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Diplomarbeit Fossile Galaxiensysteme DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Fossile Galaxiensysteme angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Naturwissenschaften (Mag. rer. nat.) Verfasser: Eveline Glaßner Matrikel-Nummer: 9500110 Studienrichtung: Astronomie A413 Betreuer: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Werner Zeilinger Wien, Juni 2009 Zusammenfassung In meiner Arbeit wurden dynamische Endstadien von Galaxiensystemen, sog. Fos- sile Galaxiensysteme untersucht. Sie zeichnen sich durch eine massereiche zentrale Elliptische Galaxie aus, die von deutlich leuchtkraftschw¨acheren Galaxien umgeben ist. Diese Galaxien sind in einen diffusen, r¨aumlich ausgedehnten R¨ontgenhalo ein- gebettet, der auf ein ehemaliges Galaxiensystem schließen l¨asst. Insgesamt wurden 49 solcher Systeme untersucht, wobei nur 45 die Definition eines Fossilen Systems erfullen.¨ Die Auswahl setzt sich aus zwei Katalogen zusammen. Der erste Katalog stellt eine Zusammenfassung aller entdeckten Fossilen Systeme bis 2005 dar, der zweite stammt aus der Suche in der Sloan Digital Sky Survey im Jahre 2007. Als Erstes wurde die zentrale Elliptische Galaxie nach ihren photometrischen Eigen- schaften untersucht. Dies umfasst ein Fl¨achenhelligkeitsprofil, die Elliptizit¨at, den Positionswinkel und die Fourier-Koeffizienten h¨oherer Ordnung der Isophoten, die fur¨ die Bestimmung der Form (boxy bzw. disky) der Elliptischen Galaxie herange- zogen wurden. Es zeigt sich eine etwa gleichm¨aßige Aufteilung zwischen boxy und disky Elliptischen Galaxien. Der zweite Teil umfasst die spektrale Analyse der Elliptischen Galaxien. Weniger als die H¨alfte aller Elliptischen Galaxien zeigen nukleare Aktivit¨aten. Der dritte Schwerpunkt befasst sich mit der Analyse der Umgebung Fossiler Sys- teme. Bis zu einem Radius von 5 Mpc ausgehend von der zentralen Elliptischen Galaxie wurde nach weiteren Galaxien mit spektral bestimmten Rotverschiebungen gesucht. Dasselbe erfolgte auch fur¨ benachbarte Galaxiensysteme. Etwa ein Funftel¨ aller Fossilen Systeme besitzen weitere Galaxiensysteme in ihrer Umgebung. Weiters ergibt die Umgebungs-Analyse bei zwei Drittel aller Fossilen Systeme mit genugend¨ hoher Anzahl an vorhandenen Galaxien eine filamentartige Struktur. Bei der Unter- suchung der Ausrichtung der zentralen Elliptischen Galaxien zeigt sich bei fast allen Systemen mit Galaxienfilamenten ein anti-Holmberg“-Effekt, d.h. die umgebenden " Galaxien ordnen sich in der Ebene entlang der großen Halbachse der E-Galaxie an. Dies wurde bereits theoretisch vorausgesagt. III IV Abstract In my thesis I have analyzed dynamical endpoints of galaxy systems, so called fossil galaxy systems. They are charakterized by a massive central elliptical galaxy, which is surrounded by clearly fainter galaxies. These galaxies are embedded in a diffuse, spatially extended X-ray halo, which gives evidence of a formerly existing galaxy system. A total number of 49 such systems was examined, where only 45 fulfill the definition of a fossil galaxy system. The sample is described in two catalogues. The first one is a summary of all identified fossil systems until 2005, the second one arises from a search in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in 2007. In the first part of the thesis, the photometic properties of the central elliptical galaxy were examined. This includes the surface brightness profile, the ellipticity, the position angle profile and the higher order Fourier coefficients of the isophotes, which were taken for determination of the form (boxy resp. disky) of the elliptical galaxy. The examination