Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1985 Preparation, properties and applications of Calcein in a highly pure form John Walter Furry Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Furry, John Walter, "Preparation, properties and applications of Calcein in a highly pure form " (1985). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 12062. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/12062 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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Universi^ Microllms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8524S52 Furry, John Walter PREPARATION, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF CALCEIN IN A HIGHLY PURE FORM Iowa State University PH.D. 1985 University Microfilms IntGrnStiOnSi 300 N. zeebRoaa, Ann Arbor, Ml48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other University Microfilms International Preparation, properties and applications of Calcein in a highly pure form by John Walter Furry A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Chemistry Major: Analytical Chemistry Aocroved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Gr^ :ate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1 985 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. FLUOROMETRIC PROPERTIES OF FLUORESCEIN 21 III. FLUOROMETRIC PROPERTIES OF CALCEIN 65 IV. FLUOROMETRIC PROPERTIES OF CALCEIN IN THE PRESENCE OF VARIOUS METALS 137 V. DETERMINATIONS OF FLUORESCEIN AND CALCEIN IN SEPARATE SOLUTIONS AND MIXTURES 200 VI. PREPARATION OF CALCEIN IN A HIGHLY PURE AND CONSISTENT FORM 291 VII. APPLICATIONS OF CALCEIN OF HIGH PURITY TO CHEMICAL ANALYSES 412 VIII. SUMMARY 442 IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY 459 X. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 486 1 I. INTRODUCTION In 1956, Diehl and Ellingboe^^^^presented the first compound of a new class of chemical reagents. This new material, which they named Calepin, exhibited a brilliant yellow-green fluorescence in the presence of certain metal ions, most notably calcium. The usefulness of this behavior in analytical chemistry was quickly proven and Calcein was the first in the class of so-called m.e.tai.lo^luO'ZO chronic n.e.age.nt6, Since then, the breadth and sophistication of the applications of Calcein have continued to grow, accompanied by ever stronger and more stringent requirements for purity and consistency. Calcein is synthesized by the Mannich condensation^'^^ of fluorescein, formaldehyde and iminodiacetic acid. The product is now known to be 4',5'-bis(N,N'-di- (carboxymethyl)aminomethyl)fluorescein. Calcein has two 2 methyleneiminodiacetic acid groups attached to the xanthene portion of fluorescein. of tbnse groups is equivalent to one half of an. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) molecule. The formal structure of Calcein is shown in figure 1 . The unique feature of Calcein is that it unites, in one molecule, the ability to form slightly-dissociated compounds with metals comparable to those of EDTA and an intense fluorescence equivalent to that of the organic dye fluorescein, in such a way that the formation and dissociation of the slightly-dissociated compounds directly and significantly affect the fluorescence of the molecule. The intensity of fluorescence of aqueous solutions of fluorescein depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions (usually described.in terms of the negative logarithm of concentration,). Neutral and alkaline solutions of fluorescein (pH greater than 6) are highly fluorescent while acidic solutions are significantly less so. For Calcein, the intensity of fluorescence is also dependent on the presence of certain metal ions. In metal-free solutions, Calcein is fluorescent between pH 5.5 and pH 8.5. The fluorescence of Calcein decreases as the pH of solution is increased above pH 9 and is Figure 1. Structure I. Formal structure of Calcein 4 HOOC HOOC COOH COOH HjC HgC CHz CHz N N CH: CHz COOH STRUCTURE I 5 virtually extinguished above pH 12. However, in highly alkaline solutions containing certain metals, particularly the alkaline earths, Calcein forms slightly-dissociated compounds with these metals and the fluorescence is retained even at high pH. Conversely, Calcein combines with other metals in neutral solutions and the fluorescence otherwise displayed by Calcein is quenched. As first demonstrated in the initial publication by Diehl and Ellingboe 113, Calcein serves as an excellent indicator in the titration of calcium with EDTA. The titration is performed in an alkaline solution where the indicator, Calcein, combines with calcium to form a highly fluorescent, slightly-dissociated compound. As the equivalence-point of fe-he titration is approached, the EDTA added as titrant combines first with the free calcium in solution and then, because EDTA forms a stronger compound with calcium than does Calcein, the EDTA extracts the calcium from the fluorescent slightly-dissociated calcium-Calcein compound. The end-point of the titration is marked by the disappearance of fluorescence resulting from the dissociation of the metal-indicator compound. 5 The most significant advantage of this titrimetric determination is the ability to determine calcium directly without prior separation from magnesium. Unlike the indicators previously proposed for the titrimetric determination,^ .4.. of. calcium , . 29,52,54,50,338, ^Calcein, performs successfully in solutions at pH 13. At this pH, magnesium is tied up as hydroxides and is therefore not susceptible to combination with the titrant or indicator. Prior to the advent of Calcein, accurate determination of calcium in samples containing magnesium required the tedious separation of the two metals by chromato­ graphy ^ or precipitation, filtration, and redissolution in acid4'7'50'114,144,163^ As might have been expected, such a time-saving improvement did not go unnoticed. Soon after the initial publication, several papers ^^ were published by other groups professing their own netallofluorochromic indicators prepared from the condensation of fluorescein, formaldehyde and iminodiacetic acid. Diehl and 1 1 "3 Ellingboe noted that their material v/as an impure mixture and refrained from postulating a structure for Calcein without having a purified material.