to pay attention to comets and asteroids since real technical opportunities appeared to develop their natural resources. A peculiar feature of these celestial bodies is, that some minerals are there quite pure so that the development might be much more profitable than on the Earth. But the consequences of the development are vague. The main document of the space law, the Treaty on the principals of space activity 1967 fully forbids national appropriation of space and celestial bodies.

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Международное космическое право и юридические 61 лица USA parliament adopted several legal act permitting and even promote private companies to begin space resources development saying in excuse that the international obligations of the USA as a state are not compulsory for the legal bodies and that space resources development does not mean a spread of sovereignty or jurisdic- tion of the state to the space. The article shows that states taking upon them international legal obligations must implement them into their national legislation, that is, to make them compulsory for the subjects of national law and that there are no separate norms for states and for juridical persons in international law.

Keywords: space activity, international legal obligations, juridical persons, USA space legislation, space resources. multinational corporations, celestial bodies, international law

REFERENCES Abashidze, A. Kh., Solntsev, A.M. and Syunyaeva, M.D. (2012). Konsul’tativnoe zaklyuchenie Mezhdunarodnogo tribunala po morskomu pravu ob otvetstvennosti gosudarstv za deyatel’nost’ namorskomdne za predelaminatsional’noiyurisdiktsii [Consultative Opinion of the International Tribunal for Law of the Sea of Responcibility and Obligation of States, Sponsoring Persons and Entities, with Respect to Activities in the Area]. Gosudarstvoipravo [State and Law], (7), pp. 72–81. (in Russ.). Benvenisti, E. (2013). Occupation, Pacific. In: R. Wolfrum, ed. The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Volume VII. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 941–943. Diederiks-Verschoor, I.H.P. and Kopal, V. (2008). An Introduction to Space Law. 3rd ed. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer. Ferreira-Snyman, А. (2014). Legal Challenges Relating to the Commercial Use of Outer Space, with Specific Reference to Space Tourism. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, [online] 17(1). Available at: https://journals.assaf.org.za/index.php/per/article/ view/2189/1922 [Accessed 20 October 2019]. DOI: 10.17159/1727-3781/2014/v17i1a2189 Glumov, A.I. (2010). Aktual’nye mezhdunarodno-pravovye voprosy poiska, razvedki I raz- rabotki mineral’nykh resursov Mezhdunarodnogo raiona morskogo dna [Actual International Legal Issues of Prospecting, Exploration and Development of Mineral Resources of the International Seabed Area]. The Candidate of Legal Sciences Thesis’ Abstract. Moscow: Dip- lomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (in Russ.). Jasentuliyna, N. Vvedenie [Introduction] In: G.P. Zhukov and A.Ya. Kapustin, eds. Sovremennye problemy mezhdunarodnogo kosmicheskogo prava: Sbornikstatei [Contemporary Problems of International Space Law: Collection of Articles]. Moscow: RUDN, pp. 17–24. (in Russ.). Kohen, M.G. (2013). Territory, Abandonment. In: R. Wolfrum, ed. The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Volume IX. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 884–886. Kohen, M.G. (2013). Territory, Acquisition. In: R. Wolfrum, ed. The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Volume IX. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 887–889. Kotov, A.S. (2009). Mezhdunarodno-pravovoe regulirovanie investitsionnykh sporov [International Legal Regulation of Investment Disputes]. The Candidate of Legal Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

