JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

EGYPTIAN ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AGENCY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT

REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

REPORT ON PCBS SURVEY IN SHUBRA EL KHEIMA CITY IN ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT

March 2008

Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

Preface

With the rapid industrialization, the Arab Republic of Egypt suffers damages from environmental pollution. So far, the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), under the Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs of the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt (GOE) has developed basic environmental monitoring capacity for air and water quality, through the technical cooperation by the Government of Japan (GOJ) and assistance from other donors. Since GOE requests GOJ further technical cooperation on 1) monitoring-data interpretation and countermeasures proposal capacity of EEAA, 2) hazardous substance management of EEAA, and 3) public awareness raising and training to external stakeholders of EEAA, due to their importance, GOJ has started a technical cooperation project, named “Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project (REMIP)” since November 2005. Under the REMIP, Hazardous Substance Management Department in EEAA is carrying out a component, named “Sound Management of Hazardous Chemical Substances” with relevant stakeholders, such as Regional Branch Offices (RBOs), Envirometal Management Units (EMUs), and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs). In the first phase of the component, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were set as the target substances to be addressed, because GOE rectified the Stockholm Convention in May 2003, and requirement of inventory survey was stated in the National Implementation Plan (NIP) reported in 2005. The following works were planned to be implemented under REMIP. - Collect information of previous inventory survey - Implement a pilot inventory survey and monitoring work with awareness raising activity for relevant stakeholders - Review existing environmental and health guidelines and Japanese PCBs relevant management system - Formulate database of articles containing PCBs with relevant information As a site for pilot inventory survey, Shubra El Kheima City in Qalyubia Governorate was selected. The city location lies to the north of the centre of Cairo, as shown on the next page, where is a complex of residential, agricultural and industrial area, suffering from pollution. This report describes the activities and outcomes obtained through REMIP, and recommendations on future activities toward sound management of articles contaminated by PCBs.

Shubra El Kheima City in Qalyubia Governorate

Location Map of Pilot Inventory Survey Site

Nasr City Transformers Storage Site Nasr City Transformers Storage Site

6th October City Transformers Storage Site Bahtim Transformers Storage Site

PCBs Inventory Survey PCBs Inventory Survey

Relevant Activities Implemented in PCBs Inventory Survey and Monitoring Work under Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project (REMIP)

Awareness Workshop for Local Stakeholders Meeting with Local Stakeholders before Starting Inventory Survey

Internal Meeting for Expanding of PCBs Internal Training with Local Expert Inventory Survey

Analytical Training for Pre-treatment and Hazardous Chemical Substances Database Analysis of PCBs (under preparation)

Relevant Activities Implemented in PCBs Inventory Survey and Monitoring Work under Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project (REMIP)

PCBs INVENTORY SURVEY AND MONITORING WORK IN SHUBRA EL KHEIMA CITY IN ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT

Table of Contents

Ⅰ PCBs Overview

1.1 History ...... 1 1.2 Chemistry ...... 6 1.3 Toxicity ...... 12 1.4 Electrical Transformers ...... 17 1.5 Safety Management ...... 23 1.6 Destruction and Decontamination ...... 26

II Survey Work

2.1 Previous Inventory Survey ...... 33 2.2 Previous Research Studies ...... 37 2.3 Law Framework ...... 40 2.4 Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines ...... 42 2.5 PCBs Treatment Framework in Japan ...... 52 2.6 Analytical Aspects ...... 57 2.7 PCBs Inventory Survey ...... 59 2.8 Monitoring Activities ...... 67 2.9 Awareness Activities ...... 72 2.10 Database Formulation ...... 76

III Conclusion and Recommendation

3.1 Conclusions ...... 77 3.2 Lessons Learned from REMIP ...... 77 3.3 Recommendations ...... 78 3.4 On-going Sustainable Efforts ...... 79

Personnel

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Attachment

Attachment -1 Inventory Survey Results Attachment -2 Chromatograph of PCBs Analysis

List of Tables Page Table 1.1 Fractions Separated in Production Process ...... 10 Table 1.2 Outline of PCBs Destruction and Decontamination Processes...... 27 Table 2.1 Concentrations of PCBs (ng/l) during 1990s in Seawater...... 38 Table 2.2 Mean concentrations of PCBs (ng/g dry weight) during 1990s in Sediments ...... 38 Table 2.3 Obligations Defined by “PCBs Special Measures Law” in Japan ...... 52 Table 2.4 Standard for Treatment of PCBs Wastes ...... 52 Table 2.5 Outline of PCBs Treatment facilities under JESCO...... 53 Table 2.6 Treatment Method Utilized in PCBs Waste Treatment Facilities in Japan ...... 54 Table 2.7 Safety Management Measures Adopted in Tokyo Facility ...... 56 Table 2.8 Outline of PCBs Inventory Survey and Monitoring Activity from January 2006 to January 2008...... 59 Table 2.9 Shubra El Keima City ...... 60 Table 2.10 List of Inventoru Sruveyor...... 61 Table 2.11 Training Provided under REMIP ...... 62 Table 2.12 List of facilities Surveyed ...... 63 Table 2.13 Number of Transformers Found...... 64 Table 2.14 Number of Samples Taken...... 67 Table 2.15 List of Analyzed Transformer Oil Samples...... 67 Table 2.16 List of Analyzed Soil Samples...... 68 Table 2.17 List of Analyzed Sediment Samples ...... 69 Table 2.18 Analytical Results of PCBs in Transformer Oils ...... 69 Table 2.19 Comparison between PCBs Concentration Analyzed and Treatment Standard Designated by Several Developed Countries and International Donors ...... 70 Table 2.20 Analytical Results of PCBs in Soils...... 70 Table 2.21 Analytical Results of PCBs in Soils...... 71 Table 2.22 Analytical Results of PCBs in Sediment...... 71 Table 2.23 Target of Awareness Activities...... 72 Table 2.24 Design of Awareness Activities...... 73 Table 2.25 Outline of Awareness Activities ...... 74 Table 2.26 Outline of Awareness Raising Workshops ...... 74 Table 2.27 Outline of Internal Meeting for Awareness Raising...... 75

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List of Figures Page Figure 1.1 PCBs Molecular Structure ...... 1 Figure 2.1 Location of PCBs Treatment facilities under JESCO ...... 53 Figure 2.2 Flow of PCBs Treatment in Tokyo Facility ...... 55 Figure 2.3 Flow of PCBs Treatment in Tokyo Facility ...... 55 Figure 2.4 Safety Management Measures in Tokyo Facility...... 56 Figure 2.5 Shubra El Keima City ...... 60 Figure 2.6 Draft Framework Proposed for Hazardous Chemical Substance Database ...... 76

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Abbreviations and Acronyms B BAT Best Available Techniques C CC Coordination Committee CCC Cairo Central Center, EQS CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CO2 Carbon Dioxide D DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DMU Mobile decontamination unit E EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EEC European Economic Community EC European Community ECD Electron Capture Detector EMD Environmental Management Department, RBO EMUs Environmental Management Units, Governorates EQD Environmental Quality Department, RBO EQS Environmental Quality Sector, EEAA EREMIS Egyptian Regional Environmental Management Information System F FDA US Food and Drug Administration G GC Gas Chromatograph GEF Global Environmental Fund GIS Geographical Information System G GC Gas Chromatograph GOE Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt GOJ Government of Japan H HVAC High-voltage alternating current I IFC International Finance Cooperation J JESCO Japan Environmental Safety Cooperation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency K KPEG Polyethyleneglycol and potassium hydroxide M MESA Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs N NGOs Nongovernmental Organizations NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration O OJT On the Job Training OECD Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development OSPAR Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic P PAHs Poly-cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCBTs Pentachlorobenzenethiols PCCYs Polychlorinated chrysenes PCNs Polychlorinated naphthelenes PCPs Polychlorinated biphenylenes PCPYs Polychlorinated pyrenes PCQs Polychlorinated quaterphenyls PCQEs Polychlorinated quaterphenyls ether PCTs Polychlorinated terphenyls PCDDs Polychlorinated Dibenzo dioxins PCDFs Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans PCR Post-combustion recombination PEG Polyethyleneglycol PICs products of incomplete combustion POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants R RBOs Regional Branch Offices REMIP Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project S SRBA Sector for Regional Branches Affairs (in EEAA)

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T TEQ Toxic equivalent factor U UNEP United Nations Environment Programme USA United State of America USD United State Dollar W WB World Bank

v Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

Ⅰ PCBs Overview

1.1 History

The time characterizing the "Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) problem" spans over three centuries, from 1867, with first laboratory synthesis by Griefs in Germany. The PCBs are characterized by extraordinary features that resulted in a large commercial application. In 1927, first industrial application by Swan and later Monsanto in USA, starting from 1930s, a minimum 1 million tons of PCBs have been manufactured. The chemical stability and relative non-flammability features of PCBs created the decisive technological innovation to the point that the considerable use was generated by the electro technical industry. PCBs different from the commercial mixtures can be generated as sub-products of chemical processes with chlorinated compounds, i.e. solvents, and/or secondary reactions from intermediate processes with solvents, i.e. 2,4 dichlorophenol, capable of forming several tens of ppm of PCBs in basic materials. PCBs produced from 1930s to 1980s worldwide might reach 1.5 million tons. A considerable part of which has been dispersed into the environment, where the largest amount of PCBs based mixtures have been used for so-called "closed" systems, as insulating liquid in electrical transformers and capacitors. It is estimated that about 30 million of such units are in operation worldwide. Such compounds of a synthetic origin, have been produced and used in various commercial mixtures at an international level ever since.

Source: Guidelines for the Identification of PCBs and Materials Containing PCBs

Figure 1.1 PCBs Molecular Structure

(1) Health and environmental risks

The PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls, in insulating oils and liquids used in electrical equipment for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity can determine an unreasonable risk for human health and the environment caused by their persistency and bio-accumulation along the food chain. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) found that

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several accidents involving PCBs had contaminated animal feed and subsequently the poultry and eggs intended for human consumption. The discovery of its incompatibility with biosphere resulted in their designation as an environmental pollutant. "PCBs Risk" was recognized as a global problem over three decades. The first discovery in the environment was in 1966 by Jensen in Sweden. PCBs were the subject of an increasing number of papers reported in the scientific literature dealing with the environment between 1970 and 1971. A conference which dealt with the environmental problem of PCBs was held in September 1970 in Sweden and in August 1971, an environmental quality workshop was convened in Durham, New Hampshire by the National Academy of Science. The first serious accident was in Yusho 1969, Japan, where 31,180 persons were involved by intoxication with 26 deaths as a consequence of a leak of PCBs from a heat exchanger into rice oil.1 The common symptoms included acne form eruptions, hyper pigmentation of the skin, nails and mucous membranes, swelling of the upper eyelids, and hyper-emia of the conjunctivae. The highest concentration was found to be 3,000 ppm PCB in oil. A typical quantity of individual oil consumed was 800-1200 ml containing about 2 g of PCBs. For victims who had ingested more than 720 ml of oil, the attack rate of Yusho symptoms was 100%. Other parts of the survey indicated that the use of PCB-containing coatings on the inner walls of grain silos had been responsible for PCB residues in milk derived from dairy cows which fed on the grain stored in such silos. The FDA concluded that it would be in the best interest to limit the ways in which PCBs might enter the food chain as well as limit the levels of PCBs in food. The risks generated by PCBs in the ecosystem resulted in the promulgation of numerous rules at international level on the prohibition and use of these substances,1976-EEC Directives 76/405 and 79/769, USEPA 1979 40 FR Part/761, Protocol of Stockholm, 22 May 2001 on POPs, which entered into force on 17 May 2004. PCBs risk can be focalized and prioritized upon: - Large operators of generating, transmission and distribution of electricity with power plants and HV/MV/LV substations. - Large users of electricity such as cement factories, steel mills, petrochemical industries, etc. - Multi-utilities providing vital services, such as water, gas, waste disposal etc. - Vital infrastructures, such as airports, mass transit, hospitals etc. - Waste and machinery de-commissioning handlers. A concentration of PCBs of about 30-80 ppm has typically been found in decommissioned vehicles causing the classification of the "fluff" as PCBs waste that cannot be landfilled, but disposed of or treated as dangerous waste at unexpected higher costs.

1 Oil extracted from rice polishings

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(2) PCBs compounds

Insulating liquids and equipment containing insulating liquids are classified, respectively, "PCBs" and "Equipment containing PCBs" when the total concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls, 209 possible congeners, and correlated compounds PCTs, poly-chlorinated terphenyls, 8,557 possible congeners, and PCBTs, polychlorinated benzyltoluenes, thousands of possible congeners, present in the insulating liquids exceeds the limits prescribed by current legislations for the single matrices or destinations, equipment and insulating liquids in operation, used oils, fuel oils, etc. A study of 1988 in USA estimated that there were about 2.6 million transformers contaminated with concentrations between 50 and 500 ppm and about 266,000 transformers with concentration over 500 ppm. It is reasonable to believe that a considerable quantity of those transformers is still in operation. The amount of PCBs used in transformers and capacitors in EEC countries for 1996 is estimated in 200,000 tons, 60,000 of which are still used in open systems. Small capacitors are about 700,000 with an average content of 10 g of PCBs per unit. In Italy the largest share, about 60-70 % of the existing PCBs is concentrated with the producers and grids of electricity and contaminated transformers the largest industrial sites, such as steel and cement factories, whereas the remaining 30-40% is scattered on the territory, with small and medium companies and public structures where the hazard of fires can create a substantial risk, i.e. hospitals and schools.

