ND A RY MEMO Y G ESHAPIN R FRONTIER, THE ALIZING CHANGE IN TWENTIETH CENTUR C I T I E S a n d R E G I O N S i n F L U X VISU A F T E R B O R D E R C H A N G E RECONFIGURING CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: dynamics, will offer a so far underestimated contribution to contribution far underestimated so a offer will dynamics, understood in the relationship with wider analysis, federal and international urban-centered This politics. Party’s the in Yugoslavism theminorities of marginalization toward of process the on impact significant a had that the politics in produced the mid-fifties contradictions in significant Yugoslavism Socialist of promotion identity of politics different at It will levels. argue thethat stronger the CPY of definition the in negotiations borderland everyday by played role the show presentation will the – city the of center the in tether People’s binational the of existence the on example for – Rijeka’sspaces of public meaning the overdebate the Analyzing Federation. the of framework ideological multinational the within recognizedofficially culture,minority’s Italian the of presence the impacted tendencies in howthese discuss will highlighting It identity. Yugoslav events), cultural particular the controversial South Slavic interpretations of the new celebrations, ofSocialist(monuments, expressions ambivalent Yugoslavismliberated“newly this of spaces public territory” the in the investigate This the city. will in paper lived Federation new the more influential of and community Italianbiggest the time same the at but war, the after Italy from obtained Yugoslavia that territories the urban in main center the represented Rijeka 1960s. the of beginning the Yugoslavism until its 1950s, marginalization following mid the in at identity in Rijeka in the period of the stronger promotion of Socialist This paper will analyze the public presence ofthe Italian minority’s Marco Abram, h udrtnig f h tnin ewe te multinational the peculiar evolution ofthe Yugoslav socialist experiment. conditioned the that tendencies between integrative the tension and framework the of understanding the “national Negotiating development”: Italianidentity in Rijeka’s public spacesafter the Trieste Crisis(1954-1961) Between socialist Yugoslavism andtheright to University ofBritishColumbia-Okanagan Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: and how were these shifts reflected in their contemporary writings perceptions oftheir European, Balkan and Jewish identity werehow affected and Balkans the in experiences will everyday their I at paper look this In works. historiographical and literary of body large this situate and analyze to attempt first the is research My to personal it connecting memoirs orso-called narrative and/or literary sources. and languages and countries across Balkans by piecing together a complex puzzle of evidence scatteredthe in history TwoWar World and Holocaust the of segment this understanding and Prague, reconstructing been (Vienna, have I civilisation. years For and Berlin). culture European of capitals very the from escaping people to refuge offering peoples, its and apparentexperiencethe and paradox Europeanthe of backwaters their detail in describing testimonies their left however survivors historiographiesnational in Holocaustbiases and Manyor studies. is patchy at best because of the lack of traditional historical sources Balkans the in refugeesJewish the Historiographymovements.on Balkan highlands or Adriatic islandsthe hiding orin joiningyears localwar resistance survived Others murdered. brutally and 1941 in onlyin were others transit. whereas Many were settled stuck when Yugoslavia Some and Greece Balkans. were invaded the to fled members) family or after 1933 partners their (and Jews of numerous thousands when more even became border Migrations these massive changes. to prior inhabitants Jewish few relatively there where wereJewsareas to of that relatively is is studied little massive migrations in East, Central and Southeast Europe. One that createdcentury th borders20 newunleashed early also the but in states new of rise and Empires of dissolution nationalism, of Rise Bojan Aleksov, survival or annihilation. Rijeka and Sušak were key locations on key locations their journeys sospecialattentionwere will bededicated tothe area. Sušak and Rijeka annihilation. or survival escape, their of memorialization and recording subsequent and Jewish Refugees andMigrants intheBalkans University College London Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: the frictions that existed at the local level between such state level between theconcerns local and the local place-making at practice in such frontier cities. existed that frictions the ideologicalorientations transformed Finally,after 1948. it explores and geopolitical its Yugoslavand statethe as changed has project this how and whether inquires Moreover,state.it the of security of a project of frontier urbanism to fix and settle a new ontological As such, the paper scrutinises to what extent was architecture part frontiers.new its stateat the secure to avenues became planning temple in Mlaka, the paper inquires how reconstruction and urban By damaged by war, authorities. as well as the demolition of the 1943-built votive post-war the ofundamaged torebuild buildings not particular torebuild analyzing decisions or by demolished a series were buildings yet reconstruction, underwent Rijeka Warbombings, World by Second Damaged makeup. population the Rijeka of and system, political of in borders, of change: dynamics multiple of context the reconfigurations architectural analyses of It implications space. and urban contested in state the ous how of secure to practices place-making discussion and architectural employ actors (2011) Pullan’s as “frontier on 1945 building after urbanism”, in Rijeka reconfigurations and architectural reconstruction urban of processes the examines paper The Gruia Badescu, population movements: Interrogating frontier urbanismin Architectural reconfigurations after border change and

University ofKonstanz &CASUniversity ofRijeka Rijeka 1945-1960. Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: Accordingly, the Fascist ideas of nationhood and empire represented empire and nationhood of ideas Fascist the Accordingly, states, (P.successor other the wereto intertwinedtightly each Judson). bequeathed and rule Habsburg the under conceived imperialism, and the Balkans, to the post-Habsburg crisis. As a matter of fact, nationalism Central in in Europe and as well as Adriatic, Upper the orderin imperial and national new a forprojects Fascist the connect will I conclusion, In northern Adriatic. in the transition the for as authorities national Italian the with divisions 2. the reactions of the local political and economic élites and their deep internationalization ofthelines; of those and appropriation national of projects the between conflicts resettlement of the ex-Southern railway networks (Südbahn) and on the the port between of Trieste relations and theformer imperial hinterland, withafocus on the the of reorganization of problems the 1. I willespecially analyse: defeat within the broader sense ofnational (Italian) victory. local of experience an as perceived increasingly were Europe, Central the of in strategic role its consequences and of Trieste position unique war,the destabilizing economic and social The Trieste. of port-town multinational the of case the Great War, on the focussing of aftermath