62 Г.Г. Sciences Thesis’ Abstract. Moscow: ШинкарецкаяPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia.(in Russ.). Malanczuk, P. (1994). Space Law as a Branch of International Law. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 25, pp. 143–180. DOI: 10.1017/S0167676800000210 Manzini, P. and Masutti, A. (2008). An International Civil Liability Regime for the Galileo Services: A Proposal. Air and Space Law, 33(2), pp. 114–131. Movchan, A.P. and Yankov, A. eds. (1987). Mirovoiokeanimezhdunarodnoepravo. Pravovoirezhimmorskikhpribrezhnykhprostranstv [Oceans and International Law. Legal Re- gime of Marine Coastal Spaces]. Moscow: Nauka.(in Russ.). O’Brien, D. (2018).Space Law 2018: Nationalists Versus Internationalists. The Space Review, [online]. Available at: http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3482/1 [Accessed 12 October 2019]. Popova, S.M. (2016). Zakon SShA o kommercheskom kosmose 2015 g. I voprosy modernizatsii mezhdunarodnogo kosmicheskogo prava [U.S. Commercial Space Legislation of 2015 and the Questions of Modernization of the International Space Law]. Issle- dovaniya kosmosa [Space Research], (1), pp. 51–65. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.7256/2453- 8817.2016.1.20590 Shinkaretskaya, G.G. (2011). Novyedeistvuyushchielitsa v mezhdunarodnomprave [New Actors in International Law]. In: A.G. Lisitsin-Svetlanov and N.Yu. Khamaneva, eds. Materialyyuridicheskogoforuma“Rossiya — Turtsiya XXI vek” [Materials of the Legal Forum “Russia — Turkey in the 21st Century”]. Moscow: Institutgosudarstvaiprava RAN, pp. 15–23. (in Russ.). Tronchetti, F. (2008). The Non-Appropriation Principle as a Structural Norm of In- ternational Law: A New Way of Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty. Air and Space Law, 33(3), pp. 277–305. Yuzbashyan, M.R. (2017). Zakon SShA ob issledovanii I ispol’zovanii kosmicheskikh resursov 2015 g. I mezhdunarodnoe kosmicheskoe pravo [The US Space Resource Explo- ration and Utilization Act of 2015 and the International Space Law]. Moskovskiizhurnal- mezhdunarodnogoprava [Moscow Journal of International Law], (2), pp. 71–86. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.24833/0869-0049-2017-106-2-71-86 Zhukov, G.P. (2008). 40 let Dogovoru o printsipakh deyatel’nosti gosudarstv po issledovaniyu i ispol’zovaniyu kosmicheskogo prostranstva, vklyuchaya Lunu i drugie nebesnye tela [40 Years to the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies]. In: G.P. Zhukov and A. Ya. Kapustin, eds. Sovremennye problem mezhdunarodnogo kosmicheskogo prava [Contemporary Problems of International Space Law]. Moscow: RUDN, pp. 66–90. (in Russ.).

AUTHOR’S INFO: Galina G. Shinkaretskaia — doctor of law, principal research fellow, International law Department, Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences.

CITATION: Shinkaretskaia, G.G. (2020). International Space Law and juridical persons. Trudy In• stituta gosudarstva i prava RAN / Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS, 15(1), pp. 59–80. DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-shinkaretskaya

Труды Института государства и права РАН. 2020. Том 15. № 1

Вопросы построения юридических 63 дефиниций… DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-naumov-kamalova

VICTOR B. NAUMOV Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences 10, Znamenka St., Moscow, 119019, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] SPIN code: 5729-5413

GULFIIA G. KAMALOVA Udmurt State University 1, Universitetskaya str., Izhevsk, 426034, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] SPIN code: 3527-0980

PROBLEMS OF THE FORMATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL APPARATUS IN THE FIELD OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Federal Property Fund in the framework of the scientific project No. 18- 29-16015 “A comprehensive study of the legal and ethical aspects associated with the development and application of artificial intelligence systems and robotics”.

Annotation. The study of the problems of the formation of the conceptual apparatus in the field of legal support of artificial intelligence to develop effective legal solutions in order to regulate new digital technologies. The work is based on a set of general scientific and special legal methods, including analysis, description, generalization, comparative law. The formation of legal definitions of artificial intelligence and related concepts (robot, cyber-physical system, etc.) requires the identification of the main legal features of artificial intelligence. The following key characteristics of artificial intelligence are identified: optional hardware implementation; the ability of the system to analyze the environment; autonomy in operation; the ability to accumulate experience, its assessment and implementation of the task of self-learning; the presence of "intelligence", described through the categories of "rationality", "rationality" or simply the ability to "think like a person" or "act like a person" in all or in narrowly defined circumstances. Future legal regimes of artificial intelligence should take into account the possibility of weak artificial intelligence as a kind of complex thing and strong artificial intelligence that will "require" new legal solutions. The formation of legal definitions in the field of

Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

64 В.Б. Наумов, Г.Г. artificial intelligence mustКамалова meet the requirements of universality, system city and ethics, and also allow, based on the selected properties, to establish systemic hierarchical relationships between concepts used in the field of artificial intelligence. The study develops the theoretical and practice-oriented provisions of information law in matters of legal support for artificial intelligence, and also creates the basis for the formation of legislation in this area. The work can be used in further research activities on the legal regulation of the development, functioning and use of artificial intelligence systems.

Keywords: information law, digital technologies, end-to-end technologies, artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence systems, robot law, legal properties, legal definitions

REFERENCES Arxipov V.V., Naumov V.B. (2017). Iskusstvenny`j intellekt i avtonomnyè ustrojstva v kontekste prava: o razrabotke pervogo v Rossii zakona o robototexnike [Artificial intelligence and Autonomous devices in the context of law: development of the first law on robotics in Russia] // Trudy` SPIIRAN [SPIIRAS Proceedings Journal], N6 (55), p. 46– 62 (in Russ.). Bolotova L.S. (2012). Sistemy` iskusstvennogo intellekta: modeli i texnologii, osnovannyè na znaniyax: Uchebnik. [Artificial intelligence systems: knowledge-based models and technologies: textbook]. M.: Finansy` i statistika (in Russ.) Humerick M. (2018). Taking AI Personally: How the EU must learn to balance the interests of personal data and privacy and artificial intelligence // Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal. Vol. 34. N. 4. URL: https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1633&context=chtlj (date of the application: 4.09.2019). Morxat P.M. (2017). Iskusstvenny`j intellekt: pravovoj vzglyad: nauch. monografiya. [Artificial intelligence: legal view: scientific. monograph.]. M.: In-t gosudarstvenno- konfes sional`ny`x otnoshenij i prava (in Russ.) Neznamov A.V., Arxipov V.V., Bakumenko V.V. i dr. (2018). Regulirovanie robototexniki: vvedenie v «robopravo». Pravovyè aspekty` razvitiya robototexniki i texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta [Regulation of robotics: introduction to “Robo law”. Legal aspects of the development of robotics and artificial intelligence technologies] / Pod red. A.V. Neznamova. M.: Infotropik (in Russ.). Ponkin I.V., Red`kina A.I. (2018). Iskusstvenny`j intellekt s tochki zreniya prava [Artificial intelligence from the point of view of law] // Vestn. Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby` narodov. Ser.: Yuridicheskie nauki. [RUDN Journal of Legal Sciences]. T. 22, N1, p. 91–109 (in Russ.). Smolin D.V. (2004). Vvedenie v iskusstvenny`j intellekt: konspekt lekcij. [Introduction to artificial intelligence: lecture notes]. M.: FIZMATLIT (in Russ.). Sy`ry`x V.M. (2018). Istoriya i metodologiya yuridicheskoj nauki: Uchebnik. [History and methodology of legal science: textbook]. M.: NORMA (in Russ.).

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Вопросы построения юридических 65 дефиниций… AUTHOR’S INFO: Victor B. Naumov — Ph.D in Law, senior researcher at sector on information law and international information security, Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of Russian practice on intellectual property, IT and telecommunications at law firm Dentons. Gulfia G. Kamalova — Ph.D in Law, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Information Security in Management, Udmurt State University.