(3) Contamination by PCBs

"Equipment containing PCBs" means any equipment containing PCBs or used to contain PCBs, e.g. transformers, resistors , inductors, reactors, switches , capacitors receptacles containing residual stock, etc., which have not been decontaminated. Equipment of the type which may contain PCBs shall be treated as if it contains PCBs unless it is reasonable to assume the contrary. If the equipment cannot be accessed or it is difficult to take samples due to operational requirements or any other reason, the equipment should be considered as "containing PCBs". The determination of the concentration of PCBs in insulating liquids is recommended in case there are reasons to believe that the content of PCBs could have been changed as a result of maintenance operations, and in case of end-of-life and disposal of the equipment or the fluid, and the content of PCBs is not already known. The mass of contaminated oil, just in the OECD Countries, is estimated in several million tons. The main sources of fluid contamination by PCBs are multifold: - Use of contaminated equipment. - Regeneration and recycling of used oils contaminated by PCBs. - Human errors, lack of information, criminal acts of negligence. - Lack of appropriate equipment for the treatment of contaminated liquid. - Inappropriate conduct by the manufacturers of new equipment using components salvaged from old equipment.

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The management of insulating liquids has been developed in accordance with the following motivating principles: - Reduction of risks for workers, public health and the environments, deriving from troubles or failures of the equipment that could originate fires or the spill of hazardous and persistent products. - Implementation of the "Best Available Techniques (BAT)" and methodologies available for safety, self-sufficiency and functional recovery. - Technical feasibility of the activities recommended or imposed by current legislation, within the prescribed time schedules, taking into account the economic feasibility as well. The Directive 96/59 EC of 16 September 1996 defines stricter regulations relative to the inventory, control and management, article 4, the decontamination and/or disposal of the PCBs equipment within 2010, article 3.

(4) PCBs problem

During their life cycle, systems, equipment and insulating liquids in operation can degrade faster, if not properly managed and maintained, inducing failures that could cause, under limited circumstances, incidents having a significant environmental impact, that can be correlated to the specific conditions of the settlement and the site. In the event of uncontrolled thermal oxidation, during the operation of transformers, in hot spots from 150 to 300oC, or in case of failures, arching of electrical systems, with explosions and fires, significant concentrations of very dangerous compounds occur, such as PCDFs-Furans, 135 congeners, and PCDDs-Dioxins, 75 congeners. The degradation process of the materials of the equipment and spillage of PCBs liquids into the environment is estimated at about 0.1-0.5% yearly of the average volume filling the unit. Thus, during their service life, equipment containing PCBs should be subject to measures capable of preventing and/or mitigating degradation processes and the spillage of PCBs to ensure the protection of workers, public health and the environment, as well as complying with the prescription of the Stockholm Convention entered into force on 17 May 2004.

(5) Limits of PCBs-contaminated equipment

Any mixture of substances with a volume exceeding 5 dm3 (5L), with a concentration exceeding 0.005% (50 ppm) of PCBs, polychlorinated terphenyls, PCTs, monomethyl- tetrachlorodiphenyl methane, PCBTs, monomethyl-dichloro-diphenyl methane, monomethyl-dibromo-diphenyl methane. Consequently it is defined as PCBs the summation of PCBs, 209 congeners, PCTs equivalent, 8,557 possible congeners, and PCBTs, several thousand possible congeners. The subject classified as PCBs must be labelled and reported to the legitimate authorities. Transformers subject to inventory containing insulating liquids contaminated by PCBs to 500 mg/kg, 500 ppm, may be kept in operation up to the end of their operational life. Transformers subject to inventory containing insulating liquids contaminated by PCBs in excess of 500 mg/kg, 500 ppm, must be disposed of or decontaminated. If the limit of 5L is not known or can not be presumed from the data of the plate or other documents of the manufacturer, it should be referred to the total volume of the equipment.

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(6) Importance of diagnosis and monitoring PCBs-contaminated equipment

The fleet of electrical equipment represents a considerable monetary and strategic value. A global approach toward an "asset management approach", under financial, technical and statutory viewpoint is fundamental, based upon two strategies: - A strategy for the inventory of PCBs/PCTs/PCBTs. - A strategy for the diagnosis of functional degradation. For a correct interpretation of the results of the analyses, specific standard references are not always available, thus it is essential to plan the monitoring activity in systemic form and to evaluate the evolution through time, rate, trend, of the parameters and the correlation with statistical data of population of reference. The interpretation of the test results and the relevant diagnosis of the functional degradation of the transformer and insulating liquid should be performed by expert and qualified operators. Evaluation of trend analysis and velocity of variation of the concentration of compounds are correlated to degradation, dissolved gases, water, etc. Normal or typical values, alert or alarm values recommended deducible from the applicable technical standards for the type of equipment and/or family of belonging are considered. Recently, “intelligent systems" are carried out performing a diagnosis and evaluation of symptomatic trends. The path, under evolution, should lead to the development of algorithms, typically computerized, capable of "learning" from experts during an initial phase, and then enter a self-learning phase, evolving into really expert systems, capable of learning, similar to mankind, from their own experience extrapolating correlations from the data in their databank.

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1.2 Chemistry

Compounds of concern can be contained in PCBs-containing fluids for a variety of reasons. For example, they may be formed from impurities in the feed stock used to manufacture PCBs, cyclization of PCBs include by heat, or from phenolic or other precursors.  Aliphatic chloro-compounds can produce aromatic chlorinated pyrolysis products: · Hexachlorobenzene crystals were formed by heating dichloroacetylene (perchlorocarbons) and also hydrocarbons which have had all of the replaceable hydrogen substituted by chlorine.

ClC CCl C2Cl6 C2Cl4 + C6Cl6 heat heat

· The chain chlorination of aromatic compounds takes place by two possible mechanisms: an addition, which proceeds through an intermediate cyclodiene compound, or an abstraction one, which occurs through intermediate phenyl radicals.  Formation by pyrolysis of chlorobengene, dependence upon temperature pyrolysis: a reductive Atmosphere, i.e. less oxygen · Pyrolysis of chlorobenzenes at 600oC in the presence of air more than 1% tetra-to-octa chlorodibenzo furans (CDFs) and tetra-to-octa chlorodibenzodioxins (CDDs)  Formation of polychlorinated biphenylenes (PCPs) as a result of the reductive conditions which occur in the early stages of askarel transformer fires. Because of their structure, are expected to be as toxic as the correspondingly substituted PCDDs.  Formation of polychlorinated pyremes (PCPYs) and polychlorinated chrysemes (PCCYs) as components  Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo furans (PCDFs) from the pyrolois is of PCBs: The yields were from 1 to several % (different out) · Intermolecular four alternative reaction routes → different isomeric PCDF products. · There is a connection between the toxicity of degraded PCBs fluids, including tri-/ tetra-chlorinated benzene/PCBs blends, and the concentration of PCDFs.  Formation of polychlorinated (terphenyls, quaterphemyls and maplthalenes) from chlorination of a feedstock contaminated by traces of the aromatic hydrocarbons: · Polychloronaphthalenes (PCNs) have been identified as a pyrolysis product from an askarel transformer fine. By invoking the formation of benzene intermediates or the rearrangement of intermediates formed between an ortho-chloro phenyl radical with a chlorobenzene i.e. the overall effect of radical reactions on the product distribution during askarel degradation will be effected by both temperature and the availability of oxygen. Less than 600 ppm is found in commercial PCBs due to maphthake impurity in bizhemyl raw material. · A correlation was found between the concentrations of terchlorodibenzene forms (TCDFs) in used askarel with the length of time the fluid had been is service.

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· Transformer units with extreme overloads would be expected to overheat and fail. The most probable cause of eventful transformer failure is violent rapture and the quantities of any compounds of concern which may be produced is determined by availability of oxygen in an oxygen depleted, high temperature reaction zone of short duration. N.B.: the power transformer Guide: ANSI-C57.92-1981 lists a maximum top oil limit of 110oC which may occur when the maximum hot spot conductor temperature is at 180 oC due short term loading. The distribution transformer Guide ANSI C57.91-1974 lists a maximum top oil temperature of 120 oC which may occur at maximum conductor hot spot temperature of 200 oC Incineration of PCBs:

Several physico-chemical factors influence incineration: exposure temperature, the oxygen composition of flame and non-flame atmospheres, gas phase residence times in different heated zones, oxygen concentrations and associated gradients, presume, flame contact time, spatial and temporal variations in temperature, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the compounds involved. Thermal degradation of PCBs:

It can result in a complex set of reactions which may produce compounds of concern under uncontrolled conditions including the possible formation of dioxins. Temperature and residence time relationships have been extensively studied to establish the conditions necessary for satisfactory destruction. A 1 s residence time resulted in that most PCBs decomposition occurred in a temperature range between 640 oC and 740 oC. Commercial incineration equipment for the destruction of PCBs must be designed so that the energy input to disrupt the molecule is made available either by supplying a very high temperature or a satisfactory long residence time. The intractability of the mathematics used to model such systems depends to some degree upon the number and type of simplifying assumptions which are applied. Several types of incinerator are found useful for this purpose and include rotary kilns, high temperature find wall reactors, plasma pyrolysis units, circulating bed combustors, etc.  Formation of chlorophenols, a side reaction product has the potential to generate PCDFs and/or PCDDs in the following ways: · dimerization of chlorophenate. · cycligation of polychlorinated biphenyl ethers (PCDPEs). · cyclization of polychlorinated phenoxy phenols. The pyrolysis of PCDPEs follows two competitive reaction pathways, reduction dechlorination or ring closure to PCDFs.  Formation of PCDDs by dimerization of trichlorophenol, produced from reacting tetrachlorobenzene with NaOH in ethylene glycol; (Seveso accident, 1976) liquid system: reactants are retained in the reaction zone for periods of time which are long compared to the time required for the formation of product. Gaseous system: as in a flame, the reaction zone is relatively short-lived and the yield of product is therefore less.

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· The importance of even statistically unlikely reactions lies in the toxicity of the products. · Formation of PCDDs by cyclization of polychlorinated phoenix phenols, a bimolecular reaction under the influence of heat. · Formation of PCDFs occurs at 700-800? c and their yield increases up to about 900 oC. Above 900 oC, there is rapid decomposition of both the PCBs and the PCDFs. Dechlorination of PCBs:

It involves an initial addition of an electron to the aromatic molecule. The end result of the reaction should be that there is no remaining organically bound chlorine. However, depending upon the chemistry involved and the stoichiometric excess of reagent , toxic intermediates can be produced which, while satisfying the requirements for the removal of PCBs, can produce a severe problem where only a relatively slight hazard existed before the process was applied. From a chemical point of view there is a little difference between whether the electron is derived from an alkali metal or an organometallic reagent or from radiation induced electrons. Co60 gamma-rays were used to induce electrons in deoxygenated solutions of PCBs in alkaline isopropanol. The presence of small amounts of electron acceptors resulted in an inhibition of dechlorination. The formation of chloride, Cl, ion and the consumption of hydroxide ion, OH-, were approximately equal at each dose. Transformer askarels were irradiated in dielectric insulating oil with 2MeV Sr90 β-particles. Dechlorination reaction did occur but that, in the absence of KOH and isopropanol, the degradation required impractically long irradiation times. The β particles radiolysis of water produces hydroxyl radicals, OH-, and solvated electrons. The solvated electrons react with PCBs to give a PCBs radical anion. The anion stabilizes itsell by eliminating chlorine as chloride ion to leave a PCBs radical.  Hydroxyl radicals are extremely reactive species and are produced in very small amounts relative to the iropropanol present. It is consequently more likely that reaction will take place with isopropanol than with a small amount of PCBs or an even smaller concentration of PCBs radicals. Also, the concentration of PCBs radicals is so small relative to the macro amount of isopropanol present, that coupling to produce a polychlorinated quaterphenyl is unlikely.  Mixtures of PCBs are destroyed by β-particle radiolysis most efficiently when the solution is free of oxygen and contains an alkaline hydrogen donor to allow free radical chain propagation.  In the absence of isoprepanol and hydroxyl anions the radidysis reaction requires very much larger irradiation dose and hence very much longer reaction times under these circumstances the concentration of hydroxyl radicals which are produced is similar to the concentration of PCBs radicals and hydroxylation occurs to give a polychlorinated phenol. Intermolecular cyclization of the hydroxyl Ted intermediates can occur to yield PCDDs (Cyclization of polychlorinated phenoxy phenol)

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 In the presence of the H-donor, isopropanol, the PCBs radical can easily abstract hydrogen to become a PCBs molecule with one less chlorine than at the beginning of the reaction sequence.  The isopropanol radical formed in the hydrogen abstraction step reacts with the hydroxyl ions from the KOH in the system to produce acetone radical ions.  The acetone radicals become stabilized as acetone after interaction with PCBs to yield PCBs radical anions.  The reaction sequence contains in this way until total dechlorination has occurred. Dechlorination by sodium dispersion:

This was first applied by Japanese workers in 1973. The method was applied in the decontamination of electrical insulating oils by Webber et al, who found that even high concentration of askarel would react to give a non-toxic polyphenyl sludge. It was postulated that chlorinated biphenyl radical anions are produced by interaction of the PCBs molecule in solution with metallic sodium in suspension. The radical anion eliminates chlorine as chloride to form a chlorohiphenyl radical which, in turn, abstracts available hydrogen from oil components to yield partially dechlorinated PCBs. The reaction contains in the presence of a stoichiometric excess of sodium until total dechlorination is achieved. In the absence of a readily available quantity of abstractable hydrogen, from oil components, the biphenyl radicals tend to couple and form quaterphenyls and higher polyphonys. The reaction is relatively less likely to occur than the dechlorination reaction when an excess of sodium is present and consequently the quaterphenyls which are formed either have few remaining chlorine atoms on the rings or are completely dechlorinated. The NMR of polymerized biphenyls has indicated that electrical conductivity through the polymer chains to dependent upon the extent of electron orbital overlap between the ring constituents of the polymer. Thus, when a small excess of alkali metal reagent is maintained in contact with insulating oil for a long time, in order to minimize the use of reagent, for example, polyphony's are produced which are dissolved in oil. the power factor of the processed oil then increases dramatically to 10% , ASTM D924, compared with that of useful oil of <0-1%. An increase in power factor corresponds to an increase in the concentration of polar constituents in the oil. There are also several classes of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons which may be contained as impurities or degradation products of PCBs: · Polychlorinated terphenyls · Polychlorinated quaterphenys (PCQs), similar toxic as PCBs. · Polychlorinated quaterphenyl ether (PCQEs) · Polychlorinated naphthelenes (PCNs) · Polychlorinated biphenylenes (PCPs) · Polychlorinated pyrenes (PCPYs) · Polychlorinated chrysenes (PCCYs)

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Dioxin formation in flames:

· The production of fuel radicals by hydrogen abstraction from fuel is likely to be slower than the reaction between hydroxy radicals but this reaction will dominate especially in areas where there are fuels-rich products in the incineration process. · Increasing substitution by chlorine in chloroprene's would be expected to result in slower rates of attack by hydroxyl radical, therefore the more highly chlorinated dioxins are likely to be less reactive towards bimdecular decomposition with high hydroxyl radicals than the lesser chlorinated confiners. One would then expect that the dioxin isomer distribution tend to be skewed toward higher chlorinated species. · The phenoxy radical is also produced when hydroxyl radicals cause hydrogen atom abstraction. If, alternatively, OH addition occurs, then the adduct may undergo further reaction with oxygen, or some other species, to give ring opening and thereby reduce the likelihood of dioxin formation. · Assuming no O2 or fuel is available → formation of dioxin could be exaggerated. · Assuming 60% O2 of the value needed → deemphasizing the rate of loss of chlorophenoxy radical →in favor of dioxin formation. · Under post-combustion mixing, in an intermediate temperature zone, unburned chlorophenol is predicted to react with hydroxyl radicals to produce PCDDs. · Clearly, high temperature, and a sufficient quality of air and fuel are able to provide conditions which will combust chlorophenols into products which are not PCDDs. · Some conditions will allow the formation of PCDDs at concentration which is 5 to 10 orders of magnitude higher than those produced under 'designed' operating conditions. Pyrolysis of Coal Tar:

It was used as the source of raw material for the early production of benzene and related hydrocarbons. The production process relied on temperature to separate products as shown below. Table 1.1 Fractions Separated in Production Process Fraction Temperature Range Name of Fraction Volume (oC) (%) 1 < 170 Crude light oil 2.25 2 170-230 Middle oil 7.5 3 230-270 Heavy oil 16.5 4 270-360 Anthracene oil 12 5 Pitch ~56

To extract benzene from the crude light oil fraction, it was washed with concentrated sulphuric acid, water, sodium hydroxide and again with water. The sulphuric acid removes basic substances such as pyridine while the sodium hydroxide removes phenols.

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When the washed light oil was distilled, the fraction collected up to 110oC contained about 70% benzene, 24% toluene and some xylenes with other hydrocarbon impurities. Pure xylene was obtained from the fraction of the light oil distillation obtained between 110-140oC.The distillate above 140 oC is known as "solvent naphtha" and consists of xylenes, cumenes (isopropylbenzenes). Naphthalene is the largest single constituent of coal-tar (6%). It was obtained from the middle and oil fractions from the pyrolysis of coal tars. The nephthahene were treated with concentrated sulphuric acid, washed with water and then sodium hydroxide. The amount of residual phenol contaminated in the product may have caused the generation of phenoxy phenols (diphenyl esters) and formed dioxins. Industrial chlorophenol formulation are often found to contain impurities which, upon heating can form compounds of concern (hazardous).Typical total concentration of phenexyphenols and other phenolic dimers in formulations were estimated to be 1.7-2.3%

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1.3 Toxicity

(1) Introduction

The toxicity of PCBs is complicated because PCBs are mixtures and not individual chemicals. The toxicity of different PCBs mixtures varies because the dose-effect relationships differ for individual chlorobiphenyls. The more chlorinated PCBs are less likely to be metabolized in humans and wildlife and, therefore, bioaccumulate to a greater extent. The less chlorinated PCBs are more water soluble and have shorter half-lives in the body because of more rapid metabolism and excretion. The greater metabolism and more rapid excretion of the less chlorinated PCBs dose not necessarily indicate less concern for toxicity, because some metabolites of these PCBs may also be toxic. Consequently, the health and ecological risks associated with PCBs mixtures can vary as the chemical composition changes as a function of space, time and trophic level. Organisms at the top of food chain, including humans, tend to accumulate PCBs in their tissues, placing them at risk for adverse health effects. Risk characterizations should be performed on the basis of specific congeners and the total mixture of congeners that exist rather than on the basis of "total PCBs" (all PCBs congeners) or Aroclor (commercial PCBs mixtures). This method will allow for an accounting of the different congeners in the risk calculations. Today the major source of ambient PCBs exposure seems to be environmental cycling of PCBs previously released into the environment. About 450 million pounds have found their way into the environment. PCBs can be released into the general environment from poorly maintained toxic waste sites; by illegal or improper dumping of PCBs wastes, such as transformer fluids; through leaks of fugitive emissions from electrical transformers containing PCBs; and by disposal of PCBs-containing consumer products in municipal landfills. A system of toxic equivalents (TEQs) is used to Standardize the reporting of concentration of dioxin and furan mixtures to reflect their toxic potential. 17 congeners, the 2,3,7,8 substituted compounds are assigned a weighed toxic equivalent factor: thus the most toxic, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, is assigned the factor 1, while OCDD, the least toxic is assigned 0.001. The measured quantity of each congener in the sample is multiplied by its toxic equivalent factor, and the products are summed to give the TEQ.

(2) Who is at risk?

There is a direct relationship between serum PCBs levels and the quantity of contaminated fish consumed. Recreational and subsistence fishers who eat large amounts of locally caught fish might be at increased risk for exposure to PCBs. Fetuses and neonates are potentially more sensitive to PCBs than are adults because the hepatic microsomal enzymes systems that facilitate the metabolism and excretion of PCBs are not fully functional. In addition, infants and young children consume a greater amount of food per kilogram of body weight and therefore have a proportionately greater exposure to PCBs than do adults eating food with same level of contamination, and there is placental transfer increasing the body burden. Persons living near incinerators, other PCBs-disposal facilities, or former hazardous waste sites at which PBCs have been found are also at increased risk for exposure. Because PCBs are metabolized mainly in the liver, persons with impaired hepatic function might be at

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increased risk because of their diminished ability to detoxify and excrete these compounds, as do those with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis. Similarly, because hepatic function normally declines with age, elderly persons are also more susceptible to the effects of PCBs exposure. Workers can inhale or have dermal contact with PCBs during the repair or routine maintenance of older equipment or electrical transformers and during accidents or spills involving PCBs. Exposure can also occur during the disposal of PCBs-containing materials at hazardous waste sites: Electric cable repair, electroplating, emergency response, firefighting, hazardous waste hauling/site operation, heat exchange equipment repair, maintenance cleaning, medical laboratory technician/technologist, metal finishing, non-cellulose fiber industry, paving and roofing, pipefitting/plumbing, semiconductor and related industries, timber products manufacturing, transformer/capacitor repair, and waste oil processing.

(3) Biologic fate

After first distributing preferentially to the liver and muscle tissue, PCBs are subsequently redistributed to the adipose tissue, skin and other fat-containing organs. The rate of individual congener metabolism depends on the number and position of chlorine atoms. In rats, the half-lives of PCBs congeners range from 1 to 460 days, depending on the degree of chlorination. In general less-chlorinated isomers are more readily metabolized than are more highly chlorinated congeners. Excretion of PCBs is very slow, so bioaccumulation occurs even at low exposure levels. Background levels of PCBs in human sera are typically <20 ppb and residues measured in human milk have values ranging from 40 to 100 ppb. Reported; levels in adipose tissue range from 1 to 2 ppm.

(4) Physiologic effects

1) Dermatologic effects Chloracne is the only overt effect of PCBs exposure in humans. In a person with PCBs-induced chloracne, the acneform lesions arise as a result of inflammatory responses to irritants in the sebaceous glands per orbital. The chin, periorbital, and malar areas is most often involved, although lesions might also appear in areas not usually affected by acne vulgaris (e.g., the chest, arms, thighs, genitalia, and buttocks). The most distinctive lesions are cystic and measure from 1 to 10 mm, although comedonal lesions can also be present. The cysts and comedones can become inflamed and secondarily infected, and papules and cysts can be surrounded by edema and erythema. Chloracne typically develops weeks or months after exposure. The lesions are often refractory to treatment and can last for years to decades. In addition to chloracne, hyper pigmentation of the skin, conjunctivae, gingival, and nails, have also been noted in some PCBs-exposed workers. 2) Reproductive and developmental effects Recent studies indicate that consumption of PCBs-contaminated fish can cause disturbances in reproductive parameters, although more research is required to assess this possibility and cause neurobehavioral and developmental deficits in newborns and older

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children. Prenatal exposure to PCBs from the mother's body burden, rather than exposure through human milk, is believed to account for the developmental effects of these compounds. Some evidence shows that menstrual cycle length can be reduced with increased PCBs intake, no significant association was found between low to moderate PCBs intake and clinically recognized spontaneous fetal death. Developmental and cognitive deficits were observed in the children of mothers who had eaten moderate to high amounts of contaminated fish during the 6 years preceding pregnancy and who continued to do so during pregnancy. Neurobehavioral deficits included depressed responsiveness, impaired visual recognition, and poor short-term memory. The infants born to mothers who had eaten the greatest amount of contaminated fish during pregnancy exhibited weaker reflexes, greater motor immaturity, and more pronounced startle responses than infants born to woman who had consumed less fish. Follow-up studies of the children have demonstrated that the effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs are persistent. 3) Endocrine effects PCBs have been identified as possible environmental endocrine modulators (chemicals that mimic or disrupt the action of naturally occurring hormones). PCBs exposure on endocrine function involves disturbances in processes normally mediated by thyroid and female sex hormones. The thyroid gland is an unequivocal target of PCBs in rats, and limited but corroborative occupational data indicate a potential for thyroidotoxic effects in humans Because thyroid hormones are essential for normal behavioral, intellectual, and neurologic development, it is possible that the deficits in learning, memory, and attentional processes observed in the offspring of PCBs-exposed women are partially or predominantly mediated by alterations in hormonal binding to the thyroid hormone receptor. Other subsets of PCBs congeners might interfere with the biological effects of estrogen. Depending on the spatial orientation of their chlorine constituents, some congeners exhibit weak estrogenic activity, whereas others act as antiestrogens.5) Endocrine effects 4) Hepatic effects Histologically documented liver damage is a consisted and prominent finding among PCBs-exposed animals; however, no evidence of hepatic dysfunction or overt hepatotoxicity has been seen in PCBs-exposed workers. Asymptomatic hepatomegaly has been reported in exposed workers, many of whom had concomitant elevated serum PCBs levels. Strong evidence shows that exposure to PCBs can increase serum liver enzyme levels. Some researchers believe that asparatate aminotransferase (SGOT or AST) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP or GGT) are the most sensitive indicators of PCBs exposure in humans, and that changes in these enzymes can occur at exposure levels below those at which chlorance appears. Increases in urinary porphyrin levels were noted in a study of workers with low-level PCBs exposure, an effect that is believed to be secondary to the induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. Total bilirubin levels exhibit a positive correlation, and serum albumin a negative correlation, with serum PCBs levels. Microsomal enzyme induction by PCBs has been observed in the liver of humans and in extrahepatic tissues of animals. Enzyme induction may affect how rapidly both endogenous (e.g. hormones) or exogenous substances (drugs, environmental metabolites, etc.) are metabolized.

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5) Carcinogenicity In studies of occupationally exposed workers, increases in the incidence of malignant melanoma and cancers of the liver, gall bladder, biliary tract, and brain have been reported. In persons without known occupational exposure to PCBs, elevations in the serum PCBs level have been associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Because of their estrogenic properties, PCBs have also been proposed as possible inducers of breast cancer; however, the results of epidemiologic studies in PCBs-exposed women have been inconsistent. Data from animal studies have clearly shown that PCBs cause hepatocarinomas, pituitary tumors, leukemia, lymphomas, and gastrointestinal tract tumors. On the basis of these data, EPA considers PCBs a probable human carcinogen. 6) Other effects Adults who ate fish from PCBs-contaminated waters had significantly greater motor retardation, poorer results on certain tests of memory and attention, and higher scores on a standardized confusion scale than did controls, and these neurologic deficts were directly related to the frequency of fish consumption. In a study of persons living near a hazardous waste site, the incidence of borderline and definite hypertension was 30% greater among PCBs-exposed persons than among controls. Immune system effects reported in PCBs-exposed populations have included decreases in natural killer cell count, decreases in antibody levels, alterations in the ratio of helper to killer T-cells, and decreases in monocyte and granulocyte counts. Appetite loss has been reported in transformer and electrical equipment manufacturing workers exposed to various PCBs-containing mixtures. Other nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, epigastria distress and pain, and intolerance to fatty foods.