post-Habsburgthe Italian in annexed Adriatic, state the the Upper in by sovereignty” of “crisis the investigate especially will I Sammartino). A. Sheehan; states(J. successor the of sovereignty” “crisisof a to led thus projects nationalist the of “territorialization” post-1918 The political imagery. the nineteenth-century marked had which state and nation, the territory, between relationship the undermined Europe Central East of of disintegration the the nation-state, the of instability of the new borders of in the ideology fractured lands the moment of triumph apparent the of and very empires multinational the in Paradoxically, Marco Bresciani, Upper Adriatic region, of the Mediterranean Sea, and of Europe as a as whole. Europe of and Sea, Mediterranean the of region, Adriatic Upper the of order the resettle to and vacuumpost-imperialperceived power catastrophic) ultimately and post-1918 the solution to sovereignty”, of “crisis violent, the to aiming tackle by (albeit plausible apparently an Post-Habsburg crisisofsovereignty and(dis)order: thecase of the port-town ofTrieste (1918-1926) University ofFlorence Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: uvy f ersnaie urn tae junls sget ta itis that suggests journalism travel current representative of critical A survey market. unregulated and plentiful the of site the as city the redemptive borderland also articulates with Yugo-nostalgic narratives of and fluid a porous, ofvalorisation This travel as Trieste populararticles. in experience touristic commodified desirable a evokedfrequentlyas is Trieste of inregime nowehereness the of potential changes liberatory The to frequent territory. and due identity national for disregard a mythologised on especially and cosmopolitanism, melancholy,’ uncritical and ‘Mitteleuropean of Trieste,ideas of images on heavily Morris’ rely of to many continues Trieste about journalism travel current nostalgia, imperial dangerous Morris’ critiqued have Ballinger Pamela as such scholars While today. tourist Anglophone the for packaged is Trieste which in ways the maps and (2001), Nowhere of Meaning the popular travel journalism, including current visual materials, with Jan Morris’ Trieste by constellating and Trieste in place-making investigates travelaspirationalof an activity. leisure enshrinement as the paper This and post-Schengen Europe, in especially regimes visa reorganisation of the platforms, self-publishing of growth exponential the of wake the in asan producers content mobility-seeking young has emerged for career remote attractive list travel-writing revolving fact, In their destinations. ‘must-see’ through of optics centre-periphery (re-)shape and curateditinerariesemit which Guides, Rough and today’sPlanet Lonely and 60s), and 1950s imperial the into well the cases, some of in (continuing, part archive, as and contrasts produced were that aids the similarities travellers’ between towards He gestures place-identities. totalising of production and miniaturisation of processes imperialising traveller’swerehandbooksguides of and integral tomanifestations and development of the that suggested has Mackenzie M. John Historian Diviani Chaudhuri nationalisms. fragmented and borders shifting of the experiences unsettling as to emergescounter that centre commercial a as history Trieste’s indeed 21st Century Touristic Place-Makingamongst Imperialand The Enchanting Borderless Nowhereness of Trieste: , ShivNadarUniversity Yugo-Nostalgia Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: methods and integrated them with the ethnographic method of method ethnographic the with them integrated and methods lysedarea. researchThe combined classical architectural historical does this architecture convey to the current inhabitants of the ana collective memories. At the same time, we shall look at related what the values and demography changed its to relation in especially tion (namely in Koper/Capodistria) in the contested Istrian context, post-war architectural this produc of investigate role shall the we for.accountedHence, adequately been yet not has Istria in ment role of the post-war process of transformation of the built environ Parker,2012; Kulić and Mrduljaš 2012; the 2014), Kulić Penickand Thaler and Mrduljaš (Kulić, architecturepost-war Yugoslav the to cially in the historic environment. Despite the broad attention paid espe approach, urbanistic progressist a promoted he while land, who acquired only), newly the for idiom traditionalist modernist a prescribed not (but Mihevc Edo architect the of work the by ily primar marked was identity architectural new The 2010). (Purini tion transfers and socio-economic as well as ethnic metamorphosis popula consequent the and borderline the gotiation over process an idiosyncratic spatial development. It was a result of a 9-year ne ist East, the area of the so-called Free Territory of Trieste witnessed democratic antagonist social between political agendas and West post-warborder.of chessboardinternational the as role its to Due Istria”,“SloveneItalian-Yugoslav the or on Coast” “Slovene named a long-lasting border change process is that of northern Istria, today A prominent case of reconfiguration of the built environment after Neža Čebron Lipovec that ofheritage conservation. concern, practical very a also with topic a of understanding ough multivocality (Rodman 1992), with the aim to provide a more thor building anew society –meaningsofEdo Mihevc’s work Preserving thevisualcontinuity inthelandscape, , University ofPrimorska in Koper/Capodistria ------Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: other forms ofdigital knowledge databases? And what can we gain, as historians and as citizens, from maps and public? general the attracting history,for public in tool valuable a Generally,questions. new maps posed way such they are which in matched the expectations map and the contributionsto made the Starting from our experience, we would like to show to what extent local digital space. task A difficult in a developed pre-existing, mainly self referencing, information. diversified historical other public, and general memories the gathering attracting of aim tool the valuable with a historic, public as in intended and relevant also was map accessible The as finding historiography. challenges multilayered up bringing history, from mostly Rijeka, from students university by done were entries all However, almost past. contested politically and culturally and multilayered complex, city’s the on views and crowdsourcing a as different on createdplatform experiences discussions a provide for to tool was map This centuries. 20th 19th inthe and as Rijeka city complex and multilayered a to related WarII”, researcha as teachingtooland to address historical issues World after Change Urban and Borders Flux: in “Rijeka and War” and teaching World Second the after Transition in during the Regions research, and “Cities built projects map, historical Geolive for the employed We media dissemination. digital benefits and using challenges the discuss of to is paper this of aim The and Ivan Jeličić Vanni D’Alessio Challenges ofRepresenting and Researching theHistory ofa Transnational andContested Citythrough Digital Media: The Rijeka /FiumeGeolive MapProject andBeyond , , University ofNaples&CASUniversity ofRijeka