FOR CITATION: Naumov, V.B., Kamalova, G.G. (2020). Problems of the Formation of the Conceptual Apparatus in the Field of Artificial Intelligence. Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN / Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS, 15 (1), pp. 81–93. DOI: 10.35427/ 2073-4522-2020-15-1-naumov-kamalova

Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

66 С.А. Калинин

DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-kalinin

SERGEY A. KALININ Law Faculty, Belarusian State University 8, Leningradskaya st., Minsk 220030, Republic of Belarus E-mail: [email protected] SPIN code: 1294-2160

GEOCULTURAL APPROACH OF THE WORLDOUTLOOK RESEARCH PROGRAM: ON THE PROBLEM OF INTERACTION OF LIBERAL AND TRADITIONAL STANDARDS Abstract. The reсonsidering of the methodological foundations of modern theoretical jurisprudence includes both the search for new approaches and the identification of the limits and conditions for their adequacy. At the same time, the needs for studying the interaction of the value-worldoutlook nature and the spatial conditionality of the state and law, considered in the logic of an open system, correspond with the geocultural approach. This approach is based on the multi-valued category “geoculture”, that allows one to comprehend the cultural codes and meanings of the transformation of reality and space (world projects), including those that exist as ideas about ideal forms of public power and social regulation. The geocultural approach may be part of such methodological phenomena as the worldoutlook research program, world-system analysis and geomeasurement. At the present stage, the geocultural approach of the worldoutlook research program is most suitable for analyzing the conflict of geocultures, allowing to take into account the replacement of geocultural standards, the crisis of the modern capitalist world economy, legitimized by liberal geoculture, and the search for new models of world order, carried out in the framework of the conflict of liberal and traditional values. The importance of understanding this conflict is due to the critical attitude of liberalism towards traditional statehood, its fulfillment of the role of an instrument of “controlled chaos” and an instrument of dominance of the West. The reсonside- ring of liberal geoculture is permissible on the basis of the doctrines of traditional religious faiths, among which the Russian Orthodox Church is dominant in the post-Soviet space. Liberal geoculture is a multidimensional phenomenon, which at the same time puts forward the idea of protecting human rights and freedoms, and is an instrument for implementation of an elitist policy, characterized by excessive criticality in relation to the state and government, as well as any categories reflecting collective solidarity. Moreover, human rights, which are an integral part of liberal geoculture, initially stem from the Christian idea of a man as an Труды Института государства и права РАН. 2020. Том 15. № 1

Геокультурный подход мировоззренческой исследовательской программы… ontologically123 free human being, the image and likeness of God, whose status metaphysically extends to anyone, but only his own. Substantially there are three interdependent problems in the phenomenon of human rights, the answer to which predetermines the practice of legal regulation: who is a person (in a particular geoculture), who is recognized as the ontological subject of human rights violations, who is recognized as the relevant subject of human rights protection. The complexity of the attitude of traditional Christianity to human rights, including denial (due to historical reasons for using human rights to marginalize Christianity), understanding, and recognition, is confirmed by the historical practice of the Russian Orthodox Church, which positively interprets this phenomenon in its conceptual documents at the present stage. The foregoing makes it expedient to use the canonical positions and official documents of traditional religious faiths in lawmaking and lawenforcement practice, which are the Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Belarus. Keywords: worldoutlook research program in jurisprudence, worldoutlook, methodological research in jurisprudence, world-system analysis, geomeasurement, geocultural approach, subjective approach, human rights, liberal geoculture, traditional values, value conflict

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AUTHOR’S INFO: Sergey A. Kalinin — Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor of the Theory and History State and Law Department, Law Faculty, Belarusian State University.

CITATION: Kalinin, S.A. (2020). Geocultural Approach of the World out look research Program: on the Problem of Interaction of Liberal and Traditional Standards. Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN — Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS, 15 (1), pp. 94–124. DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-kalinin

Труды Института государства и права РАН. 2020. Том 15. № 1

Метод «социального благополучия» Вильгельма 73 Лундштедта

DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-tonkov

DMITRII E. TONKOV Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences 10, Znamenka str., Moscow 119019, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-9841-5743