(5) Clinical evaluation

A detailed history will facilitate the diagnosis of chronic PCBs poisoning. Pertinent information includes occupational histories of all household members as well as information on the patient's medications and diet. During the physical examination, physicians should pay particular attention to the skin and hepatic systems. 1) Signs and symptoms Acute exposure The only overt sign of PCBs exposure is chloracne, Acneform lesions do not appear in all severely exposed patients, so the absence of chloracne dose not rule out exposure. Elevated liver enzymes are the most sensitive indicator of PCBs exposure in animals, and alterations in AST (SGOT), GGT (GGTP), bilirubin, and albumin levels have been consistently reported in human epidemiologic studies. Hepatomegaly has also been noted in some PCBs-exposed workers. Chronic exposure Many people who are chronically exposed to PCBs exhibit no overt signs or symptoms of toxicity. In persons with hepatic involvement, signs of PCBs exposure can include weight loss, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and abdominal pain. Headache, dizziness, and edema have also been reported.

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(6) Laboratory tests

Serum or adipose tissue PCBs levels can indicate exposure, but they are difficult to interpret clinically. In all but the most extreme cases, therefore, the diagnostic workup should be limited to liver function tests and dermatologic examination, with skin biopsy of lesions. PCBs accumulate in breast milk, and breast-fed infants might be at additional risk because human milk contains a steroid that inhibits PCBs metabolism and excretion. Elevated hepatic enzyme levels are of limited value in diagnosing exposure to PCBs.

(7) Treatment and management

1) Acute exposure In the event of PCBs splashes in the eyes, irrigate with tepid water immediately for at least 15 minutes, and follow with ophthalmic evaluation. Remove contaminated clothing and discard properly. Gently wash affected skin with soap and warm water for at least 15 minutes. In case of ingesting PCBs-containing substances induce vomiting if the patient is conscious. Gastric lavage can be subsequently administered at a medical facility. Activated charcoal has not been proven beneficial, but is not contraindicated. Exposed persons should have periodic follow-up examinations with particular attention to hepatic function and dermal lesions. 2) Chronic Exposure The goal of treatment in chronically exposed patients is to prevent any additional exposure to PCBs. No specific treatment exists for chronic exposure to PCBs, because no known methods exist for reducing the reserves of PCBs in adipose tissues. In fact, PCBs stored in fat can be mobilized by the patient's crash dieting. Initial treatment of chloracne is based on cessation of exposure, good skin hygiene, and dermatologic measures commonly used for acne vulgaris.

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1.4 Electrical Transformers

(1) Introduction

The determination of the extent of the PCBs problem is conditioned by the uncertain value of the estimation obtained by the inventories implemented in accordance with current regulations. The uncertainty derives from several reasons, such as the scarce interest that the holder of the substances and materials contaminated by PCBs has in reporting them, since from this action derive the obligations for a series of periodical checks, a special maintenance to the extent of decontamination. The users of large generation and distribution systems and large transmission networks of electric power can rely on elements of knowledge such as statistics of failures, inspections performed after events, monitoring systems etc., to evaluate the operational state of the equipment and insulating liquids. In case the holder is not in the position to comply with the conditions described here above, the transformer should be decontaminated or disposed of at once. Transformers containing PCBs or PCBs-containing liquid should regularly be submitted to two types of monitoring: visual and analytical tests. Such transformers should be submitted to more stringent maintenance programs than those considered as not contaminated by PCBs in order to minimize unreasonable risks to the workers, the public health and environment. Local regulations should be strictly followed. In the majority of cases, the equipment subject to diagnosis, transformers, is filled with dielectric liquids providing insulation and cooling. The main element of the insulating system, however, is provided by Kraft paper, cellulosic insulator. Also, other solid materials impregnated by oil are present, cardboard, wood, etc. Electrical and mechanical, vibrations, as well as thermal and chemical oxidation stresses cause a degradation of all the elements of the insulating system. The degradation of Kraft paper and solid insulators is generally caused by thermal events, localized or extensive, and by mechanical stress, vibration of windings. The degradation of the paper does not lead to immediate and significant losses of its insulating features, but to a weakness and decay of its mechanical properties. The degradation of insulating oil is caused by physical and chemical processes: temperature and contact with air and atmospheric moisture favor oxidation phenomena and the contamination of the oil by agents decaying the insulating features, moisture, particles, dust, etc. The presence of metal elements facilitates the formation of conductive polar compounds or the generation of particularly aggressive substances, corrosive sulphur. Each material generates compounds specific of its chemical structure and of a type and intensity of the abnormal event it is exposed to. All degradation compounds, irrespective of the physical position in the transformer originating them, are dissolved or dispersed into the insulating liquid. Mineral insulating oil and paper itself originate hydrocarbon gases, methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, and hydrogen, carbon monoxide and dioxide as a consequence of

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thermal and/or electrical stresses they are subject to. The paper and cardboard making the insulation of electrical equipment are a further source for the production of gases, as well as a minor quantity of furanic derived.

(2) Evaluation of degradation

By evaluating the type of dissolved gases, the relevant concentrations, the rate of formation and the trends, it is possible to diagnose the presence of an eventual malfunction: over heating, hot spots in the core or plates, concentrations of flow, partial discharges at low or high energy intensity, short circuits among windings, high intensity energy discharges. Other parameters provide specific indications about the chemical-physical state of degradation of the oil or the presence of external contaminations: presence of moisture, particles, dissipation factor, delta tangent at 90oC, can heavily influence the insulating features of the oil. The neutralization number pH, aspect and color of the oil provide indications on the level of oxidation. The presence of metallic elements in the oil, total and corrosive sulphur, provide evaluations about the presence of corrosion phenomena, wear or degradation of mechanical components, tap changer selector, and parts or the tank or accessories. The opportunities provided by current diagnostic techniques, eventually supported by further on-line monitoring techniques, with united operation, or off-line, tests of unit in electrical and/or electrometrical nature requiring the de-energizing of the transformer, allow taking informed decisions and implementing effective strategies for the management of the fleet of equipment.

(3) Obligations of disposal

Equipment subject to inventory containing insulating liquids with a concentration of PCBs above 0.005% by weight, when reaching the end of their operating life should be disposed of or decontaminated. The disposal of used PCBs should be performed in compliance with local legislation regarding the disposal of hazardous waste. The separation of PCBs from other substances with the purpose of recovering and reusing the some PCBs is forbidden. The mixing of PCBs with other substances or fluids is prohibited. The dilution of PCBs is prohibited. The storage of PCBs' waste cannot be considered as disposal. Any temporary storage and disposal of waste containing PCBs should be performed according to local regulation as well as the Best Available Techniques (BAT). Concentration of less than 25 ppm PCBs is considered disposable as used oil and less than 10 ppm is approved for landfill according to Italian legislation.

(4) General diagnosis

The benefits provided by a diagnostic coverage through time, typically a 3-year program, provide prevention of direct indirect and environmental damages, planning priorities for maintenance interventions, repair, replacement, etc, reduction of maintenance, costs,

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reduction of insurance, premiums, reduction of failures and loss of production, a general improvement of efficiency and reduction of general operating cost.

(5) Inventory

The communication required by the inventory should provide the following information: - Name or company name and address of the holder. - Type of insulating liquids and concentration of PCBs contained by the equipment. - Location and description of the equipment or container. - Dates and types of decontamination/disposal done or planned. - Quality of insulating liquids and concentration of PCBs held in containers. The quantity of insulating liquid is the total mass of insulating liquid contained by the equipment or container. Concentration of PCBs is the concentration by weight of PCBs measured in the insulating liquid. For equipment containing PCBs in concentration exceeding 50 mg/kg, 0.005%, but lower than 500 mg/kg, 0.05%, the notification of the information reference points 1 and 2 is sufficient. The inventory of equipment should be made updated every two years and should be resubmitted for updating when a change in the number of equipment or containers with PCBs as well as the quantity and concentration of PCBs they contain, occurs.

(6) Sampling

The representative sampling of the insulating liquid is preferably taken through the lower value, for equipment equipped with it, and through the expansion tank, conservator, for equipment not equipped with lower value or difficult to access. In case the sampling materials are reused, they must be properly decontaminated prior to a new sampling operation.

(7) Visual inspection

A visual inspection is recommended to evaluate possible spills from the equipment, their amount and the relevant counter-measures to be taken to ensure the protection of the environment. At regular intervals PCBs containing transformers should be visually inspected. Such inspections include: transformer identification, leakages, liquid level, driers (silica get) state, paint stripping and corrosion, traces of dischargers in insulators, abnormal vibrations and noise, date of inspection. In case of severe faults, leakages, tank corrosion, the transformer should be disposed of immediately according to local regulations. The periodic visual inspection should be annual and performed by personnel properly trained, targeted toward the visual identification of the good operating conditions of the transformer. For transformers up to 36 KV, the designation should be at least every 6 years for the aspect and color of insulating liquid, the breakdown voltage at industrial frequency, the water content, the neutralization number (acidity)and the dielectric dissipation factor (delta tangent). These prescriptions are not always applicable for sealed transformers.

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(8) Labelling

The labelling should include the following indications: name or company of the holder of the equipment, hazard symbols of the substance and indication of risks and caution recommendations the label should be printed in a readable and permanent manner or material, rigid plastic, aluminum, etc., capable of keeping unchanged the above features under the effect of environmental agents, climate, light, dusts, etc, present on the site where the equipment is installed. The label should be installed an all equipment containing PCBs having a total volume exceeding 5 dm3/5l, and on the access door to the rooms where the equipment is located. For equipment containing PCBs in a concentration exceeding 50 mg/kg but lower than 500mg/kg, besides the above mentioned label, a second label reading, “Contamination by PCBs lower than 0.05%”, should be installed. Such label should be printed in a readable and permanent manner, as the preceding one, and can be installed separately or as an appendix to the label previously described. 1) Labeling of decontaminated transformers After the decontamination, transformers containing PCBs should be marked by a permanent label, printed in high relief and indented providing a clear and readable manner the wording: Transformer Containing PCBs Decontaminated, as well as the following data: The identification of the replacing fluid, in case of decontamination by treatment of the oil, without replacing it, example by dehalogenation, indicate" same fluid dehalogenated" the date in which the decontamination has been carried-out, the company that has performed the decontamination, the concentration of PCBs prior to the decontamination, expressed in percentage by weight, the concentration of PCBs at least after 50 days after the decontamination, expressed in percentage by weight. In case the equipment, decontaminated from PCBs, is composed of physically separated elements, radiators, on-load tap-changers, expansion tank, etc., located in separate areas/ rooms, the label should be applied to each element of the equipment decontaminated.

(9) Reporting

During their life span, apparatus containing PCBs mush be subject to measures capable of preventing degradation process and the spilling of PCBs, to ensure the protection of workers, public health and the equipment. It is appropriately considered to create a file for each equipment or a composite ensemble belonging to a single functional unit containing PCBs. The file composes of the records of inspection, control, and current maintenance activities carried out on the equipment and insulating liquids, included in the field of application. The compilation of the records of maintenance activities, inventory, inspections, sampling, test report, maintenance, decontamination, transportation, disposal, can also be done by specific database and proper format documents for proper records. Such operations should be carried out by qualified apparatus and expertise, properly trained. The testing activities should be assigned to laboratories with expertise and competence in the specific sector and operating in accordance with the best qualified requisites.

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(10) Condition of operation and maintenance of PCBs contaminated transformers

The operation of the transformers is possible only when all the following conditions occur: - No leakages are in progress, the presence of sweating is not considered a leakage. - They are in good operating condition. - They have been originally filled with insulating liquids complying with standards. - The insulating liquid, PCBs or mineral oil contaminated by PCBs, thereby contained has being subject to periodic checks, even on a statistical basis, and found to comply with the applicable technical specifications relative to the dielectric quality. In particular, mineral oils contaminated by PCBs should comply with standards. In the case of Askarel, such insulating liquid should comply with standards. Insulating liquids not corresponding to the classification of Askarel or mineral oil, silicon oils, esters, etc., should comply with the requisites prescribed by the relevant applicable technical standards. In case tests and periodic inspections of equipment containing PCBs show functional troubles, damages, spills or degradation of the dielectric features of the insulating liquids, the appropriate corrective actions should be implemented. The maintenance of transformers containing PCBs may continue only if the objective is to ensure that the PCBs they contain comply with technical standards or specifications regarding dielectric quality and provided that the transformers are in good working order and do not leak. The degradation process of the materials of the equipment and spillage of PCBs liquids into the environment is estimated at about 0.1 -0.5% yearly of the average volume filling the unit.