shows an equal distribution into boxy and disky elliptical galaxies. The second part contains the spectral analysis of the elliptical galaxies. Less than half of all elliptical galaxies show nuclear activity. The third section of the examination covers the analysis of the environment of fossil systems. A search for galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts was performed out to a radius of 5 Mpc from the central elliptical galaxy. The same examination was carried out for surrounding galaxy systems. About one fifth of all fossil systems shows other galaxy systems in their neighborhood. Furthermore, this study points out a filamentary structure for two thirds of all fossil systems with a significant number of galaxies. By examining the orientation of the central elliptical galaxies, I found that almost all systems with galaxies in filaments show an anti-Holmberg\ " effect. That means, the surrounding galaxies lie in a plane along the semi-major axis of the elliptical galaxy. This was already theoretical predicted before. V VI Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einfuhrung¨ 1 1.1 Kosmologie . 1 1.2 Galaxiengruppen und Haufen . 3 1.3 Galaxien . 5 1.3.1 Morphologie . 5 1.3.2 Spektrale Unterscheidungen . 6 1.3.3 Morphologische Beschreibung Elliptischer Galaxien . 9 2 Fossile Galaxiensysteme 13 2.1 Allgemeines . 13 2.2 Definition eines Fossilen Systems . 13 2.3 Definition von OLEGs und IOLEGs . 15 3 Beobachtungserkenntnisse Fossiler Systeme 17 3.1 Entdeckte Fossile Systeme . 17 3.1.1 Kataloge Fossiler Systeme . 17 3.1.2 Detailliert untersuchte Fossile Systeme . 19 3.1.3 Eigens studierte Fossile Systeme . 21 3.2 Eigenschaften der zentralen Elliptischen Galaxie . 21 3.2.1 Nukleare Aktivit¨at . 23 3.2.2 Morphologie . 23 3.2.3 Ausrichtung . 25 3.2.4 Isophoten . 26 3.3 System-Eigenschaften . 26 3.3.1 Gr¨oßen . 26 3.3.2 Leuchtkraftfunktion . 27 VII VIII INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 3.3.3 Skalierungsrelationen . 30 3.4 Entstehungsszenarien . 30 3.4.1 Altes Standard-Szenario . 30 3.4.2 Kein Merging-Vorgang . 33 3.4.3 Fossiles System als Substruktur . 33 4 Theorie zu Fossilen Systemen 37 4.1 Entstehung und Entwicklung Fossiler Systeme . 37 4.2 Entwicklung der zentralen Elliptischen Galaxie . 40 5 Datenquellen 45 5.1 SDSS . 45 5.2 NED . 47 6 Datenauswertung 49 6.1 Photometrische Analyse der zentralen E-Galaxie . 49 6.1.1 Berechnung der Helligkeitskalibrationsdaten . 49 6.1.2 Photometrische Analyse mit IRAF . 50 6.1.3 Boxy- und Diskyness der Elliptischen Galaxie . 54 6.1.4 Positionswinkel . 55 6.2 Umgebung des Fossilen Systems . 55 6.2.1 Berechnung der Entfernung . 56 6.2.2 Eingrenzung der Objekte . 57 7 Ergebnisse 59 7.1 FS01 . 60 7.2 FS02 . 64 7.3 FS03 . 68 7.4 FS04 . 72 7.5 FS05 . 76 7.6 FS06 . 80 7.7 FS07 . 84 7.8 FS08 . 88 7.9 FS09 . 91 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS IX 7.10 FS10 . 95 7.11 FS11 . 99 7.12 FS12 . 102 7.13 FS13 . 106 7.14 FS14 . 110 7.15 FS15 . 113 7.16 FS16 . 117 7.17 FS17 . 120 7.18 FS18 . 124 7.19 FS19 . 128 7.20 FS20 . 132 7.21 FS21 . 136 7.22 FS22 . 139 7.23 FS23 . 143 7.24 FS24 . 147 7.25 FS25 . 150 7.26 FS26 . 154 7.27 FS27 . 158 7.28 FS28 . 161 7.29 FS29 . 165 7.30 FS30 . 169 7.31 FS31 . 173 7.32 FS32 . 177 7.33 FS33 . 180 7.34 FS34 . 184 7.35 FS50 . 188 7.36 FS51 . 190 7.37 FS52 . 192 7.38 FS53 . 194 7.39 FS54 . 197 7.40 FS55 . 201 7.41 FS56 . 202 7.42 FS57 . 205 X INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 7.43 FS58 . 208 7.44 FS59 . 212 7.45 FS60 . 215 7.46 FS61 . 218 7.47 FS62 . 222 7.48 FS63 . 224 7.49 FS64 . 226 8 Diskussion 229 8.1 Ergebnisse der photometischen Analyse . ..
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