University ofRijeka Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: little intention of creating a special national style in publicor could not win support of the royal administration because style of rising national aspecial residential architecture. It might be assumed that such a construct of creating intention little Unlike in Belgrade, Ljubljana or Prague, architects in Zagreb showed by ArtDeco, GermanExpressionism andCzech Cubism. influenced also were architects Croatian several styles, traditional an termed Neo- by be Historicism,Historicism.these Modern(ised) Secondwith or Along characterized could together, was which, styles, years of accumulation said Indeed, tradition!” in and sentimentality architecture of Zagreb’s bit a love we to forms, tried exterior and pathos of bit a Freudenreichlove southerners, “We, that, claimed Alexander he 1920s, the architect in architectureZagreb’s of history the recapitulate 1928, in When, developments. architectural postwar and prewar between continuity a indicate to as well as Europe, Central and Kingdom Yugoslav the of parts to other relation in particularities its underline to aims paper this architecture, post-1918 of Zagreb’s characteristics presenting By to itsaccelerated urbandevelopment after 1918. led which culture, economy, and of education terms Yugoslaviain in city importantmost Austria-Hungary, the intogrew now Zagreb of outskirts the on city a formerly time, same the in but, – capital political of title the lost gradually it – changed inevitably position as in Croatia events that reflected perceived negatively on still Zagreb’s of Serbs, aredevelopment. The Slovenes/Yugoslavia city’s and Kingdom Croats the of formation the Austro- and the Empire of Hungarian dissolution the borders, of re-drawing 1918 The Dragan Damjanović King, AleksandarKing, Karađorđević. Yugoslav then the by supported potential, propaganda its to due the for built were was, which (1925), Croatian Kingdom that the celebration of millennial buildings and architecture church was parties. Exception Croatian political and Serbian between conflicts International (Neo-)StylesintheAge ofNationalism – Zagreb Architecture after 1918ChangingofBorders , University ofZagreb

Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: importance of urban development to the evolution of national of identity under evolution communism throughout the twentieth century. the the to development disclose urban period of postwar importance the of drive socialist modernizing the and period interwar the of drive nationalist modernizing the presentation between Continuities urbanization. this of process rapid traumatically trends, demographic a with apace proceeded Lithuania Sovietization of the that asserts broad against these mapping and biographies their of trajectory the tracing By cities. the of reconstruction the with came that opportunities the to benefit from countryside the of destruction and violence the from escaped who Lithuanians young the of integration social the and elementpostwarof reconstruction, legitimation the of Soviet rule, a key as emerged Vilnius efforts, their Through after II. World War and cultural appropriation of Vilnius in public discourse before and to Polish from transferred recently Lithuanian jurisdiction. Prominent – intellectuals promoted Vilnius the social of city capital the to otherthings, including cities, among the of Lithuanization social and demographic the contributed, This culture. ofmass and thepolitics development and urbanization like modernization political of repressed processes transnational longer-term, and catalyzed but sovereignty freedoms, national mass deportations crushed and only not counterinsurgency, collectivization, of toward the way by countryside the to the cities extension its and in II War World of end rule Soviet identity of imposition collective The andsocial of change. demographic, evolution geopolitical, rapid of the ideal conditions under analyzing an is for (1945−1953) study Stalinism case late under Vilnius Postwar Violeta Davoliute shifting borders, cultures andidentity Postwar Vilniusunderlate Stalinism: , VilniusUniversity Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: ends up being a border city. It exemplifies the two opposed two the exemplifies It the consider also city. will it history, but and architecture in narratives border a being up ends The paper discuss the consequences when a city a city suddenly inthemindsofmany people. “Danish city” the city became the centre of a Danish minority, and in Denmark Flensburg remained a German, Although identity. double this of Buildings, monuments, streetnames and cityplanning tell thestory worlds. as parallel identified be can cities different two respects Danes and Germans constructed their own Flensburg, and in many Both theirs. be to city the claimed sides both as key national a in re-interpreted and re-written now was it but past, the of mixed identity regional a History, culture from characterized been had nationalisms. architecture twoand antagonistic of made Flensburg battlefield city a border a contested Becoming 1920. after and identity history the influence to came strongly this but city, never before Flensburginfluences had borderGerman and a been city of Schleswig. Characterized from a mix of Schleswigian, Danish wealthiest and biggest the was Flensburg of centremerchant The the Germans. and although for victory clear a was result Flensburg, the centre Danish old an in considered efforts their of most concentrated nationalists German and Danish line. the of south just city border a a as up ended which Flensburg of city the exception was The line. through of dividing passing a known duchy before never construction had old that area a populated the sparsely was of border division The the Schleswig. in resulted that two after drawnplebiscites was and Treaty Versailles the of product a is It border. Danish-German existing the of centenary the marks 2020 Steen BoFrandsen try totry overcome thedivision. initiatives modern how and relationship the of character dynamic Flensburg: ACentury asaBorder City , University ofSouthernDenmark Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: campaigns describeRijeka in20thcentury. political and activities leisure which as well as developed tourism local authorities, their propaganda in popular culture, the way how the by viewed as history local of analysis critical a gives It culture. the mere and lifestyle scenery that may bea stereotype in poplar shown on the postcards? In this way, the paper wants to go beyond (3) are the postcards telling only the touristic story? (4) what is not postcards?the on people the are who (2) reality? with picture the compare to how (1) Rijeka: of self-identity overall the from apart The postcards are examined by following several rule; research Fascistquestions, Yugoslavian and socialist rule;andcontemporary times. Italian rule; Hungarian Austro- the gaps: on historical focusing by self-identity such of comparison temporal a makes It politics. and economy, religion tourism, in identity city a to approach of angles different squares, streets, vistas, town the through Rijeka of self-identity the researches thematically paper this Rijeka, of Museum of fundus the self-identity. Using and life of way architecture, culture, of evidence rich offer they as past, local the researchingforresource tremendous a by is it but scholars, underutilised often is research historical for postcards Using and Vedran Obućina Krpan Domagoj Greetings from Rijeka: self-identification , University ofRijeka , University ofRegensburg through postcard vistas Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: reconstructing