METHOD OF "SOCIAL WELFARE" OF VILHELM LUNDSTEDT Abstract. Critical attitude of Axel Hägerström was enthusiastically carried by his follower Vilhelm Lundstedt, who, according to Scandinavian legal realism, sought to make jurisprudence a science based on verifiable facts. He sharply criticized any inclusion of metaphysics into law, especially considerations of justice. In V. Lundstedt’s opinion, law is an intricate machinery which is kept going by means of psychological impulses of man, his senses, instincts and emotions and which is controlled by legislation, administration of law, courts, administrative activities on the part of persons elected or appointed to fulfill certain functions in society and the application of some other measures of coercion. Traditional legal theories, including positivism and sociological jurisprudence, V. Lundstedt considered to be unscientific and completely irrational, based on ideological conceptions unrelated to verifiable facts. According to him, concepts of traditional jurisprudence do not correspond to the real world and exist only as feelings in our mind: these "false ideas" can only be used as "labels" denoting certain realities. However, V. Lundtstedt’s concept consisted not only of criticism but also offered constructive elements for improving jurisprudence and legal method in a more natural-scientific sense. Instead of the rejected ideologized "method of justice", that uses only different concepts of objectively non-existent justice, V. Lundstedt offers his "method of social welfare", that is understood as the encouragement in the best possible way of that which people in general actually strive to attain. According to this method the reason for the existence and operation of law is the satisfaction of social needs: law creates new and changes old legal relations for a social purpose, that is, for the benefit of society, or "social welfare". Despite V. Lundstedt’s rather extensive presentation and passionate defense of constructed method, it caused reasonable criticism regarding its originality, sufficient elaboration and coherence. Analysis of the content of the method of "social welfare" and its criticism in relation to utilitarianism, the falsity of the highlighted human strivings, insufficiency of the method in some judicial cases, as well as the impossibility of solving simultaneously theoretical and practical problems, raises doubts about the success of V. Lundstedt’s desirable "basic reshaping of legal thinking", but inspires for further researches in the field of law. Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

74 Д.Е. Keywords: Vilhelm Lundstedt,Тонков Scandinavian legal realism, method of social welfare, jurisprudence as science, constructive jurisprudence, justice, legal philosophy

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Метод «социального благополучия» Вильгельма 75 of Juristic Practice.Лундштедта Law Critique , 29(2), pp. 241–264. DOI: 10.1007/s10978-018-9220- 4 Sherbaniuk, D.J. (1962). Scandinavian Realism. Alberta Law Review, 2(1), pp. 58– 72. Sundell, J-O. (2005) Vilhelm Lundstedt — a Biographical Sketch. Scandinavian Studies in Law. 48, pp. 465–478. Strang, J. (2009). Two Generations of Scandinavian Legal Realists. Retfærd: Nordisk Juridisk Tidsskrift, 32(1/124), pp. 61–82. Tonkov, D.E. (2018). Filosofija prava Akselja Hjegerstrjoma [Legal Philosophy of Axel Hägerström]. Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN — Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS, 13(3), pp. 82–106. (in Russ.). Tonkov, D.E. (2018) Kritika teorii voli v skandinavskom pravovom realizme [Criticism of Theory of Will in Scandinavian Legal Realism]. In: V.I. Zhukov and A.B. Didikin, eds. Filosofija i psihologija prava: sovremennye problemy: Sbornik nauchnyh trudov [Philosophy and Psychology of Law: Modern Problems: Collection of Proceedings]. Moscow: In- stitut Gosudarstva i Prava RAN, pp. 147–155. (in Russ.). Tonkov, D.E. (2019) Pravo i spravedlivost’: libertarnyj podhod i koncepcija V. Lund- shtedta [Law and Justice: Libertarian Approach and concept of V. Lundstedt]. In: A.B. Di- dikin, ed. Pravo i religija v mezhdisciplinarnoj interpretacii: monografija [Law and Religion in an Interdisciplinary Interpretation: Monograph]. Moscow: Prospekt, pp. 227–236. (in Russ.). Vasilyeva, N.S. (2019). Dejstvitel’nost’ prava kak psihologicheskij fakt: Upsal’skaja shkola v kontekste intellektual’noj tradicii kontinental’nogo pravovogo realizma [Legal Validity as a Psychological Fact: Uppsala School in the Intellectual Context of Continen- tal Legal Realism]. Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN — Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS, 14(4), pp. 47–80. DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522- 2019-14-4-vasilyeva (in Russ.).