(11) Financial Contest

Quite important is the technical analytical feature. The gathering of information is the basic instrument for an inventory of PCBs. However, it is also true that the legislator, over the years, has very often anticipated the analytical technical resources, leaving unavoidable regulatory vacuums in the area of the determination of the substances under scrutiny. Afterward, problems relative to the interventions prescribed by law are encountered, decontamination and/or disposal. Finally, all the considerations relative to the costs of these operations are complied adding a heavy financial burden, at low and medium term, for the users. These considerations shift the "environmental problem" under a more global vision of "asset management" for which it is important to analyze deeply the technical and scientific resources available , providing the organization of the inventory of the subjects and the subsequent interventions , through an effective strategy, technically accurate and financially sustainable. The financial value of the assets typically involved by an inventory of PCBs is very high, considering, for example, power transformers. The precise and effective discrimination of their level of contamination or non-contamination, or the diagnosis of the level of functional degradation and residual life are key factors in the financial management of the assets of the fleet of equipment. Electrical transformers represent a fundamental resource inside production, transmission and distribution electricity systems, as well as industrial production systems. The machine down situation of such equipment, especially grid power transformers, causes high costs for repair

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interventions and in terms of lack of income. The vision for asset management described is then completed by a focalization on the diagnosis of the functional degradation and evaluation of the residual life of equipment and fluids. The implementation of systematic diagnostic inspections capable of identifying the presence of incipient malfunctions or failures is of fundamental importance toward the reduction of the rate of machine-down within physiological limits, as well as directing the programming of maintenance interventions, thus minimizing operational costs. Two alternatives should be considered to manage fluids and equipment contaminated by PCBs, the incineration technology and the continuous mode decontamination/ dehalogenation technology, since landfilling is not a valid solution, both for the environmental impact and the recovery of resources. The technical features and the operational parameters of each technology, to be evaluated for environmental purposes in the budget, are summarized as follows:- · Efficiency and speed in eliminating the PCBs · Investment and running costs · Prices for disposal · By-products generated by the treatment · Principle of proximity · Level of environmental compatibility · Effects on human health An incinerator deals only with waste, whereas a mobile decontamination unit (DMU) can also decontaminate/dehalogenate equipment and fluids still in operation. Consequently, the comparison cannot be made only under the point of view of elimination of the PCBs, but must also consider the string of value associated to other factors, such as environmental impact and social/ financial implications linked to the life cycle of transformers/equipment in operation filled or contaminated by PCBs. Incinerators are generally part of large fixed platforms treating several types of dangerous waste. The investment cost for an incinerator is in the range of tens of million dollars, whereas the cost of a DMU unit is around USD 200,000 to 250,000 per unit of treatment. However, the financial side should not be limited to just the comparison of market prices, since the choice of technology implies different consequences such as the functional recovery of the equipment in one case and the replacement of assets and materials in the other. To create social consensus by implementing a new culture for energy and the environment the objectives under this perspective should be: · Protection of company assets · Being more self-sufficient and integrated in technological processes and operational methods · Grab quickly all new market opportunities (Green Business) in terms of ; Creation of mosaic of synergies for new (Green Markets) ,Generation of new jobs for young people (Green Jobs), improve added value and profitability ( Green Money).

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1.5 Safety Management

In all cases of accidents national/local authorities must be notified in accordance with current regulations. The staff properly trained to contain spills and/or performing interventions on failed equipment must be provided with the appropriate personal safety equipment. Possible types of accidents involving equipment and insulating liquids containing PCBs include: cold events of low entity, such as dripping and confined spills; cold event of major entity, such as the breaking of the tank and not confined spills with an impact on the environment; hot events, much as fires and the formation of highly dangerous products, having an elevated impact on the environment, such as PCDDs, 75 possible congeners, and PCDFs, 135 possible congeners originated by uncontrolled thermal oxidation reactions by PCBs. The comparative evaluation of risks associated with PCDDs and PCDFs and the various commercial mixtures of PCBs, Aroclor, should be carried out as a function of the relevant equivalent toxicities, TEF with respect to 2, 3,7,8-TCDD, as pointed out by World Health Organization (WHO).

(1) Personal protection devices

During the activities related to inspection, control, current maintenance, decontamination and general handling of equipment and insulating liquids containing PCBs, appropriate individual protection devices should be adopted. The type of protection device should be chosen as a function of the risks correlated with the activity to be performed and the risks existing on the site and/or connected with other work operations possibly present. In case of risk of contact with contaminated insulating liquids or surfaces, oil-proof gloves, protection glasses or screens, oil-proof overalls or aprons should be used. During normal operations for maintenance, elimination of leakages or transfer of insulating liquid, respiratory protection devices are not necessary, since the vapor pressure of PCBs at ambient temperatures is very low. Appropriate devices for respiratory protection should be used when Askarel is present, under the following particular circumstances: possible inhalation of gases produced by electric arc; possible contact with degradation products of Askarel in case of fire; presence of Askarel sprayed as a result of leakage; presence of Askarel in small and confined spaces; presence of solvents used for cleaning and washing with hydrochloric acid such as HCl.

(2) Handling and transportation

The handling of equipment containing PCBs requires the same precautions prescribed for the handling of normal oil-filled equipment, since no risk is known for human health or the environment, as long as the PCBs stay inside the equipment. In case the handling could involve considerable risk of breakage of the tank /container, appropriate supplementary measures should be implemented to prevent spilling contaminated liquids into the environment. The transportation of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs is designated as transportation of hazardous goods, thus is regulated by specific rules depending upon the mode of transportation, such as road, railway, waterways, sea or air. The international regulations are made to prevent damages to persons, carriers, loads and the environment, regarding appropriate packaging, labelling, characteristics of the carrier, modes of transportation,

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loading and unloading procedures and training of the personnel involved. On-the-road transportation is subject to the regulation under scrutiny ,which also include exceptions when all measures ensuring that such transportation is taking place under complete safety, and in case of transportation of PCBs in single containers with a maximum volume of 500 ml each, enclosed in the further outer packaging for a maximum of 2 L. The transportation of PCBs or equipment containing PCBs finalised toward the decontamination or disposal should be accompanied by a Waste Identifications Form, from which the quantities, mass, origin, nature and concentration of PCBs being transported are described. Such transportation should be carried out by subjects enrolled in the Register of Companies Authorized to Manage Waste, for the specific category and the relevant waste identification codes.

(3) Operation and maintenance

The maintenance of transformers containing PCBs may continue only if the objective is to ensure that the PCBs they contain comply with technical standards or specifications regarding dielectric quality and provided that the transformers are in good working order and do not leak. (Council Directive 96/59/EC Article 4.3)

(4) Internal failure with breakage of the equipment / container

In case of an internal failure of an equipment containing PCBs with the breakage of the external shell and spillage of contaminated liquid, the following precautions are recommended: · Do not electrically reenergise the equipment. · Inform the management in charge of the system. · Disconnect the equipment from the power line to put it under safe conditions. · Implement measures capable of mitigating the spill and containing liquid spilled, in case appropriate procedures and instruments for the interventions or adequate know-how are not available, call qualified operators. · Bund the zone involved and prohibits access to unauthorized personnel. · Decontaminate the equipment / container prior to any repair intervention or disposal in accordance with current regulation relative to waste. · Evaluate the concentration and the extension of the possible contamination of the environmental matrices involved, surfaces, soil, water, etc. · Recover /decontaminate the area involved by the spill of insulating liquid and verify the efficiency of the recovery on the environmental matrices involved, in accordance with the applicable specific standards. · Dispose of materials contaminated by PCBs residue of the operations for the containment, mitigation and decontamination in accordance with the regulations applicable for hazardous waste.

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(5) Fires

Under fire conditions, PCBs can develop highly dangerous substances for mankind and the environment such as Dioxins and furans, Polychlorinated dibenzgodioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated dibenzofurns (PCDFs), originated by reactions from uncontrolled thermal oxidation of PCBs. In case of accident with the burning of equipment containing PCBs, with the breaking of the outer tank and spillage of contaminated liquid, the following precautions are recommended: · Leave at once and evacuate the area involved by fumes. · Notify the event to the subjects responsible for the management of the installation and the fire department, specifying the nature of the fire and the substances involved. · Implement temporary measures to contain the contamination of adjacent areas, in case appropriate procedures and equipment for the intervention or adequate know-how are not available, call immediately qualified operators. · Cordon-off the zone involved and prohibit access to unauthorized personnel. · Decontaminate the equipment prior to any repair or disposal in accordance with current legislation related to waste. · Reclaim /decontaminate the area involved by the spill of insulating liquid and check the effect of the reclaiming /decontamination on the environmental matrices involved, in accordance with current regulations. · Dispose of materials contaminated by PCBs residue of the containment, mitigation and decontamination operations in accordance with the regulations applicable for wastes.

(6) Actions in case of accidents

In case of an accident involving equipment and/or liquids containing PCBs, it is required that immediate respective actions; are implemented toward the solution of the most critical situations, to prevent the worsening of the risks, protecting the people and environmental assets involved, avoiding delays, waste of resources and the generation of confusion or panic. As a function of the seriousness of the event, it is possible to identify the following logic phases and physical actions; discovery and notification of the event to the competent authorities, preliminary identification and diagnosis of the nature of the event and risks, containment and mitigation of the propagation of the contamination, decontamination and/or elimination, final evaluation and service restore.

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1.6 Destruction and Decontamination

“Without prejudice to their international obligations, members states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that used PCBs are disposed of and PCBs and equipment containing PCBs are decontaminated or disposed of as soon as possible. For the equipment and the PCBs contained therein, which are subjected to inventory in accordance with Article 4 (1), decontamination and/or disposal shall be effected at the latest by the end of 2010.”2 The treatment of PCBs and PCBs contaminated used insulating liquids has to be done with proper care. Experienced and qualified personnel well aware of the health and environmental risks associated should always perform oil treatment. Full risk assessment should always be undertaken before commencing any treatment. Strict control should be undertaken in order to avoid cross contamination by PCBs and to avoid accidental spills to the environment. Pipes, pumps, and hoses should be carefully inspected for tightness. Treatments are usually carried out with special attention to avoid emissions to the atmosphere. The decontamination activities should utilize the Best Available Technique (BAT) to ensure through time, during the residual life of equipment and insulating liquids, the quality of dielectric performances, the good functional state of the equipment itself, to minimize production of waste, or spent materials and to dispose of waste strictly according to local regulations. Also safety measures should be taken to avoid any damage to the equipment itself. Due care should be taken when working with hot oil. Workers should use appropriate personal protective equipment. The treatment criteria for the definition of priorities and decontamination programs consider the following indicators: type, dimension and total mass of the equipment, installation of the equipment, financial value of the equipment and disposal/elimination cost, quantify of insulating liquid and concentration of PCBs contained by the equipment, state of degradation and critical incidence on functional efficiency, possible coincidence of the decontamination with other maintenance interventions, and impact on the environment associated with possible failures of the equipment and subsequent spill of contaminated liquid. Destruction and decontamination techniques should be privileged, as fully responding to the priority principles of safety, continuity of operation, proximity, self-sufficiency and functional re-use. Decontaminations should be performed by operators authorized by local authority. It is recommended that the decontaminations activities should be assigned to operators with proven expertise and competence in the specific sector and possessing instrumental resources and professional skills documented and correlated to the type of process being implemented. The personnel should possess specific training and formation of handling of hazardous substances and the control of other risks possibly present in performance of the activity, among which the risk of electrocution. Table 1.1 shows the outline of type of treatment methods with each advantage and disadvantage. In the following section, some of deconstruction and decontamination measures are introduced.

2 Council Directive 96/59/EC Article 3

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Table 1.2 Outline of PCBs Destruction and Decontamination Processes Process Waste Types Advantages Disadvantages Accepted Incineration Oils, Residues from High destruction PCB content only as a Separation Processes efficiencies achieved, fuel. PCB-containing meeting legal Costly, especially if Waste Equipment requirements, from any of wastes have to be the range of PCBs and shipped off-site. waste inputs rendering Incineration can attract products safe. public opposition. Facilities can treat a range of wastes, both chlorinated and non-chlorinated. Chemical Treatment Liquid PCBs De-chlorinated oil can be Need to establish used for other purposes, treatment conditions for e.g. lubricating oil. individual components. Plasma Arc Systems Liquid PCBs and Low process inventory. Limited operational Pump able Solids experience of plasma systems for waste treatment. Source: Inventory of World-wide PCB Destruction Capacity (1998) UNEP

(1) Decontamination processes

· Physical-chemical decontamination processes targeted toward the elimination of hazardous and persistent compounds, dehalogenation. · Change of the contaminated insulating liquids with others having the same or better functional and environmental features. The achievement of the objectives set by decontamination operations, to be checked after the intervention, through diagnostic tests of the concentration of PCBs at the end of the decontamination and after a period of at least 3 months from the re-commissioning of the equipment, under service conditions. The decontamination process for mineral insulating oil, can be performed both in "off-site", an equipped site different from the location of installation of the equipment containing PCBs, and “on-site”, at the site where they are installed. The off-site application is conditioned by the technical and financial feasibility for a safe handling and transportation of the equipment and liquids containing PCBs, to the decontamination installation. The later processes, according to Best Available Techniques (BAT) can be preformed with the following methods: refilling, in one or more cycles, selective adsorption on solid media and other methods with the same technical and safety performances. The delivery of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs to companies performing their decontamination in locations different from the site of installation of the equipment should result from the identifications form for waste and the waste input/output register in compliance with local regulations in the area of wastes. In case of transboundary movements, the Basel Convention applies.