and displaying “German” heritage, and finally, heritage, “German” displaying and reconstructing preserving, about controversies third space, mnemonic of Polish creation a the second sites), re-used and elements space. (remaining urban on impact their firstbe historicalwill discussed entanglementsaspects the Among and monuments various the theprism of through contrasts atthese look will presentation The region orPomerania) versus anational Polish one. border the (referring notions to regional of opposition the on also versus German but distinction of Polish, the on based only arenot aspartially well controversies These as discourses. cultural and to hybrid historical contested led however, Stettin, to Szczecin “Podzamcze”. reconnectingof of effects quarter The new the into TownOld premodern the of site void largely the “retroversion”of the society, with significantly urban mostPolish the discoveredby werere- structures andurban history pre-war 1989, before Still post-war the how way reconstruction ofthecity was presented. the and structures urbanist in became manifest distinction This Stettin. from Szczecin separated clearly largely the was successful Most which 1945, since the Poles” ahistorical of narrative the “action of instance. for Gdansk, in than Szczecin,however,society urban new convincingthe forless were Accompanying in space strategies GDR. Polish public symbolicappropriationa the of of and Poland between border impermeable the German city of Stettin into Polish Szczecin, transformed situatedexchange population total atbut theall the almost and borderline of Szczecin German-Polishredrawn The clear: case be to seems II after War World the perspectives, demographic and political In Joerg Hackmann question ofthe identity of Szczecin asaborderland city. core the to connects also which space, public of communization” recent mnemonicconflicts concerning the “de- Fluid borders inspace andtime:Thechangingmnemonic discourses onSzczecin since1945 , University ofSzczecin Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: bureaucratic mental maps between 1918–20, the shifting approaches shifting the 1918–20, between maps mental bureaucratic of infrastructuraltenuousness small the detailsprojectrevealed.This is response nuanced a framework, imperial previous the with continuous discussion about whether the bureaucracy of a successor state could be a into placed when frontiers. Yet, territory,or borders, about anything The formatting of administrative letterheads does not immediately reveal typed—above. later bythe only hand-written, overwritten místodržitelství”—initially by hand, “Moravské out phrase scratched be to had Statthalterei” mährische “k.k. phrase example,the one In 1919. late by only replaced forms, reporting on stayed seals) and (stamps symbols imperial Some authority. regional the of documentation the in or at primacy to rose language, least bureaucratic primary the as German replaced Czech Statthalterei. mährische k.k. the in positions their fromseparated them Really, bureaucratsthese “new” were the same—only an oath of loyalty before. as Brno in seated instead, state successor Czechoslovak consolidating The supervision. imperial newly-the under of Moravianauthority regionalthe by pickedup wasproject completed wasn’t project the Yet, regional authorities drafted and submitted plans for this reconstruction. Moravian and imperial Austrian frombureaucrats and engineers 1918, August and 1917 November Between Jihlava/Iglau. and Znojmo/Znaim service and interchanges railway buildings along a reconstructten-kilometer stretch of the to Vienna-Děčín line between aimed that project successor state consolidation. and In this presentation, I will dissolution focus on an infrastructural imperial of threshold the across personnel symbolism of bureaucracy, and the continuity of regional administrative the delineation, and control territorial of issues on reflects paper This Cody Inglis to exercise defacto control over contested territory onits frontier. authority disappeared, as well as the attempts of the Czechoslovak state imperial as levels regional and urban administrationterritorial the to at ‘… Alterations to thePrevious Continuity Service’? andChange in Infrastructure andBureaucracy ontheSouthernMoravian , Institute of Political History inBudapest Frontier, 1917–1921 Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: particular analytic importance for the presented research. The research. the presented for importance of is analytic sites’ ‘post-conflict particular as areas the of status the and war 1990s’ analysis. The influence ofthe walls, road signs and other public surface – will be at the center of the tensionshownas – byspace public the inwritten messages house on political regimes. Semiotic and linguistic signs of ethnic and nationalist changing within and region the of history contested a during politics peripheralin Croatia local the show memory that of clearly reshaping on the linguistic landscape in rural border regions and former war sites project research ongoing an of resultscentral provide will paper This discourses. populist traditionalist and renewed and (ethno)nationalism on based borders social entrenched deeply show still researched areas the of walls the on written violence linguistic and speech hate of instances more, is regime What groups. affective ethnicized between visualized tensions of clearly 2016) (Wee a featuring is conflicts which open landscape formerly the linguistic the where in perceived be can groups local different and the between 1990s the in contested highly been have borders state where Croatia, of parts those in case the is This 2016). (Costas/Kersten-Pejanić space given a in featured identity politics and ideologies and other social and political questions on different based conflicts and contestation discourses, competing and linguistic to regards visual signs displayed, allows to trace historic with and current instances of space public changing the Studying space. given a in rivalry and practices, change localresearch of depth in- ethnographic for allow Studies Landscape Linguistic) (or Semiotic Roswitha Kersten-Pejanić their deep entrenchment in discourses of emplaced (Pennycookhate (Bilkić 2018). graffscapes rural 2010) in flux and these to analyze their changing historical realities as wellas in and discourses meaning-making dominant symbolic depict to allows area on 2014) contested given a (Blommaert/Maly ethnography linguistic of perspective Changing affective regimesandthewritingson wall: Semiotic landscapes ofhistorically challenged border regions inCroatia , CASUniversity ofRijeka Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: urban landscape upto thepresent. the in encoded are and and multiple memories local shake still which loyalties the overlapping reflect they however, time, same Trieste’sto nostalgia “goldenforHabsburgs.the At the the of age” testifies and past cosmopolitan supposed and European, Central city’s Habsburg, to the drawsstatues these attention relocation of The space. urban asingle in and evoking loyalties and affiliations of debates variety a harsh causing relocation, their regarding following decades. Especially after World War II discussions started toItaly. wereSome destroyed otherswhile were restored over the removed after the Great the War, however, testify when the city was annexed were tothem of Most Empire. Habsburg constructed the Triesteto of belonging were symbols and statues Imperial present. the until century