AUTHOR’S INFO: Dmitrii E. Tonkov — Post-Graduate Student, Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences.

CITATION: Tonkov, D.E. (2020). Method of "Social Welfare" of Vilhelm Lundstedt. Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN — Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS, 15(1), pp. 125–149. DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-tonkov

Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

162 Р.Г. Оганесян

DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-oganesyan

ROMAN GEVORGOVICH OGANESYAN Institute of state and law of the Russian Academy of Sciences 10 Znamenka street, Moscow, 119019, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] SPIN code: 2267-9301

THE PROVINCIAL URBAN AFFAIRS PRESENCE AS AN ORGAN OF ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN THE 70S AND 90S OF THE XIX CENTURY Abstract. The article deals with the activity of the provincial presence for urban affairs — the body that establishes administrative supervision over the activities of city self-government bodies in the 70s and 90s of the XIX century. The study is based on the positions of pre-revolutionary lawyers who consider and analyze innovations in the Urban statute of 1870 and changes that occurred in 1892. First of all, it is worth noting that in post-reform Russia, the provincial presence for urban affairs was created to streamline the work on administrative control over city self-government bodies. Its organization was due to the need to oversee the correctness and legality of their rulings, as well as the desire to speed up the resolution of many cases that had previously often lain for a long time in the departments of the Governing Senate. The presence was mainly assigned to the functions of the administrative court, whose decisions were often not final. Based on archival materials of the post- reform period, the practice of administrative supervision concerning city self- government bodies is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the consideration of complaints from members of the city government on various grounds. After the city counter-reform, which resulted in the adoption of the new Urban statute, the provincial presence for city affairs was merged with the provincial presence for land affairs. This was done to simplify the work since the specifics of the activities of these bodies were almost the same. Thus, after combining the two presences into one, the new organization has the opportunity to monitor and analyze the most important issues related to the interests of the entire province. As a result, it was revealed that the activity of the provincial presence for urban affairs is also determined to an important extent by the public function. Труды Института государства и права РАН. 2020. Том 15. № 1

Губернское по городским делам 163 Keywords: administrativeприсутствие… justice, governor, provincial presence, Governing Senate, self-government

REFERENCES Ankusheva K.A., Bochanova G.A., Degaltseva E.A., Kirillov A.K., Nozdrin G.A., Shilovsky M.V., Us L.B. (2006) Istoriya obschestvennogo samoupravleniya v Sibiri vo vto- roi polovine 19th — nachale 20 veka [History of public self-government in Siberia of the second half of the XIX — early XX century]. Sova publishing house, Novosibirsk (in Russ.) Gogel S.K. (1911) Istoriya pravitelstvuyuschego Senata v 1771–1911 v pyati tomakh [History of the governing Senate for two hundred years 1771–1911 in five volumes. Volume the fourth]. Saint Petersburg, Senate printing house (in Russ.) Galkin P.V. (2012) From the Russian experience of administrative supervision of city administration (1870) // State power and local self-government, No. 5, pp. 60–67 (in Russ.) Gradovsky A.D. (1875) Nachala Russkogo gosudarstvennogo prava [The Beginning of Russian state law]. Volumes I–III. St. Petersburg, printing house of M. Stasyulevich (in Russ.) Korff S.A. (1910) Administrativnaya usticiya v Rossii [Administrative justice in Rus- sia]. In 2 t. T. 2. Outline of current legislation. SPb., Type. Trenke and Fusno (in Russ.) Kostyaeva D.V. (2017) Analiz osnovnikh funkciy nadzornogo organa — gubernskogo po gorodskim delam prisutstviya na osnove gorodovogo polozheniya 1870 goda [Analysis of the main functions of the Supervisory authority — the provincial presence for urban affairs on the basis of the city regulations of 1870] // Scientific dialogue: Jurisprudence. Collection of scientific papers, based on the materials of the IX international scientific and practical conference on November 20, 2017, Ed. Central research Institute of public science, pp. 31–33 (in Russ.) Mysh M.I. (1876) Gorodovoe polozhenie so vsemi otnosyashimisya k nemu uzakoneni- yami, sudebnimi I pravitelstvennimi razyasneniyami [City regulations with all related laws, judicial government explanations]. SPb. Type. N.A. Lebedeva (in Russ.) Rennenkampf N.K. (1871) Publichnii lekcii o novom gorodovom polozhenii [Public lectures on the new city regulations]. SPb. Type. A. Transhel (in Russ.) Rennenkampf N.K. (1874) Novoe gorodovoe polozhenie v ego prakticheskom primenenii [New city regulation in its practical application]: Publ. lecture, cheat. 22 Dec. 1873 Kiev (in Russ.) Ducrocq M. (1877) Kurs administrativnogo prava [Cours de Droit Administratiff]. Vol. 1. Paris (in French)

