Il Comportamento Dei Consumatori Giapponesi E La

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Il Comportamento Dei Consumatori Giapponesi E La Corso di Laurea in Lingue, Economie e Istituzioni dell’Asia e dell’Africa Mediterranea ordinamento Tesi di Laurea Il comportamento dei consumatori giapponesi e la “Sindrome di Galapagos” Analisi delle scelte di consumo in base alle differenze generazionali nel contesto dell’invecchiamento della popolazione Relatore Ch. Prof. Anna Marenzi Correlatore Ch. Prof. Patrick Heinrich Laureando Mattia Catteddu Matricola 840665 Anno Accademico 2017 / 2018 要旨 本稿では「超高齢化社会」といった文脈において世代別消費者行動の分析を行う。 消費者行動とは生まれ育った社会経済的な文脈と関係のある様々な要素によって影響 を受けるものである。その中では労働状況や家族形態の変化、その上、文化的価値観が挙 げられる。バブル崩壊とリーマン・ショック後ほど、買い物依存から価格重視の購買行動 の傾向がみられる。その変化の主要な原因は社会経済的な文脈においての高齢化の浸透お よび消費者行動の決定原因の影響である。 また、本研究では「ガラパゴス化」現象において消費者の役割の分析を加える。日本 市場が国内需要を中心とするのを前提としたら、消費者の選択範囲は全体の経済循環の変 化を影響すると観察できる。その影響の結果、ある現象が生じた。「ガラパゴス化」を市 場部門や技術デバイスなどの消費財の択一的進化と指摘する。 個人的動機は、ガラパゴス化に関しての研究がわずかにある状況の検討をきっかけに、 関心を持ち、消費者行動の興味が生まれたことであり、国内需要の特殊性の興味および国 内市場においての高齢化の影響の心配である。この動機に基づき、本研究を行うことにし た。 消費者行動に関し、参照した理論は主に三つの修史研究を含める(Partner, 1999; Francks, 2009; Miura, 2012 )。だが、 2008 年の経済危機後の研究は、消費者のある団体や市場ニッ チ( Haghirian, 2011; Harada, 2014; Miura, 2017 )、あるいは民間の高齢化の現状、関係ある 格差社会と若年問題のみに取り組む。しかも、研究の大多数においては世代の特徴が消費 選択範囲のもととして無視されている。 本稿の目的はその不足分を補充する。前述の理論に踏まえて、ミクロ経済の視点から 定量データを収集して参考し、それをもとにして消費者行動に関して定量的解析を行う。 具体的には 2005 年から現在の時期にわたり消費者行動の理論を批判し、世代別の価値観 に焦点を定める。したがって、ガラパゴス化に関する具体例を検討し解釈し、異なる理論 を批判するのを通じ、解析を行う。最後に、ガラパゴス化の現状の検討を試みる。本研究 において、 OECD 、国立社会保障・人口問題研究所( NIPSSR )、内閣府などの国際と国内 の機関と研究所などのデータを用いる。 二つの仮設を立てる。第一に、高齢化と格差社会の悪化に基づき、消費者行が 2005 年 以来、動根本的な変化を受ける。第二に、ガラパゴス化の存続のため、国内の消費者行動 は中心的な役割を果たし、それの変更の結果、最新の 10 年にわたり現象が終末過程に入 ったと仮定する。だが、本稿にてこの第二仮定を分析する結果、異なる事情を観察する。 本稿では第三章に分割する。 第一章では、 19 世紀から 2005 年に至るの消費者行動の進化に関する従来の研究を記述 する。特に、当時の社会的文脈と文化的価値観を考察し、世代別の特殊性に焦点を当てる。 第二章では、実例の分析及び理論の批判によりガラパゴス化の定義をあげられ、解析する。 第三章では、いわゆる「第四消費時代」においての消費者行動の解析を行う。新たな文脈 において、労働情勢の不安定や地域の人口減少などの消費の決定原因、共通の社会的で文 化的価値観、結果として進化した市場供給とガラパゴス化の現象の分析を加える。 Ringraziamenti Questa tesi è il risultato di lunghi sacrifici e lunghe nottate passate alla luce di una flebile lampadina. Dedico questo lavoro a tutte le persone che mi hanno supportato lungo tutto il periodo di stesura. Anzitutto, vorrei ringraziare la Prof.ssa Marenzi, relatrice di questa tesi di laurea, per la disponibilità e la pazienza. Senza di Lei, questo elaborato non sarebbe stato di così buona qualità. Vorrei ringraziare anche il Prof. Heinrich, per l’aiuto fornitomi in tutti questi mesi per reperire testi quasi introvabili e per il supporto nella formulazione del quesito della ricerca. Un enorme ringraziamento va ai miei genitori. È grazie ai loro sacrifici e al loro supporto che sono riuscito ad arrivare fino a questo punto. A loro dedico tutti i risultati raggiunti fino ad ora. Spero di riuscire a ripagarli adeguatamente in un futuro non troppo lontano. Ringrazio inoltre nonna Silvana e i miei zii, per il mio continuo supporto durante tutta la laurea triennale e magistrale. Vorrei ringraziare tutti i miei amici che mi hanno accompagnato lungo tutto il percorso: i miei attuali coinquilini (Finfecciuolyman e Martina), che mi hanno aiutato a colmare le mie lacune grammaticali, i miei ex coinquilini, compagni di avventure e di serate filosofiche, Andrea ed Enrico, compagni per le serate ignoranti, Rena, per il supporto emotivo ed empatico, e Simo, sempre presente e vicino nonostante la distanza. Infine, un ringraziamento speciale va ad Alice, che mi aiuta a diventare una persona migliore ogni giorno. Indice Introduzione .................................................................................................................................. i Capitolo I L’evoluzione del comportamento del consumatore giapponese ......... 1 1.1. L’evoluzione del comportamento del consumatore giapponese (1868-2005) ................... 1 1.1.1. La nascita del consumatore moderno (1868-1940) .................................................... 3 1.1.2. Il consumo di massa della crescita economica: il secondo stadio della società dei consumi (1955-1974). .................................................................................................. 7 1.1.3. Il Terzo Stadio dell’evoluzione dei consumatori: il ‘Quality Consumer’ e il consumo ostentativo (1975-2005) ............................................................................................. 13 1.1.3.1. Il decennio perduto e l’inizio della svolta del comportamento dei consumatori giapponesi…… ..................................................................................................... 26 1.2. La relazione tra i fattori sociali e culturali e le scelte di consumo .................................. 35 1.2.1. Le quattro determinanti dell’evoluzione del comportamento dei consumatori ........ 