UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra Germanistiky Dizertační Práce Weiblich Jüdische Lebenswelten I

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UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra Germanistiky Dizertační Práce Weiblich Jüdische Lebenswelten I UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra germanistiky Dizertační práce Weiblich jüdische Lebenswelten in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel von Charlotte de Rothschild (1819-1884): Mutter, Mäzenin, Pädagogin 2016 Wissenschaftliche Betreuerin: Mag. Louise Hecht, Ph.D. Prohlašuji, že jsem disertační práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. V červnu 2016, Simona Malá An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei all denjenigen bedanken, die mich während der Anfertigung dieser Dissertation unterstützt und motiviert haben. Zuerst gebührt mein Dank Frau Dr. Louise Hecht, die meine Dissertation betreut und begutachtet hat. Für die hilfreichen Anregungen und die konstruktive Kritik bei der Erstellung dieser Arbeit möchte ich mich herzlich bedanken. Des weitern möchte ich mich bei Herrn Prof. Rainer Liedtke von der Universität Regensburg, Frau PD Dr. Kirsten Heinsohn von der Universität Kopenhagen, Frau PD Dr. Martha Keil vom Institut für Geschichte der Juden in Österreich in St. Pölten und Univ.-Doz. Mag. Dr. Dana Cerman-Štefanová vom Institut für Geschichte der Universität Wien bedanken. Bedanken möchte ich mich für die zahlreichen interessanten Debatten und Ideen, die maßgeblich dazu beigetragen haben, dass diese Dissertation in dieser Form vorliegt. Ebenfalls möchte ich mich bei Frau Melanie Aspey und den Mitarbeitern des Rothschild Archiv in London bedanken, die mir mit viel Geduld, Interesse und Hilfsbereitschaft während meiner Aufenthalte zur Seite standen. Ein großer Dank gebührt auch Frau Maike Strobl von der Rothschild Sammlung der Bibilbliothek der Universität Frankfurt und Frau Raschida Mansour von der Abteilung für Handschriften derselben Bibliothek. Meiner Freundin Birgit Sagmeister danke ich für das Korrekturlesen. Meinem Partner Walter Pöder-Innerhofer danke ich besonders für den starken emotionalen Rückhalt während der Endphase. Abschließend möchte ich mich bei meiner Mutter Frau Yvona Malá bedanken, die mich während meiner Promotionszeit unterstützt hat, und stets ein offenes Ohr für meine Sorgen hatte. Simona Faustýna Malá Inhalt 1 VORWORT --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 Persönliche Motivation, Probleme und Herausforderungen --------------------------------------- 1 1.2 Problemstellung ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 1.3 Ziele ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 1.4 Das Archiv als Forschungsfeld ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 1.4.1 Die Zugänglichkeit der Materialien (Beobachtungen aus dem Feld) --------------------------- 14 1.4.2 Die materielle Seite und Ordnung der Primärquellen --------------------------------------------- 15 1.5 Der Forschungsstand ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 2 METHODIK UND BEGRIFFLICHKEITEN--------------------------------------------------------- 27 2.1 Historische Anthropologie --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 2.2 Die Identität ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 2.2.1 Die gender/Geschlechertidentität -------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 3 QUELLENBASIS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 3.1 Selbstzeugnisse oder Egodokumente ------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 3.2 Tagebücher ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 3.3 Themenkomplexe der Tagebücher ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 3.4 Die Problematik der Person und des „Selbst“ in den Egodokumenten ------------------------ 50 3.5 Charlotte de Rothschild als Diaristin und Briefeschreiberin ------------------------------------- 51 4 UNTERWEGS SCHREIBEN ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 4.1 Reisebilder, Raumbilder und Landschaften ----------------------------------------------------------- 58 4.2 Charlottes didaktisches Werk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 5 GESAMTÜBERBLICK ÜBER DIE FAMILIE ROTHSCHILD UND IHRE EINBETTUNG IN DIE EUROPÄISCH-JÜDISCHE GESCHICHTE---------------------------------------------------------------- 84 5.1 Religion und Schulwesen auf dem Hintergrund der englischen Geschichte ----------------- 84 5.2 Emanzipierung der Juden/Jüdinnen -------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 5.3 Vergleich des englischen