AUTOR’S INFO: Roman G. Oganesyan — young researcher, Department of Legal Philosophy, Legal History and Legal Theory, Institute of State and Law Russian Academy of Sciences

CITATION: Oganesyan, R.G. (2020). The Provincial Urban Affairs Presence as an Organ of Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

162 Р.Г. Administrative Supervision of MunicipalОганесян Government in the 70–90-ies. XIX Century. Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN / Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS, 15 (1), pp. 150–163. DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1- oganesyan

Труды Института государства и права РАН. 2020. Том 15. № 1

182 Ж.А. Николаева

DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-nikolaeva

ZHANNA ANATOLIEVNA NIKOLAEVA Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences 10 Znamenka Street, Moscow, 119019, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] SPIN code: 4120-6991 ON THE DEFECTS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE CONCEPT OF LIABILITY FOR TAX OFFENCES Abstract. The author analyzes the content of interrelated tax norms, administrative and criminal laws, which constitute the concept of liability for tax offences. The analysis makes it possible to identify the elements that cause non-compliance with the foundations of legal liability in criminal proceedings: its inevitability, equality of everyone before the law and the court, justice. Representatives of small and medium- sized businesses are placed in unequal, discriminatory circumstances in comparison with large businesses. In addition, the legislation on taxes and fees contains provisions which create obstacles for the operation of criminal and criminal procedure laws. Many instances of tax evasion, the non-payment of fees and/or insurance fees in large and especially large amounts revealed by tax services do not become known to investigative bodies. In this case, the principle of the priority of sectoral legislation ceases to work, since in criminal proceedings the provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation cancel out the effect of the norms which are common to all types of crimes and express the foundations of a particular sector of law. This paper substantiates the need to improve the concept of liability for violations of the legislation on taxes and fees. Keywords: violations of the legislation on taxes and fees; the concept of liability for tax offences; violation of the principles of equality of everyone before the law and the court, the inevitability of liability, justice; discriminatory norms.

REFERENCES S.S. Alekseev General theory of law. M .: Legal literature, 1981. Z.S. Bainiyazova, Principles of the Legal System of Russia: Issues of Theory and Practice / Edited by V.N. Sinyukova. Saratov: Saratov State University Publishing House, 2006. C. Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments. Moscow: Infra-M, 2015. Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