(2) Destruction and decontamination technologies

During the last 20 years or so, several methods for the decontamination and disposal of PCBs and correlated compounds have been developed and implemented on an industrial scale

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worldwide. They include incineration, photolysis, radiolysis, dechlorination, and bio-chemical treatment. Close-loop chemical dehalogenation is of particular interest, since it provides the protection of equipment in operation, thus conserving high valued resources. Until 1996, the main technical option used in Europe to dispose of PCBs was thermal destruction and the only approved facilities were in France, UK and Finland. With the promulgation of directive 59/96, documentation processes have been introduced in the legislation. The techniques on the market for handling of PCBs can be divided into four categories: land filling, thermal treatments, designated as "destructive techniques' since it is impossible to recover fluids and solids being treated, chemical-physical treatments, designated as 'recovery techniques' since they provide, in most instances, a full or partial recovery of oil and equipment, refilling or change of the initial fluid with a non-contaminated one. There are also technologies to separate PCBs from the other parts of the transformer before definitive disposal, thus recovering valuable materials, copper, iron, etc., and sending PCBs to controlled disposal. The application of these processes to equipment and liquids containing PCBs destined to disposal is conditioned, more than by technical limitations, by a financial balance between the cost of decontamination and lower charges for final disposal, with respect to the charges deriving from the disposal of waste as is. The decontamination process should make systems, equipment, objects, substances and insulating liquids containing PCBs reusable, recyclable or disposable under the best conditions. Member States should take the necessary measures to ensure that transformers containing more than 0.05% by weight of PCBs are decontaminated under the following conditions: the objective of the decontamination must be to reduce the level of PCBs to less than 0.05% by weight and, if possible, to no more than 0.005% by weight. In general, a residual concentration of PCBs below 0.005% by weight is recommended: in fact, the equipment decontaminated in this manner is no further subject to any decontamination obligation, disposal, commercialization or limitation of use prescribed by local legislation. The effectiveness of the decontamination process can be verified after at least 90 days in service from the end of the decontamination. After such period the level of PCBs is considered stabilized, meaning that it is possible to scientifically predict that it will not be subject to further variations. 1) Controlled incineration: Thermal destruction processes Incineration is a highly efficient technology for the disposal of PCBs with a considerable impact on the environment in terms of emissions, energy requirement to provide very high temperatures more than 1,200oC and occupation of territory, several hectares, for logistics and plants. By temperatures exceeding 1,200oC with times exceeding 2-3 seconds, a 99.9999% decomposition can be achieved. Incineration remains the most efficient technique for the disposal of pure PCBs waste, since it can treat all contaminated matrices in whatever concentration, keeping always the same range of effectiveness. When the thermal oxidation process occurs in inappropriate conditions, such as wrong value of temperatures, detention time and turbulence during the process, there is a high probability of formation and diffusion of very toxic substances such as polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). It has been reported that about 0.004% of PCBs introduced into an incinerator can be converted into PCDDs and about 0.001% into

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PCDFs. Thus regulations prescribe a very alternative monitoring process, resulting in higher operating costs. The products of full combustion include chloridic acid, carbon dioxide and steam, all stable and non-toxic substances. One way to reduce the impact of incinerator is the recovery of some by-products, particularly chloridic acid. This technique is implemented by some installations. Also, as by-products, there are sludge, ashes and fumes as well as liquids. The by-products are classified as waste, subject to specific regulations, thus it is required that they are made inert in order to landfill them and just in few cases they are treated for any recovery. Modern incineration systems are equipped with sophisticated systems for the control and destruction of micro pollutants, such as scrubbers, washing towers, post-heating of fumes to be evacuated to prevent condensation in the chimney. Electrical equipment must be properly pre-conditioned in appropriate installations before being disposed. These preliminary operations include: collecting, temporary stocking, draining and transfer of liquids containing PCBs and the preparation of the solid waste by cutting into proper sizes, etc. In the incineration process energy is recovered from the combustion gases, used to pre-heat the materials to be incinerated and/or to power heat generators or power plants. An interesting method to incinerate dangerous waste, including PCBs is also the possibility of using cement kilns. The main advantages are: · Limited investments required through the use of existing installations, thus providing a considerable saving in relation to other solutions requiring the development of new plants. Also, the use of fluids contaminated by PCBs is a partial substitute for normal fuel. The possibility of replacing virgin fuel with fuel deriving from waste, resulting in savings on the energy bill and the costs of disposal. · The alkaline materials of the cement neutralize the acids generated during the combustion, as the absorption of the chloridic acid, with the reduction of the risk of corrosions, no requiring specific abatement sections. · The solid residues of the combustion are captured by the cement and the residual waste can be incorporated in the clinker without requiring further decontamination treatments. Thus, no production of ashes avoids the problem of disposal of solid residues; eventual heavy metals tend to be trapped in the product rather than being emitted with the fumes. · The complete destruction of PCBs thanks to elevated temperatures, from 1,370 to 1,440oC, since the production of cement requires a high thermal capacity not allowing sudden temperature changes in the kiln, thus sudden variations of temperature, being the base for the formation of dioxins, are prevented. Although it is mitigated by the recovery of energy, the environmental impact of incineration is considerable plus the high investment and running costs have limited its diffusion. Several problems related to are: handling, logistics, safety and monitoring and possible accumulations created by an excess of chlorine being treated are to be considered.

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2) Physical type processes: Refilling The most traditional techniques are based upon processes of a physical type in an open circuit through the change of the insulating liquid containing PCBs with new insulting liquid, free from PCBs, with feature compatible with type of equipment. 3) Chemical-physical treatments of PCBs Three treatments of equipment and oils contaminated by PCBs have the purpose of removing the chlorine presents in the molecules of the oil by removal/decomposition and its conversion into components having a greater bio-degradability and non-hazardous. The most currently studied chemical-physical processes are: catalytic hydrogenation, decontamination by metallic sodium and continuous dehalogenation. The criteria according to the “best sate of the art” for these operations are: · Strict control must be undertaken in order to avoid cross contamination by PCBs and to avoid accidental spills and dangerous emissions into the environment. Pipes, pumps and hoses must be carefully inspected for tightness. · Decontamination of oils containing PCBs. · On-site and off-site decontamination of PCBs contaminated oils are based on chemical reactions between PCBs and the reagent to remove the chlorine present and detoxify the oil. Off-site techniques are limited by considerations for the safe transportation of contaminated equipment and liquid to the factory and are the subject of local regulations. 4) Catalytic hydrogenation processes Such processes are done in hydrogen ambient with the presence of catalyst resisting chlorides as such catalyst dose not originated species such as PCDDs, PCDFs, sulphur oxides and nitrogen. Chloridic acid formed during the reaction is abated with the formation of an acid water residue. Traces of acid not intercepted in this section are eliminated by a subsequent neutralization section, with the production of a water solution and a hydrocarbon phase. Excess hydrogen, that has not reacted, can be recycled into the inlet flow into the reactor. The heat developed in the exothermal reaction is removed and partially reused to preheat the inlet flow. The process operates at high pressures of 50-60 bar and at temperatures of 200-250oC with a catalyst where as hydrogenation process occurs at a lower pressure and at higher temperature, about 900oC, using a similar catalyst. Both processes reach destruction efficiencies of 99.9 % for PCBs. High pressure reactors associate high risks for explosions and fire and require high investment costs. 5) Decontamination by metallic sodium and its derived The chemical destruction of PCBs by reagents based upon metallic sodium or its derived has a good level of efficiency if the oils and the equipment to be decontaminated have a low level of PCBs. These processes are typically applied in batch and use reagents based on metallic sodium, sodium hydride, lithium hydride and additives for the dehalogenation of PCBs in the oil. This type of processes is typically run under pressure and medium to high temperature, 150-300oC. This temperature is higher than the flash point of the oil, 140-150oC, and therefore, introduces subsequent safety risks. The main problem of this process is the necessity to eliminate all traces of moisture and air from the reactor to prevent side reactions with the danger of explosions and fire which lead to considerable

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damages to property and loss of lives. Due to the strong exothermal features of the reaction, very efficient cooling systems are required. 6) Dehalogenation process using polyethyleneglycol and potassium hydroxide (KPEG) This process, developed to overcome the problems associated with the use of metallic sodium, uses a liquid reagent based on polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and an alkaline metal hydroxide. The process is run at temperatures of 130-150oC, however, has a limited efficiency on some types of contaminants, e.g. Aroclor, 1242. Having critical points, these processes have a limited industrial applications: high investment cost like USD 1 million or more, high operating costs, requirement of well-trained operators, use of expensive reagents, high disposal costs, difficult access to the equipment, the large dimensions of plants, critical process parameters, high temperatures and pressures, and risk of explosion and fires. 7) Continuous dehalogenation in closed circuits It provides an extension of the life of the transformers, if still usable, period of use is usually 40 years. Thus, it prevents the creation of PCBs wastes to be disposed of. Also, it provides the disposal of decontaminated materials, once reaching their end-of-life limit, as non-dangerous waste, complying with the principle of protection of the environment by drastically reducing the reaction of large quantities of PCBs dangerous waste. It presents a negligible impact on the environment, since the limited gas emissions are eliminated during the degassing physical treatment of the oil. Also, environmental risks related to the implementation of chemical dehalogenation are negligible, especially considering the relatively mild operational conditions, temperature of 80-100oC, and for the exothermal feature of the dehalogenating reaction. The close-loop prevents draining of the equipment. The main advantage over incineration consists in the possibility of handling the mobile decontamination unit (DMU) on-site, and place them due to their compact dimensions and mass near the transformers, both large power transformers and medium/small size ones, also when accessibility to the site is difficult. Thus, this feature prevents the problems created by the handling of dangerous waste, in case of off-site treatment. Also, the criteria of sufficiency and proximity of the treatment are fulfilled. The duration of this treatment is the order of hours and depends upon the initial concentration of PCBs and the final value to be targeted for, as well as the quantity of oil to be treated. In the event of highly contaminated oils exceeding 2,500 ppm halogenated substances or other synthetic fluids, this process is not always applicable with one intervention only. Most recent dehalogenation processes use reagents providing less critical reactions, higher efficiency and lower operating costs. The reagent is a solid consisting of a high molecular weight glycol mixture, a mixture of bases and a radical promoter or other catalyst for chemical conversion of organic chlorine to inert salts, on a high surface area particulate support. The process normally runs at 80-100oC in a closed system without draining the oil or using auxiliary tanks, using the solvent capability of the oil for continuous extraction of PCBs from solid materials inside the equipment. The treatment provides a high efficiency, obtaining final values below statutory limits, typically less than 25 ppm or less than 10 ppm. The produced by-products are the "exhausted" reagents in quantities variable between 1 and 3% of the quantity of oil treated, depending on the initial level of concentration of PCBs and the final concentration targeted. The "exhausted" materials do not represent

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features designating them as dangerous waste, since the molecules of PCBs have been detoxified by the dechlorination and reduced to non-toxic potassium and calcium salts. 8) Comparatives of incineration and continuous dehalogenation technologies Incineration technologies have a higher impact on the environment than dehalognation, both for lesser use of territory, due to the size of the incineration plant and the relevant stoking areas, and the emission in the atmosphere of residual combustion gases, in spite of the implementation of advanced techniques and the low statutory limits for certain contaminating micro contaminants. Continuous dehalogenation has a very important value under a social and financial viewpoint, providing the functional recovery of resources, such as transformers and oil. The evaluations show that the optimized alternative is on-site decontamination by continuous dehalogenation, since it results in keeping the transformers in operation through end-of-life, and it is effective for levels of PCBs contamination up to 2,500 ppm. However, in case of strategic transformers with contamination levels of 2,500-10,000 ppm, the solution should be evaluated for multiple interventions at 3-6 months intervals. New developments are in progress to improve the efficiency, extension to different matrices and for all concentrations of PCBs and impact, regenerating the inorganic portion of exhausted reagents, destroying at the same time the organic portion, the residual oil. In case of France, considering the fleet of 545-610 transformers inventoried, it is possible to demonstrate the environmental costs of the two different approaches: emission into the

atmosphere of 26.52 M tons of CO2 resulting from retro-filling and incineration of waste versus 0.53 M tons generated during the dehalogenation with the continuous dehalogenation process equivalent to 2% of the amount produced by retro-filling and disposal.

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II Survey Work

2.1 Previous Inventory Survey

(1) Previous PCBs inventory survey efforts in Egypt

The effort of different committees and authorized responsible for studying and surveying PCBs have reached to non-actual data since the users of PCBs are reluctant to give any information because they have deficient background on the subject and they are under the impression that they might be subject to fires or any other liability . The Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs (MESA) has established the National Committee, which the Ministry of foreign Investments and Industries is a member to prepare the National Action Plan and other desk studies. These studies have concluded the following: · The Holding companies did not use PCBs in their different industrial activities. · PCBs could have been used in disinfection and air cooling activities in cooling towers under different t commercial names. · PCBs could be present in old high voltage transformers that have not yet been replaced. · PCBs were banned in the countries of origin. · Ministry of electricity survey indicates that no PCBs exist in the electricity sector so far expect for 3,666 capacitors and 26 transformers, which may contain PCBs, stored in the warehouse of the Alexandria electricity Distribution Company. · PCBs could be present in the industrial sector in the old high voltage transformers. · Elmaco, which is an Egypt based transformer and capacitor manufacturing company, indicated that they are no longer using PCBs in insulting heat exchange inside the transformers. · Ministry of Electricity indicated that all the in-service transformers that were installed starting from early 1980 do not contain PCBs. · PCBs could be present in the Egyptian market under different commercial names to be used not particularly as a dielectric material, but to be used in other applications according to their chemical properties.