und deutschen Schulsystems im 19. Jahrhundert ----------------- 98 6 CHARLOTTES LEBENSWELTEN ---------------------------------------------------------------- 106 6.1 Charlottes Bildung und (Aus)Bildung ihrer Kinder ----------------------------------------------- 108 6.2 Hochzeit und Rothschildsche Heiratspolitik -------------------------------------------------------- 109 6.3 Die religiöse Identität-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112 6.4 Familie und Mutterschaft --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124 6.5 Zedaka --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 6.6 Die Rolle der Sprachen in der Familie ---------------------------------------------------------------- 142 6.7 Charlotte de Rothschild als Handelnde und Patronin im schulischen Alltag --------------- 149 7 AUSBLICK UND DISKUSSION ------------------------------------------------------------------ 165 8 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 175 9 ANHANG ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 191 1 Vorwort 1.1 Persönliche Motivation, Probleme und Herausforderungen Mein Interesse am deutschsprachigen Judentum, das sich besonders während meines Magisterstudiums entwickelte, führte zu meinem Interesse an der Familie Rothschild. Dies wurde noch durch meine Teilnahme an einem Paläographie- Workshop verstärkt, das im Jahre 2007 vom Rothschild Archive und dem Jüdischen Museum Frankfurt organisiert wurde, dessen TeilnehmerInnen auf das Lesen der auf „Judendeutsch“1 geschriebenen Texte vorbereitet wurden. Die behandelten Texte waren breit gefächert; Geschäftsbriefe, die einen gemeinsamen Nenner hatten, nämlich Handel, Finanzen, Firmenführung und internationale Politik, die auf diese Themen Einfluss nahm. Dieses Seminar eröffnete mir ganze neue Welten und Perspektiven, denn ich entdeckte plötzlich eine Welt der jüdischen Bankiers, die von Mythen und Halbwahrheiten umwoben ist. Die Frauen der Familie kamen in den Narrativen der Briefe fast nicht zum Sprechen. Sie existierten, aber immer nur als Mütter oder Ehefrauen der Bankleute, die auf der europäischen Finanzbörse dominierten. Die Briefe waren in Judendeutsch, das als die „Männersprache“ immer präsent war, obwohl man in vielen Quellen „Judendeutsch als „Weiberdeutsch“ bezeichnet. Als ich mir später die Briefe der Familie Rothschild genauer ansah, merkte ich dabei, dass es auch die Frauen in der Familie waren, die sich schriftlich und literarisch 1 Als Judendeutsch bezeichne ich in hebräischen Lettern geschriebenes Hochdeutsch, mit vereinzelten hebräischen oder westjiddischen Ausdrücken, und nicht Westjiddisch, wie es oft in der Sekundärliteratur der Fall ist. Näher dazu Schuhmacher, Jutta. 2008. „Deutsch in hebräischen Buchstaben als Korrespondenzsprache der Familie Rothschild im 19. Jahrhundert. Judaica: 70-79. 1 betätigten. Die Frauen, die die „großen“ Männer durch das Leben begleiteten, lebten ihr Leben und hinterließen schriftliche Selbstzeugnisse,2 die im Archiv liegen, und noch nicht gesichtet wurden. Diese Frauen hatten ihre Stimmen, Erlebnisse und Erfahrungen, die niedergeschrieben wurden. Dieses Seminar und die dort behandelten Materialien weckten mein Interesse an den Frauen der Familie Rothschild, was mich später zum Nachlass Charlotte de Rothschilds (1819-1884) führte, dem ersten Kind und der einzigen Tochter Carls (Kallmanns) von Rothschild (1788-1855) und Adélaides (Adelheids), geborene Hertz (1800 - 1853). Charlotte entstammte dem ursprünglich aus Frankfurt stammenden, Neapolitanischen Zweig der Familie und genoss hohe Anerkennung in der gesamten Familie. Ein Brief von ihr in Judendeutsch fesselte mich sehr, denn er bedeutete für mich eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit zwei Kategorien der Differenz, erstens handelte es sich hier nicht um Geschäftskorrespondenz, die für die Männer der Familie Rothschild so typisch war, zweitens eröffnete sich die Perspektive der Ehefrau, Schwester und Mutter, aber auch der gesellschaftlich engagierten, berufstätigen und schriftstellerisch tätigen weiblichen Person. Was mich sehr interessierte, war die Rolle der deutschen Sprache bei der Niederschrift der Tagebücher Charlottes in der Familie. Die deutsche Sprache ist aus meiner Sicht eins der konstituierenden Elemente der Kommunikation in der Familie Rothschild und galt als Verkehrs- und Kultursprache der Familie. Eine wichtige Rolle hatten auch andere Sprachen inne, die in der Familie benutzt und gesprochen wurden, sei es die englische Sprache als ein wichtiges Kommunikationsmittel unter manchen Familienmitgliedern
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