182 Ж.А. V.N. Vitruk, General Theory Николаеваof Legal Liability. 2nd edition, revised and extended. Moscow: Norma, 2009. N.D. Gomonov, M.A. Bezuglova Determinants and features of crime in the shadow economy // Legal field of the modern economy, 2016. No. 8. M.P. Gurov Shadow economy as one of the determinants of threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation // Economic security: conceptual approaches and challenges of the time. SPb, 2017. M.L. Krupin, Criminal and Criminological Characteristics of Persons Evading Corporate Taxes and/or Fees, and Individual Prevention of Tax Crimes: Thesis for a Candi- date Degree in Legal Sciences. 12.00.08. 2006. Academy of Economic Security of the In- terior Ministry of the Russian Federation. URL: http://dlib.rsl.ru. A.P. Kuznetsov, State Policy of Counteracting Tax Crimes in the Russian Federation: Issues of Formation, Legislative Regulation and Practical Implementation: Thesis for a Doc- torate Degree in Legal Sciences. 12.00.08. Nizhni Novgorod, 2000. URL: http://dlib.rsl.ru. V.S. Nersesyants, General Theory of Law and State. Moscow: Norma Infra-M, 2019. Zh. A. Nikolaeva, Issues of Operation in Time of Blanket Rules Stipulating Criminal Liability for Tax Offences // Gaps in Russian Legislation. 2019. No. 4. I.M. Sereda, Crimes against the tax system: characteristics, liability, ответственность, fight strategy: Thesis for a Doctorate Degree in Legal Sciences. 12.00.08. Irkutsk, 2006. URL: http://dlib.rsl.ru. I.N. Solovyev, Problematic Issues of Calculating the Share of Unpaid Taxes in the Investigation of Crimes under Articles 198, 199 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Russian Investigator. 2019. No. 6. A.M. Cherneeva, Criminal and Criminological Characteristics of Tax Crimes Based on Materials from the Republic of Tatarstan: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Legal Sciences. 12.00.08. Kazan State University, 2007. URL: http://dlib.rsl.ru. A.V. Pomogalov, The Inevitability of Legal Liability as a Principle of Legality: Thesis for a Candidate Degree in Legal Sciences. 12.00.01. Moscow, Moscow University of the Interior Ministry of the Russian Federation. 2007. URL: http://dlib.rsl.ru. C.L. Bar von, A Histori of Continental Law. Boston, 1916. P. XXV. R. Dworkin The Model of Rules // The University of Chicago Law Review. 1967. Vol. 35. № 1. R.K. Goel, M.A. Nelson Shining a light on the shadows: Identifying robust determinants of the shadow economy//Economic Modelling, Elsevier. 2016. Vol. 58(C). R. Neck, J. Wächter, F. Schneider Tax avoidance versus tax evasion: on some determinants of the shadow economy. International Tax and Public Finance, Springer; International Institute of Public Finance, 2012. Vol. 19(1). T.J.Putniņš, А. Sauka Size and determinants of shadow economies in the Baltic States // Baltic Journal of Economics. Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies, 2011. Vol. 11(2).

AUTHORS INFО: Zhanna A. Nikolaeva — Research Assistant, Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Employee of the Public Prosecution Office of the Russian Federation.

CITATION: Nikolaeva, Zh.A. (2020). On the Defects of Legal Regulation of the Concept of Труды Института государства и права РАН. 2020. Том 15. № 1

182 Ж.А. Liability for Tax Offences. Trudy InstitutaНиколаева gosudarstva i prava RAN / Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS, 15 (1), pp. 164–182. DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522- 2020-15-1-nikolaeva

Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2020. Volume 15. No. 1

DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-kelsen

HANS KELSEN (1881–1973) University of California (Berkeley) 2227 Piedmont Avenue, USA, CA 94720

SCIENCE AND POLITICS Abstract. A translation of a paper by the Austrian philosopher and lawyer Hans Kelsen devoted to the conceptual understanding of the principle of objectivity in humanitarian knowledge is presented. The paper was published in The American Political Science Review in 1951.

Keywords: science, politics, objectivity, principles of cognition, legal reality, values

1 Перевод с английского А.Б. Дидикина и Е.А. Вакатовой по изданию 1951 г.: Kelsen H. Science and Politics // The American Political Science Review. 1951. Vol. XLV. № 3. P. 641–661. Публикуется с разрешения Института Ганса Кельзена (Австрия, г. Вена).

Труды Института государства и права РАН. 2020. Том 15. № 1

AUTHOR’S INFO: Hans Kelsen — Austrian legal scientist, famous scientist in the world, author of the normativism ("pure theory of law")

FOR CITATION: Kelsen, H. (2020) Science and Politics Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN / Pro- ceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS, 15 (1), pp. 183–209. DOI: 10.35427/ 2073-4522-2020-15-1-kelsen