(2) Mapping PCBs in environment of Egypt

The academic effort in Egypt is mainly directed to studying and mapping the spatial and temporal presence and trends of the PCBs in the environment of Egypt. Due to the lack of standardized methodologies or any monitoring network, it is difficult to use the existing data to provide exact conclusions on the spatial and temporal trends of PCBs.

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(3) Past and present PCBs usage in Egypt

PCBs have ideal properties for several industrial applications. PCBs are one of the most stable synthetic compounds, and show fire resistance, low electrical conductivity, high resistance to thermal breakdown, high degree of chemical stability, and resistance to many oxidants and other chemicals. Accordingly, PCBs were used in numerous electrical equipment and industrial applications because their properties made then ideal dielectric and heat transformer fluids. PCBs were used widely in transformers, capacitors, voltage regulators, hydraulic systems, small capacitors in fluorescent lighting ballasts, and heat transfer systems. In addition, PCBs were sometimes used in electrical cable, switches, breakers, vacuum pumps, gas turbines, natural gas pipelines, printing inks, and sealants.

(4) List of PCBs-containing appliances

Transformers and capacitors Transformers and capacitors, manufactured from the 1950s to the middle of 1980, may contain PCBs oil. Transformers can be found in power generation or distribution companies, rail road locomotive, industries with high power requirements, and storage yard. Small capacitors are built into electrical equipment fluorescent lights, televisions, microwave ovens and small motors. Large capacitors are used in electrical power systems, power distribution substations, large HVAC systems, and subway systems. Electrical appliances PCBs may be used in electrical appliances, manufactured between the 1950s and the middle of 1980, such as washing machines, dryers, microwave ovens, freezers, dishwashers and audio/visual devices, circuit breakers, voltage regulators, vehicle motor starters, electromagnets, fluorescent light ,ballasts, street lights and vacuum pumps. Hydraulic system PCBs were used in hydraulic system to reduce fire hazards in metal dye casting equipment, trim presses, Induction hardening machines, heat treating furnaces forge furnaces, forge presses. Heat transfer systems PCBs were used in heat transfer system to remove unwanted heat or to transfer heat from one place to another within a system. Other products containing PCBs Other products, which PCBs may be utilized in the past, are: investment casting wax, dyes for carbonless copy paper, windshield sealant and general sealants, lubricants, additives to transmission fluids, paints including marine paint, electrical cable insulation, gaskets, roofing materials, flame retardants, Inks, adhesives, polyolefin catalyst carriers, medium for microscopes, surfaces and metal coatings, wax extenders, and de-dusting agents.

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(5) PCBs used by local industries 3

PCBs producers were contacted to gather information about any PCBs mixtures that were used by local industries: Monsanto in USA (producer of Aroclor), Bayer in Germany, (producer of Clophen), Prodolec in France (producer of Phenoclor and Pyralene), Kanegafunchi chemical co. ltd. in Japan (Producer of Kaneclor-KG). Since the above companies were the main producers of different PCBs mixtures prior to 1980s, they were contacted to inform about the PCBs mixtures and PCBs quantities that they have been exported to Egypt and their past PCBs clients in Egypt. Based on the available data, it is difficult to confirm the quantities of PCBs that were exported to Egypt. Also, apart from manufacturing transformers, no statement can be made about industrial activities that used PCBs.

(6) PCBs re-using in Egypt 4

Since PCBs are very chemically and physically stable compounds with slow environmental and metabolic degradation. These properties have qualified them several other re-using opportunities in Egypt. Large amount of different types of transformer oils were sold out to the used-oil dealers during the period that many electricity companies were discarding their absolute equipment. The transformer oils which vary from colorless, yellow to red are used in different applications depending on their quality. They are used, for example, for soaking insulating fibers to enhance their properties. The low quality oils are converted to lubricants and greases that are used in different workshops in Cairo. PCBs are known in suburbs of Cairo as Zeit El Kahraba (Electricity Oil). During 1970s and 1980s, people used to use the transformer oils in their daily life. For example, it was good for the sewing machines since they do not collect dust. Zeit EL Kahraba was also used as vehicle motor-starters.

(7) PCBs containing transformers used in Egypt 5

Data about transformers containing PCBs that are currently present in Egypt were obtained from different sources such as local manufacturers, local agents, Ministry of foreign trade and industries, Ministry of electricity PCBs survey, Scrap Dealers. ABB International provided a list of their PCBs containing capacitors. ABB Egypt technical manager and commercial managers were reluctant to provide any information about any PCBs-containing transformers that were exported to Egypt through ABB. Elmaco was established in 1957. According to their technical manager, their market share is 90%. Elmaco used to manufacture PCBs-containing transformer, using Clophen, trade name of PCBs, until 1965. The factory production capacity by that time was about one to two transformers per month.

3,4,5 The information were collected by the local consultant hired by JICA Expert Team. 4 5

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Technical manager of Egypttrafo was aware that the transformers oil may contain PCBs, but he was assuming that the oil available in the market is PCBs free in exiting condition. They are using the oil produced by the Alexandria Mineral Oil Company. AREVA Egypt did not have any information on PCBs-containing transformers and capacitors. Their head office in France was contacted to inform about their previous products that were exported to Egypt that may contain PCBs. MATELEC which started manufacturing transformers in 1999 mentioned that they use Diala-B, which is a substitute for the PCBs-containing oils. Mourad El Nekheli mentioned that their transformers contain no oil since they are dry transformers. Currently, most transformers are filled with mineral oil or silence. However, such transformers may have been contaminated with PCBs through maintenance using used oil which may contains PCBs.

(8) PCBs-containing capacitors used in Egypt 6

There is very little information available on the name and type of capacitors manufactured with PCBs, because they have not been made for many years, and many of the manufacturers are no longer operating, so much information on products containing PCBs has been lost (Scottish Executive Environmental Group 2002). The manufacturers, agents and distributors of capacitors in Egypt were reluctant to provide specific information to avoid any liability. ARVEA Egypt did not have any information on this regard. Ducati, Italy, was contacted but no response was received. Eliaco “Al Iman for electrical Industries”, which is the agent of Arc Tronics, Italy, was not aware of the PCBs. After checking the technical specifications of the capacitors manufactured in Egypt, they confirmed that they do not use any PCBs and that the dielectric material that they use in poly propylene film. Elmaco mentioned that they never used PCBs in any of the capacitors they produced. El Eiman Electric Industrial Co. does not mention that their products do not contain PCBs but rather states that used dielectric material is polypropylene film.

(9) PCBs trade names of synonyms

Two useful documents, which provide information on the use of the trade names and the information on the nameplates in identifying PCBs-containing equipment: -UNEP chemicals Compilation of transformer Manufacturers, first issue, December 2006. -United States Environmental Protection Agencies PCBs Inspection Manual, August 2004.

6 The information were collected by the local consultant hired by JICA Expert Team.

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2.2 Previous Research Studies

(1) Introduction

Despite extensive studies, most of the data available deal with limited studies or hot spot situations. Localized inputs have been identified from freshwater discharges in coastal areas, e.g. Nile estuaries and coastal lakes, and near sewage outfalls from highly industrialized and populated cities. Data are often missing for certain compartments and geographical areas. The lack of standardized methodologies makes it difficult to compare and use existing data to provide exact conclusions on spatial and temporal trends. The lipophilic character of these substances causes them to be incorporated and accumulated in the tissues of living organisms leading to body burdens that pose potential risks of adverse health effects. In spite of these restrictions, available data indicate that it is unlikely that present levels would adversely affect marine organisms. The reported levels in fish and human milk samples suggest a concentration decline during the 1990s consistent with the global restrictions on the production or exportation of these compounds. A literature survey covering the years 1980-2001 shows accumulation of the higher number of domestic research references, of 30 published studies. A recent study indicated that combustion of domestic wastes is a potential source in the Egyptian environment with a decreasing abundance in the order PAHs > PCBs > DDTs > HCBs > chlordane > HCHs > endosulfan. There is no emission inventories of sources or release of PCBs in the Egyptian environment or any official data on stockpiles and disposal. No study has been performed in order to quantify major sources of PCDD/Fs. Egypt is a rapidly industrializing country with extensive use of chemicals and chemical products are imported per year into Egypt, representing approximately 95% in wide industrial sectors. About 50% of all industrial activity is concentrated in Greater Cairo and about 40% in Alexandria. The rest is in Delta and Upper Egypt and new industrial cities. Chemical industry is by far the main source of hazardous unintentional production of PCBs and wastes. Frequent problems have been faced by these industries in disposing of the hazardous waste they generate. Water pollution is affected from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and urban and industrial effluents.

(2) Concentration in abiotic compartments

Surficial sediments are considered the ultimate sink for many classes of anthropogenic contaminants. During the last two decades of the 20th century, environmental regulation has resulted in a reduction in the loading of waste from terrestrial sources. As sediments integrate pollutant loads over time, the distribution in coastal sediments allow the recognition of major inputs as well as the evaluation of their magnitude and area of influence. The presence of organochlorine compounds in stable level of concentrations in sediments shows that the sediment in the reservoir could act as non-point source, and has a potential to release the in-place contaminants causing adverse effects on organisms and to human health through trophic transfer and sustain aqueous contamination for a few years should their usage cease. Sediments constitute an important sink for organochlorine pesticides and PCBs entering the aquatic environment. PCBs, DDTs, HCBs and lindane have been extensively reported in sediments collected during the 1980s and 1990s. Localized inputs or 'hotspots' have been

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identified in the Nile River associated with agricultural practices, and near sewage outfalls from highly industrialized and populated cities, e.g. Cairo and Alexandria. However, beyond the zone of influence of these discharges, concentrations drop rapidly reflecting the enhanced sedimentation processes, which takes place at the freshwater- seawater interface. A number of studies have been performed during the last decade to analyze water samples for PCBs from different locations along River Nile and its branches. In general, the data showed higher concentrations at Kafr El Zayat City and indicated that Rosetta branch was more polluted than the Damietta branch due to effluents from a pesticide factory.

Table 2.1 Concentrations of PCBs (ng/l) during 1990s in Seawater Area Concentration Type Alexandria Coast 37-131 Ten congeners Abu Quir Bay 20-844 Aroclor 1260 EL-Max Bay 31-872 Aroclor 1260 El-Max pump station 310 Aroclor 1260 Edku Lake outlet 620 Aroclor 1260 El-Amira Drain 420 Aroclor 1260 Source : Assem O. Barakat, “Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Environment of Egypt (2004)”, Environment International

Table 2.2 Mean concentrations of PCBs (ng/g dry weight) during 1990s in Sediments Area Concentration Type Rosetta Branch ~ 780 Aroclor 1242 Damietta Branch ~ 180 Aroclor 1242 Lake Manzala ~ 140 Mixtures Lake Maryut ~ 120 Mixtures Abu Quir Bay ~ 370 Aroclor 1242 El-Max Bay ~ 200 Mixtures Cairo ~ 290 Mixtures Source : Assem O. Barakat, “Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Environment of Egypt (2004)”, Environment International

(3) Concentrations in biota

Extensive studies have been carried out within the last two decades on fish samples from the Nile River and its branches in the Delta region and coastal lakes. The latter are known to receive municipal, industrial and agricultural wastewater. Organisms inhabiting coastal areas have been proposed as sentinels for monitoring persistent toxic substances of land-based origin because they concentrate indicative hydrophobic compounds in their tissues, directly from water through respiration and through the diet. The "Mussel Watch Programs", which examine chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds in bivalves around the world, offer a way to identify persistent hot spots, as well as to investigate temporal trends in the marine environment over the long term. The program has not been implemented in the southeastern Mediterranean region yet. PCBs were found the second most predominant contaminants occurring in fish samples indicating that they are ubiquitous contaminants in the coastel marine environment of Egypt after DDT. High concentrations in the range 180-227 ng/g ww, reposted as Aroclor 1248 and 26-90 ng/g ww, six congeners, were found in fish samples from El-Max and Abu Quir,

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respectively. Aroclor 1248 levels were reported in the range 17-31 ng/g ww in fish and 19-46 ng/g ww in bivalves from coastal areas in Egypt. Marine paints are important sources for these findings7. Food is a main vector of PCBs and especially from animal origin. The mean concentrations of PCBs in 86 samples of milk and dairy products, milk powder, hard cheese and soft Damietta cheese, collected randomly a decade ago from markets in Egypt were reported in the range 17-28 ug/kg fat8.

(4) Conclusions from previous research studies

In general, the data available deal with limited studies or hot spot situations. Most of data was obtained in the 1980s and levels usually show large span of concentrations. It seems that this is more the result of analytical difficulties than real differences of level of pollution. Data obtained is mainly the result of individual research work rather than the existence of monitoring networks. In most cases, it is not possible to assess the environmental significance of the reported values, as they do not correspond to representative sampling techniques. Thus, this makes data difficult to compare and use in assessments. Data was often missing in some compartments, particularly, atmosphere, ground and drinking water, sewage sludge and soil, and storage of industrial products, food, human tissues, blood and milk, etc.