36 1.2.2. La dieta giapponese e l’etnocentrismo ..................................................................... 38 1.2.3. Le tradizioni gerarchiche dello scambio dei regali e dei souvenir ........................... 44 1.2.4. Individualismo e collettivismo: le relazioni sociali, i bent ō e le sigarette ............... 49 1.2.5. La percezione della qualità e la fedeltà verso i brand .............................................. 53 1.3. Conclusioni ...................................................................................................................... 55 Capitolo II La sindrome di Galapagos e il caso giapponese ................................... 56 2.1. L’origine del termine ‘Sindrome di Galapagos’ .............................................................. 56 2.2. Alcune definizioni della sindrome ................................................................................... 57 2.3. I casi caratteristici della sindrome di Galapagos ............................................................. 60 2.3.1. Il Washlet ................................................................................................................. 61 2.3.2. Il boom dei keitai ...................................................................................................... 62 2.3.3. Il Natale da KFC e Tokyo Disneyland ..................................................................... 66 2.4. Conclusioni ...................................................................................................................... 70 Capitolo III Il comportamento dei consumatori nel quarto stadio della società dei consumi ……. ..................................................................................................................... 71 3.1. Il contesto demografico nel quarto stadio della società dei consumi .............................. 71 3.1.1. L’invecchiamento della popolazione e l’effetto sulla disuguaglianza sociale ed economica…… ........................................................................................................... 71 3.1.2. Il cambiamento della propensione al consumo dovuta alla crisi del sistema lavorativo…. ............................................................................................................... 76 3.1.3. L’influenza della composizione del nucleo familiare sul comportamento di consumo…. ............................................................................................................... 81 3.1.3.1. Il potere d’acquisto delle famiglie mononucleari e dei parasaito ........................ 85 3.2. Il quarto stadio della società dei consumi ........................................................................ 88 3.2.1. Il circolo vizioso nelle città affette dall’invecchiamento demografico: la de- urbanizzazione delle zone rurali ................................................................................. 89 3.2.2. Le determinanti del consumo nel quarto stadio dei consumatori ............................. 92 3.3. L’analisi del profilo dei consumatori nel quarto stadio della società dei consumi .......... 96 3.3.1. Satori sedai : la generazione disinteressata al consumo.......................................... 101 3.3.2. I consumatori baby boomer e shinjinrui nel XXI secolo: il Silver Market ............ 105 3.3.3. I gruppi di consumatori peculiari del quarto stadio ................................................ 110 3.3.3.1. I parasaito e I “New Otaku ” ............................................................................... 110 3.3.3.2. I ‘Mild Yankee’, la salvezza delle zone rurali .................................................... 113 3.4. L’evoluzione del mercato dei beni e servizi dovuta all’evoluzione dei consumatori .... 115 3.4.1. L’influenza dei valori sociali e culturali comuni tra le generazioni sul consumo nel quarto stadio……… ................................................................................................. 120 3.5. La sindrome di Galapagos nel contesto dell’invecchiamento della popolazione .......... 123 Conclusioni .............................................................................................................................. 128 Bibliografia .................................................................................................................................. 131 Sitografia ..................................................................................................................................... 143 Indice delle figure Figura 1.1: Le ragazze Moga negli anni Venti……………………………………………………….6 Figura 1.2: La piramide della popolazione nel 1950 e nel 1965…………………………………10 Figura 1.3: La piramide della popolazione (1980)………………………………………………..15 Figura 1.4: L’evoluzione dell’età media al momento del primo matrimonio (1960-2005)………...16 Figura 1.5: L’andamento delle vendite dei
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