nineteenth the long of end the the overfrom term, memory popular the on concentrated is analysis the town, border contested this to methods Nora’s adapting and different time frames. On the basis of archival material, newspapersdifferent the Empire in the transnational of the practices image associated with reconstructing of aim the with Trieste/Trst/Triest This essay analyses Habsburg sites of memory in what is now Italian Research Centre Koper Borut Klabjan Franz Josef inFlux:Habsburg MemoriesinTrieste/Trst/Triest , European University Institute /Scienceand Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: se lo uaoi 21; aoi ad eoi 21) Reflecting 2015). Pejović and Papović 2017; anti-nationalism Mujanović also and (see populism asan leftist post-Yugoslav often emerged of has emblem hop hip domestic different documentary, and suggest reportage news In 2016). Stewart and commemoration (Palmié of interventions supernatural practices beyond lie that itself, ones history of conceptualizations and realities offormal the pages past-relationships historical writing. Creative imaginaries open to possible alternative beyond distinct crafted often artists’ ones 1962), reveal (Pocock media within media and time-spaces these objects, inanimate being from Far 2017). alternativewith hierarchies Šentevskavalue also see (Austin 2001; scene transnational interconnected awkwardly an of history to the live essential consider artists sessions, that chronotopes recording other and writing, shows, graffiti urban emphasize also Documentaries shift. technological local with interactions artists’ hop filmmakers hip portray help that narrative vehicles are other media numerous and fanzines, lyrics, rap videos, Music ecology. media dynamic a and performance, urban unfolding boundaries, shifting flux: of forms three with engagement critical artists’ hop hip domestic portray how documentaries to attention particular in the wake of Yugoslavia’s dismemberment. In this paper, I devote used have directors documentary to evaluate Drink, the social contributions of hip hop artists Energy eventhe Bull Red and of creators content Balkans, Al jazeera Television, National Croatian including outlets of array eclectic an by Published in spaces. urban transformations post-socialist recent with grapple audiences documentary of number films about domestic hip hop greaterhave addressed how artists and their ever an mid-2000s, the Since Kohl Owen performance, and history often lurk behind images of a scene’s supposed unity andideological consistency. images behind lurk often history and performance, of professional a context scarcity. in I argue In so doing, that robust debates about technology, artists for achieve to imagined are filmmakingbriefly on own I my failures, what documentariestrace The Poetics Crossing ofBoundary inDomestic HipHopFilm , University ofChicago/ CSEES Graz Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: emphasis to the politics of language and naming that shifts along shifts that naming and language of politics the to emphasis ofa part special give This will frame,postcard paper, the in Skopje on project broader city. achanging of perceptions changing replicated inpostcards withtheaccompanying texts that show images photographic of hundreds the to due development city’s Prespa the stop-framehaveagreement, of a wealmost documentaryfilm the following border-perceptions the of capture now circumstances doubt, new no will, and 2014 Skopje of landscape nationalist reimagined the document now postcards to and Constantinople opened the through-train when Empire Ottoman the of collapse the before just 1890s the since produced been have city the of postcards Because control. and occupation of placard national conflicting of small a as served postcard has site the interestsinternational and and a been has city and radical The planning. earthquake, urban borders, changing occupation, war, of century tumultuous its during city the through pass who tourists soldiers,travelers, occupiers, of chain the by perceived as Skopje study can we cards the of frame the Through senders. postcard and landscapes as well as texts, both printed and composed by the picture hundred seven postcards. approximately Postcards, as of archival documents, help archiveus to read images an of analysis andthe city throughout the long 20 th century (approx. 1899-2014) through and reformation, deconstruction of shared space. This paper identity-formation examines the moveable shifts, language tracesand trauma memory of after century a changing borders, of the and environment, built the of destruction intentional the i.e. study tohelp understand narratives urbanicide, ofurban planning, Skopje, the capital of the Republic of Macedonia, offers an important Christina E with theshiftingborders. Skopje Postcards: Images ofaCityinMotion . Kramer , University ofToronto Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: and itscollective memory. city the reconstruction of urban the of role the explain to order in Izmir Smyrna/ city in the tourban and spatial meant terms are the heritage other central issues imperial what and heritage imperial its with dealt city the how addition, In memory. collective its and city the of reconstruction the in this of role the and location its to account of the founding of the detailed Izmir a Museum give to especially proposes paper inthe with Izmir. My of regards memory collective it connotations and zone fire the reshape to opportunity wasacrucial entirecompartmentthe project providedof because it a tempting Museum The Izmir projects. urban of application the with city nationalized a of view the with furnished and center city was reconstructed literally on the ashes its of former urban with theregion non- from and Greece between exchange population the Turkey.the melted The of erased been reminiscence had last that the population Muslim also was which city, the of character urban cosmopolitan very the melted it and city the in I of episode final World wasthe 1922 War in GreatIzmir FireThe in transformation duringthesameperiod. urban Izmir’s country. through massive gone a also character had collectiveand memory the of transformation the of expression spatial and urban bold a was republic Turkish of declaration the senses. In 1923 urban shifting the and capital cultural from economic, Istanbul demographic, to Ankara of following terms in Istanbul cosmopolitan cityoftheempire alongwith on the western Anatolian peninsula and it was also the most Izmir/Smyrna was the urban coastal center of the Ottoman Empire Selvihan Kurt Turkey Locating theCollective The Memory: RoleoftheIzmir Museum inIzmir’s UrbanNationalization , Istanbul Technical University Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: project leaders have consciously sought to push back against the researchagainst the back push to soughthaveleadersproject consciously Finally, projecthaving the objectives, clear not of perils awarethe while of for what they can reveal. prodded be should that tensions productive as but solved, be to needing vernacular knowledge) not as choices that expertise- need simplicity-complexity, to be made, (empirical-subjective, or as problems binaries these reflect to on have sought leaders Project which and hand, science.” one “citizen democratized, the tensions on disciplinary expertise quasi-scientific highlighted professional, juxtapose has project this Additionally, understanding ofphenomena through network analysis and data since mining. inclusion the with our enrich fore to seek which humanities digital the the in methodologies of 2018 to come has tension This discipline. eliminating and – “noise” complexity, is which historical the of heart the at while information certain privilege, visible”, or “make to filter the as acts a to rise tensionbetween given generalization Cartography of is heart the which at – and also have The different historians and geographers information. of interpretive methodologies to needs subjective, that and – dimension visualized another be – adding perspective the inclusion temporal for a calls of historians with working data, spatial precise and Geography and History. Whereas mapping involves representing empirical between differences disciplinary exposed has other.It each with tension in positioned times at are that methods multiple on draws Flux in Rijeka reflects on the first four years of this interdisciplinary, collaborative project. interactive an web-based map. Theon project isavailable titled “Rijeka inmade Flux”.and This paper public the of members by contributed is data dataspatial Second Rijeka that the in after reveals change World War. This communicate and aggregateto seeks that project a on collaboratedhave Since 2015, Brigitte Le Normand (a historian) and Jon Corbett (a geographer) and JonCorbett Brigitte LeNormand the process – and its outcomes – into a research question, introducing question, research opportunities to rethink and reformulate a the project’s objectives. into – outcomes its and – process the Rather than seeking to carry out a predetermined process, they have made funding model currently in operation in the social sciences and humanities. Mapping Rijeka’s past: conjugating history, , University ofBritishColumbia , University ofBritishColumbia geography, andbeyond

Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: as a Slavic city, connected to its surroundings, introduced in the the in introduced surroundings, its to connected Zadar city, of Slavic idea a the as was way what in examine to wants paper This Miroslav when Krleža came to the cityin 1948. motion in was one unwanted and old the of ruins or federal assistance. The idea of building a new socialist town on the perceived as Italian and left to itself with no efficient city government was it – improve didn’t condition city’s the Yugoslavstate,new the in incorporation its After damaged. or destroyed buildings its of % 80 inhabitants,remaining 200 than less with empty almost was city the 1944, in liberation its After renewal.post-war and Dresden) to parallel bombings, WWII to due cities destroyed most the of (one Italy in 1920 and completely separated from its inland), war damage (annexed to historypre-war its of terms in parallel no examplewith an extreme, an poses Zadar of city the Yugoslavia,post-war the In its of all almost lost that inhabitants two times in the period of 25 years? and memory collective the of part not was that city of case the in photographs of role the the was what But of emblematic deemed space nation” (Schwartz, 2015). of images through memory collective reinforce and place of sense the confirm and constitute “reflect, to used were contemporaries, at aimed heritage, of cultural photographs that claim to safe is it sense that In view. of point psychologicalfromthe physical,also fromthe but only projects,not and towns of historical post-war condition, became one of the foothills of post-war renewal Photographs WWII. monuments in their pre-war after condition, as well period as its and photographs of the their and during in photography increased potential of propaganda importance and documentary the about awareness The Lana Lovrenčić that propelled monuments itsreconstruction. its and city contribute to the destroyedreinforcement of the idea of of the city’s Slavic identity campaigns photographic spherethroughpublic Krleža’s accompanyingdid howadvocacy and , Office forPhotography/ University of Zagreb Shifting borders. The case of Zadar Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: the trope of sexualised female territories continued to appear in appear to continued territories female whether sexualised of was trope ask the will of Rijeka paper the Similarly, memory fascism. the during presented how influenced heavily instead or phenomenon art a marginal remained simply cartography artistic the public art Mussolini’sof Italy, and also whether the Futurist D’Annunzio’s in play of occupation memory the did role what ask will paper the space, psychosocial the into borders imagined and & Manuscript Library. Considering this projection of sexualised Fiume (The Poem of Rijeka) di locatedPoema in Il the Yale’sFuturist discovered recently Beinecke the Rare by Book supported also is This masculinity. Italian of regeneration the for locus a as of Rijeka city the depicted Futurists the that suggest further will I war. for metaphors references pornographic and locations geographic for synonym a becomes on body female borders the where borders, national sexual superimposing and imagery, incorporatingcartographic on based expression visual the two is these groups unitesopposed what that suggest will paper This discussions. are mostly forgotten and just rarely used as a visual aid in historical the occupation from Koprive held in the Zagreb City Library archive of illustrations satirical avant-garde. The the of politics and art on of part discussions broader mostly within included often are and collections private Empire, Austro-Hungarian oncethe the was what with border depicting and occupation, the referencing paintings and collages Futurist satirical The it. the Yugoslav opposed Koprive of magazine illustrators the main supported the while movement, avant-gardeoccupation, Italian an Futurism, of in1919 of Rijeka played a crucial role in the genealogy of fascism. Leading members city the of occupation D’Annunzio’s Gabriele Ana-Maria Milčić Yugoslav satire inthe interbellum period. Sexual Borders: VisualizingtheOccupation ofRijeka in1919 , Courtauld Institute ofArt Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: made border changes lessurgent andlessnecessary. imperceptibly and unwittingly actions same their revision, border Hungarianleaders repeatedly justified of name in the actions their later. as decades Even in home at felt people many expectations, all againstthat, one to 1920 in city unwanted an turn to had they space what used they maneuver.But for room locals’ the limited new toand in create time to build a new town on the Hungarian side. Geopolitics them Itspurred connections with border. the wider world, to new find new ways across the the river, to creatively respondedground the on people that showsYet also researchmy politics, regional development, andurbangrowth. borders. Hungarian shadow over local long nationalism thus cast a should be undone, and by many leaders’ refusal to accept the new geographers’ arguments that the peace settlement was unjust and economic and urban river,by the across city Czechoslovakian the with relations tense sometimes the by shaped also was Hungary in planning urban But movement. city international garden the by influenced districts outer including infrastructure, fire much-needed schools, no Under had the leadership of called, its energetic mayor, was the citydepartment, it wouldchurches, or laterrunning water; build it was as filled with refugees. Komárom, to given Hungarian part the is paper Hungary, a forlorn my industrial suburb on the south bank on the river. of subject The to city Czechoslovakia. the of part oldest and largest the gave (1920) Trianon of Treaty The city. the dividing River, Danube the along drawn new border was a war, the After Austria-Hungary. of half Hungarian the in city small a war, was Komárom the Before treaties. peace I War Worldpost- the by two in split city a examines research My Robert Nemes The Unwanted Town: Hungarian Komárom Between theWars , Colgate University Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: on the multidisciplinary approach of the research for the museum research the the approachfor of multidisciplinary the on historical and themes interconnecting the changes social of the city and the ship based political, about stories tell will which space new a as serve will ship The Seagull. of memory the and Rijeka of city the of memory between relationship historical the on focus a with lives, four ship’s the of all demonstrating 2020, in museum a become will and again once rebuilt being currently is ship The navy. Yugoslavthe by ship school refurbisheda intoand 1948 in seabed the from pulled 1944, in Rijeka of port the in sunk been has ship minelayer. a into The ship the modified Kriegsmarine and Rječina, Italian capitulation the in 1943, German militaryAfter troopsItaly. came to theof coasts on Kingdom the of part a was Rijeka when period the in Marina Regia for refurbished quickly was war,it the of because and 1938 in built wasyears.tradingturbulent ship The the of witness a as changes, political the all survived Seagull Ship was removed in1948andthecitywas united onceagain. border the 1945, in days liberation from administration Yugoslav war the city area was under German occupation. With Rijeka under the of end the until 1943 September From Sušak. Yugoslavin and differenttwointo city separatedthatregimesthe Rijeka in Italian - From 1924 there was a borderline in the city center to on Rječina river war started Great the after frequently change. city the in Monarchy, Austro-Hungarian situation political under than the less centuries in After area years. Rijeka the 100 in reigned states Nine languages. complex, than political governments,frequenttoregimes, in official changes due more is century 20th the in Rijeka of history The Kristina Pandža exhibition. Tito’s ship Galeb asawitnessofborder changes , Centre for Industrial Heritage, University ofRijeka Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: h lgoais eor) te oil itr o wmn s completely is of women the publication of history social ie. the (see history, memoirs), legionari’s political narrative the on male-dominated drawn has a scholarship privileging of majority the Whereas the years 1918-1926. over transition political and belonging, state change, border of issues the Therefore, Fiume and Sušak represent a promising case study to investigate was sovereignty whose recognized in 1923,and became an epicentre ofpro-Yugoslavist Slovenes, ideals. and Croats, Serbs, part became of Sušak Kingdom 1918 the in of hand, other the the of On implementation italianization. the of policy of stage harshest the of beginning the and fascistissime leggi the with phase new a entered 1926, in which, system irredentism between connection political Italian Fiume’smasculinity.annexation the bound and The to fate the on drawing narrative, chauvinist widespread a with coexisted which rules gender established to challenge a implied also This options. economic and social, political, of range wide a together gathering experiment, political peculiar representeda Carnaro of Regency the particular, In rules. of sets and systems, political phases, as 1924, sanctioned by the in Treaty of Rome. The Italy Adriatic city went through different to Fiume of self- annexation the to later,led 1924), to the 1920 from jure through de of (existing Fiume establishment of State the internationally-recognized Free the occupation and first, (1920), D’Annunzio’s Carnaro of Regency following proclaimed events The Kingdom ofSerbs, Croats, and Slovenes and the Kingdom ofItaly. international establishmentan border the between the of by later divided different municipalities in the framework of the Hapsburg Empire, and were were cities two War. First World The the following in period transitional the Sušak and Fiume/Rijeka in life everyday women’s on of changes impact border the with deals which project EIRENE the of framework the in This paper aimsto present the preliminary results ofaresearch conducted Francesca Rolandi different – but entangled – contexts. two in women labour, on belonging, national citizenship, of issues the of previously been part of the same state will allow us to compare the impact have which Italo-Yugoslav border the of sides the both on municipalities unexplored and their role minimized. Moreover, the analysis of two border Women’s transitional experiences inFiume/Rijeka andSušak , University ofLjubljana after theFirst World War Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: is informed by detailed comparative maps that also trace the trace also that since World border regimes shifting the of impact historical maps urban comparative detailed by informed is paper The alone. purposes tourist or commemorative transcend which life everyday for settings active as environment in urban the integrated they become when potential transformative have Moreover, only significance. transnational sites local heritage gain are to if they activists civil from participation significant with and gradually evolve to sites heritage for need the to attention draws process which depends on contingent urban conditions. This paper and mutual recognition. The creation of shared heritage is a fragile forging of the shared heritage of sites linkedlight to narrativesto ofcoming reconciliation is evidence some asymmetries, economic persist,currentpastburdenas the rootedthe of socio- in much as trauma and victimhood, or reinventing existing sites.of Whilesites rediscovering divisions ofthe heritage, ‘neutral’ valorising including past, aspects different emphasise sites heritage transnational places, most prominent among these are heritage sites. These new from both sides of the river have cooperated to create new shared actors activity, and cross-border Schengen intensified has 2007 the from period in border the of permeability greater the border The of towns. environments the urban thein contrasting and circumstances spatial places urban transnational of creation the Görlitz/Zgorzelecoffers and betweenrelationship into the insights of the three border towns of Frankfurt (Oder)/Słubice, Guben/ Gubin border interactions in Polish–German border towns. A comparison cross- from resulting sites heritage shared of construction the of This paper focuses on the urban context and spatial manifestations Maximilian Sternberg War Two. From barrierto opportunity?Negotiating theborder through shared heritage sites inPolish– Germanborder towns , University ofCambridge Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: are dealingwiththeirdifficultpast. after border/wall the situations these countries changed,how and changed practices memorial how present to try the will contribution discourse, and historical practices musealization Discussing the concepts offreedom, identity anddemocracy. day,verypersistthat this to citizens’ understanding 1995 the shaping of in back Sarajevo throughout traced were borders invisible proposed narratives of a new Europe, pacified the and fallen” has unified. for wall “Europe’s last However, as stage such Titles celebration. symbolic the as chosen was Square Europe Gorizia’s 2004, in Union European the joined countries member new the When drawn was demarcation of between Yugoslavia line andItaly in1947. the when proper city the off cut from suburbs the saw Gorizia of city divided di the nostra”, Berlino casa or “piccolo Berlin” “little Nicknamed barriers. to overcome mental to trying how continuously of past, one’s practice face good The constructively a provides spaces. Berlin inthese of city divided past once the strategies forgetting) modern-day (or the remembering and of Sarajevo), and Gorizia urbanspaces of (Berlin, todivisions subject were that cities of heritage society. the troublingour discuss and contribution will divides The deep causing place, their in raised were ones new down, brought historicalthe in areyear1989 faltering. manyAlthough wallswere the that processes see of democratization can and unification we of Europe wall, announced Berlin the of fall the after years Thirty Contemporary History ofSlovenia Kaja Observing walls:Observing Memorialandmusealization practices Ši rok , University ofLjubljana&National Museumof in urbanspaces Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: as an archiving and mapping tool; second, as representation of representation as second, ethnographic tool; knowledge and experience; third, asapoint of mapping and archiving an as first, levels: three on photography of use the in elaborate will I fieldwork Istria, my from experience and examples on Drawing Pink. Sarah by developed was it as photographer”, as “ethnographer of the position evaluate particularly Iwill graffiti studies. and space, of and framed theoretically in cultural studies, semiology, anthropology phenomena; methods that are based primarily on visual ethnography, similar and this researching in useful be can that methods research visual of a set review and questions these address will contribution has What studied? be changed in 70years and what istheir meaning today? This oblivion and memory between dynamics the of intersections of points fragility of the change, borders of contingency and reflections ephemeral transition, a historical these could of visualizations How disappearance. to ultimately, and, transformations change, unpredictable to exposed are themselves display, and public However, graffiti their landscape. political of because historical neglected, quite but particular, a create They case. Croatian a this in is emblematic Yugoslavia”,are in live “This to ours”, want “We is or village”, Tito – Tito’s are “We Yugoslavia”, is as “This graffiti ideology readable and identity, visible present, still change, territoriality: and borders of questions interrelated the addressed language, and Italian in Croatian written graffiti, these of radically reshaped the borders and the broader that region. The majority processes socio-political II War (post)World turbulent during place took which production, their after years 70 than more read be can graffiti pro-Yugoslav,manybilingual Istria, around walls On Eric Ušić atclr eoycps wy o sen ad nt o social of and knots of seeing relations. ways memoryscapes, particular graffiti reveal these of understandings and perceptions reactions, whose inhabitants local and ethnographer the between interaction , University ofLjubljana The walls remember: Avisualethnography of (post)World War IIgraffiti in Istria Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: refashioned itselfinrelation to different political politics. memory decades various in - has citizenship of acts alternative through – make-up the urban worlds of Rijeka and enables to trace thathow imaginations Rijeka urban various the into insight provides archive, urban the open-up to way a as citizenship cultural of mechanisms the the representational Rijeka.citizenship Exploring in experiencesof draws and building the of layers historical the with engages 2008) Lukanović, Marin and Mustapić (Nadija “Rikard Naprimjer Benčić”, documentary the which in ways the on focuses analysis activities. The ECoC and MMSU the of renewed under as headquarter come attention recently has - 1990s the in factory abandoned socialist – former This structure. Benčić Rikard Rijeka’s of heritagization and history the to relation in citizenship cultural of acts the on is Focus politics. identity and memories border city’s the around imaginations cosmopolitan instrumentalizeurban and heritagization invoke, challenge and rebrandingrenewal, urban of of Culture question Rijeka’s how will I paper this In 2020. (ECoC)in Capital processes European as nomination its by increasingly – rebrandingurban policies of recently subject has becomechanges whose history of imperial, national and socialist border and regime citizenship as an alternative category cultural of identification. urban Rijeka of representations is acity examining through borderland dynamics intheAdriatic and identity memory border, shifting the discuss will paper This Milou Van Hout Visualizing Rijeka’s urbancultural citizenship: Shiftingborders, urban memoriesandlocal rebranding at Rikard Benčić , University ofAmsterdam Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes CITIES and REGION in FLUX after BORDER CHANGE: in Poland can be categorized as idealized, heavily nostalgic, contrastednostalgic,heavilyidealized,categorized as be can Poland in Postmemories USSR. tothe Kareliathem cededof Kresy and Finland in similarities in the way they are remembered in the nation-states which borderland‘lost’ territories which nevertheless, we argue, have striking and memory in border areas by comparing history two geographicallyof understandingseparate our expand and forward push to is aim Our a more globaloutlook. discipline of Memory Studies. The post-1945 period, however, still lacks WWII and the Holocaust, a specific framework is being discussed inon the focusing researchers For period. post-war the to devoted studies comparative further for departure of point a be might This same. the on either side of the Iron Curtain, the sense of longing and belonging is two in formed territories different contexts geopolitical very in developing were which societies lost their of postmemories though Even WWII. before nation-states their of areas key were which territories remember they howexamine we Poland and with Finland in people interviewsyoung from us by gathered data new Using (WWII). II War of remembering territories which were annexed by the Soviet mechanisms Union (USSR) after World and perspectives common trace We of national identity,understandings territorial and tohow societies belonging, remember.adding as well as place for longed and lost the of phenomenon transnational the into insights new offers paper this perspective comparative a Employing postmemory? and nationalism, (former banal nostalgia, contexts Kresyof the understoodwithin be territory),Polish and territory) Finnish (former Karelia change, border How can remembrance oftwo ‘lost territories’ created by forced and Małgorzata Chloe Wells have adopted these postmemories. Our ends. they whether revanchist explores people young Polish and and Finnish with research nationalist towards turned be easily can territory, the and of loss traumatic wartime the of postmemories with Territorial phantom pains:Postmemories ofKarelia inFinland , University ofEastern Finland, Łukianow and Kresy inPoland , Polish Academy ofSciences Reconfiguring the frontier, reshaping memory and visualizing change in twentieth century Europe notes