7,2 Source: Assem O. Barakat, “Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Environment of Egypt (2004)”, Environment International 8

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2.3 Law Framework

(1) Stockholm Convention

In 1995, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called for global action to be taken on POPs. Following this, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants were prepared to contorl the selected 12 POPs including PCBs under intenational commitment in 2001. The convention entered into force on May 2004 with ratification by an initial 128 parties and 151 signatories. In the Stockholm Convention, PCBs is listed as an Annex (A) substance with some special conditions as stipulated in Part II (page 23) of the convention, which means that the production of PCBs is to be banned and its usage shall be subject to certain conditions. According to Articale3 in SC, each Party shall "prohibit and/or take the legal and administrative measures necessary to eliminate its production and use of the chemicals listed in Annex A", and that each Party shall take measures to ensure that a chemical listed in Annex A are imported only: · For the purpose of environmentally sound disposal · For a use or purpose which is permitted for that Party under Annex A

The SC adds that consistent with the above priorities, parties shall take measures to reduce exposures and risk, and to control the use of PCBs as follows: · Use only in intact and non-leaking equipment and only in areas where the risk from environmental release can be minimized and quickly remedied · Not use in equipment in areas associated with the production or processing of food or feed · When used in populated areas, including schools and hospitals, all reasonable measures to protect from electrical failure which could result in a fire, and regular inspection of equipment for leaks

Beside the above conditions the SC adds the following limitations: · Equipment containing PCBs shall not be exported or imported except for the purpose of environmentally sound waste management. · Except for maintenance and servicing operations, not allow recovery for the purpose of reuse in other equipment of liquids with polychlorinated biphenyls content above 0.005 per cent. · Make determined efforts towards the environmentally sound waste management of liquids containing PCBs and equipment contaminated with PCBs having a PCBs content above 0.005 per cent as soon as possible but no later than 2028.

Egypt ratified the Stockholm Convention in May 2003. The convention requires to formulate a National Implementation Plan (NIP) to each member country. Egypt finalized the NIP in 2005, and implemented initial inventory survey of PCBs mainly by questionnaire survey. (2) Requirement under Egyptian Regulation

In the executive regulation of Law Number 4, Airticle 29 stipulates regulation for collection, transportation, storage, and disposal of hazardous watse. The State Environmental Report for

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year 2005 states that according to the Minister of Industry Decree No.165 for 2002, PCBs is listed as a hazardous material.

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2.4 Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines

(1) Introduction

The following serve to outline the major environmental issues associated with the installment, maintenance and disposal of PCB transformers and PCB contaminated equipment. World Bank guidelines allow for PCB transformers to remain in service, PCB-free transformers must be installed as old transformers are replaced. In general it is recommended that PCB equipment, particularly equipment located in commercial/residential buildings, should be replaced with PCB-free equipment as routine maintenance and replacement allows. Additional industry-specific environmental, health and safety guidelines may be applicable based on the location of the PCB related activities. Where possible, the complete removal of PCBs from equipment and replacement with non-PCB fluids is recommended. The following descriptions are based on “Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)” by International Finance Corporation (IFC) in 1998, and the paper submitted by United Kingdom to Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention).

(2) Labelling

All equipment containing PCBs in a concentration exceeding 50 ppm should be clearly labeled as a precautionary measure to users of the equipment and as a reminder that such equipment must be treated as PCB-contaminated when taken out of service. This includes transformers that may contain PCB-contaminated mineral oils.

(3) Monitoring

Regular inspections of all transformers and PCBs storage sites must be conducted to check for leakages and disturbance of equipment. Any equipment found to be leaking must immediately be taken out of service and handled according to the requirements outlined in this document. Regularly scheduled visual inspections are an integral part of monitoring and are recommended.

(4) Retrofilling

“Retrofilling” means replacing the PCBs-containing dielectric fluid, particularly askarels in transformers, ith an alternative liquid. · Replacement fluids can either be mineral oils or one of a number of synthetic products. Retrofilling, unless it is both through and replaced, leaves behind a non-trivial amount of PCBs. · Users should not assume that retrofilled plant is sufficiently free of PCBs.

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· Users should assume that multistage retrofilling is normally not economical. · The user will not know straight away whether retrofilling has been worthwhile: the transformer must first be put back into operation and the residual PCBs level must reach equilibrium. · Nevertheless, it may be worthwhile to put fresh dielectric into a large transformer whose oil is contaminated with PCBs. The refilling may reduce the contamination level below 50 ppm. In retrofilling, the equipment is drained of free PCBs liquid. The transformer parts undergo a series of washes with solvent and are then refilled with the new dielectric. · A characteristic of the process is the difficulty of removing all traces of the PCBs from the transformer, internals. Particularly the windings. No simple rinsing or flushing technique can accomplish this completely. · Residual PCBs will subsequently leach from the internals into the new dielectric fluid during use. · The efficiency of removal depends on the design of the transformer. A basic one-stage retorill will generally results in a residual PCBs level after about 6 months of 2.5% (25,000 ppm): the definition limit for PCBs material is a present 50 ppm. Thai is, the PCBs concentration in the new dielectric can rise to levels at which the fluid once again becomes classified as PCBs: but the times to equilibration, and the levels at which the fluids equilibrate, vary widely, and provide little basis for prediction in any single instance. · The retrofilling process has to be repeated several times to achieve a level below 50 ppm definition limit. The economics of retrofilling versus transformer replacement depend largely on the size and condition, of which number of retrofills required to produce a “PCBs free” transformer. Considering age of transformers that contain the original charge of askarels, multistage retrofilling is generally more expensive than complete replacement. Multistage retrofilling is no longer undertaken, expect in awkward locations such as oil rigs and building basements where replacing the hardware is physically difficult. Retrofilled transformers may have to be operated at a reduced load. This depends on the characteristics of the replacement dielectric. Fire precautions may have to be installed. This depends on the equipment’s location and the physical properties of the substitute dielectric. Insurance companies should be informed of the change of circumstances brought about by retrofilling. In general, capacitors can not be retrofilled since, expect for some of the largest types, they are sealed units, Decontaminated oils will eventually become waste and are often used as fuels. Waste oils containing traces of PCBs must not be use as a fuel in boilers and heating devices not capable destroying PCBs.

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In the servicing or maintenance of transformers, the dielectric fluid may be removed from the unit and returned to the same unit. If any unit requires topping up after servicing or during regular maintenance, a non-PCB fluid must be used.

(5) Handling

When PCBs wastes are being handled at a site, in addition to the above, the operator should: - exclude every unauthorized person from the working areas, · Authorized personnel should be described within the terms of the license under which the facility operates. · The retrofilling process has to be repeated several times to achieve a level below 50 ppm definition limit. - carry out the work under cover, - specify and label “clean” and “dirty” working areas, - supply suitable personal protective equipment, - ensure that the personal protective equipment is used, - provide a changing room with sufficient showers, washbasins and WCs, - provide working-area floors that are of the same standard as in storage areas, - give full training to any employee who needs it. Employees need to know: · what to do in an emergency fire or a spill, · how to use personal protective equipment; - arrange monitoring of working areas for PCBs contamination that might be picked up by people present in those areas. · Monitoring checks should be done regularly - arrange health screening for employees who work with PCBs. - carry out screening in accordance with appropriate medical or occupational health advice. Subject to that advice, screening may need: · to include regular measurement of PCBs levels in blood, · to continue as long as the employee is as risk of significant exposure to PCBs in the workplace.

(6) Transport

PCBs wastes are classified as Class 9 – Miscellaneous dangerous substances in accordance with the United Nations Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. In addition to the international regulations national authorities should establish their own regulations for all types of transport of PCBs wastes. Roads, rail, air and shipping should all be covered, including transfers through ports. Etc. The regulations should apply in particular to: · consignment notes, so that waste movements can be agreed before they take place and be fully recorded.

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Any PCBs article containing more than 500 ppm of PCBs mixture must not be transported unless the PCBs article has been securely contained and packaged to include: - a leak proof inner packaging made of earthenware, plastic or metal. - an outer packaging that is: (i) a drum made of steel, aluminum, plywood, fibre or plastic, or (ii) a box made of wood, plywood, reconstituted wood or fibreboard. - sufficient absorbent material (capable of absorbing 110% of the internal volume of the packaged PCBs article) placed between the inner and outer packaging to prevent any liquid from escaping from the outer packaging. “Absorbent Material” includes any material such as vermiculite, sawdust, coconut fibre, or any of various other natural fibres that are inherently absorbent.

(7) Storage

The storage of PCBs waste is an inevitable and necessary element of any controlled system of collection and disposal, and must be done in accordance with sound engineering and design standards, and good operational practice. Wastes that contain 50 ppm or more PCBs require secure storage and monitoring until disposal. The quantity of PCBs waste stored should be kept to a minimum and for the shortest time consistent with achieving the objective of proper and effective disposal. It should not normally be regarded as a long-term option, or as a permanent alternative to disposal. PCBs transformers and dielectric fluid containers must be stored in a secure area sheltered from the elements until such a time when they can be disposed of in accordance with the methods outlined below. Storage facilities must meet the following criteria. Base · Storage areas should be on a firm, impermeable base, such as concrete, coated with a suitable sealant having continuous curbing so that floor and curbing provide a containment volume equal to at least two times the internal volume of PCBs article/container of 25% of the total volume of PCBs containers stored therein. Contaminant · Storage areas should be enclosed.  For tank storage the bund capacity should be at least 100% of the capacity of the largest single tank. · Storage areas for drums, equipment such as transformers and other goods should be kerbed, and positively drained to a sealed collecting sump. · No drains, joint lines, sewer lines, or other openings that would allow fluids to flow from the curbed area. · Storage areas for drums and equipment should be adequate roof and walls to prevent rain water from reaching the stored articles. · Drainage and sumps should have the capacity to contain all surface water in the event of a fire.

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Leaks / spills · All packages and drums should be in a sOW1d condition and sealed. · Plans and the means of implementing them should exist to deal with leaking containers and spillage. Plans should cover both containment and final disposal. · Adequate supplies of absorbent material should be available to deal with spills.  powdered and finely granulated absorbents should be avoided because of the risk of secondary emission of PCBs with dust. Security · All transformers sites, irrespective of their location, must be secured against unauthorized access, such as fencing, to prevent against vandalism and accidental exposure to PCBs and high voltage. Fire pre-cautions · Adequate fire precautions must be in place. It is required that equipments containing PCBs must be identified properly by labeling, and protective systems, such as fire alarms, extinguishers, emergency electrical cut-off, and control of leaking PCBs fluids, vapours or soot, must be installed and maintained. The advice of the fire authorities must be sought and they must be aware of the nature, scope and scale of the storage. Plans to deal with any emergency must be made in consultation with the fire services and be made available to employees. · PCB waste must be stored away from flammable materials. PCBs themselves are non-flammable but it is important that they are not allowed to become involved in any fire caused by another factor as their combustion products are potentially hazardous. · The major hazard resulting from fires involving transformers and capacitors is the formation of PCDFs (polychlorinated dibenzofurans). Labelling / Signing · All packages, drums and other PCB material must be labelled, marked and identified. All warnings must be clear and explicit. · The storage area itself must have adequate warning signs and explicit demarcation. Safety information must be immediately visible, clear, explicit and comprehensive. Ventilation · Enclosed storage and working areas should be ventilated with suitable filtration of the air prior to discharge. Emergency · An emergency response plan must be prepared.

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(8) Occupational health and safety

When handling PCBs fluids, or when the potential for close contact with PCBs exists, such as leakage inspections; spill cleanup; transfer PCBs oil from transformer to drums, proper clothing and gear must be worn to prevent contact with skin and eyes from spills, splashes and, also to prevent inhalation of fumes which may be generated when PCBs fluids are heated above 55oC. In any operation where there is risk of contact, plastic, or rubber clothing should be worn, including gloves, boots or overshoes, overalls and a bib-type apron which covers the boot tops. Eye protection is also necessary. Chemical safety goggles and face shields or safety glasses with side shields are all satisfactory. For major spill cleanup activities, a full suit of non-porous material may be appropriate. Clothing that has become contaminated should be disposed of as a PCBs waste rather than attempting to decontaminate and reuse it. Handling of PCBs hot PCBs fluids should be avoided. A full face respirator is required when fluid temperature exceeds 55 oC. Ventilation of the working area must also be sufficient to remove generated vapours.

(9) Work in confined spaces

· Prior to entry and occupancy, all confined spaces, such as tanks, sumps, vessels, sewers, excavations, must be tested for the presence of toxic, flammable and explosive gases or vapors, and for the lack of oxygen. · Adequate ventilation must be provided before entry and during occupancy of these spaces. · Personnel must use air-supplied respirators when working in confined spaces which may become contaminated or deficient in oxygen during the period of occupancy. · Observes/assistants must be stationed outside of confined spaces to provide emergency assistance, if necessary, to personnel working inside these areas.

(10) Record keeping and reporting

· The sponsor should maintain records of significant environment matters, including monitoring data, accidents and occupational illnesses, and spills, fires and other emergencies. · This information should be reviewed and evaluated to improve the effectiveness of the environmental, health and safety program. · An annual summary of the above information should be prepared.

(11) Destruction, decontamination and disposal

High temperature incineration is the preferred method of destruction for PCBs waste. A minimum temperature of 1,200oC and residence time over two seconds achieves 99.99% destruction.

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Another option is chemical dechlorination. This is a process which breaks down PCBs by liberating chlorine atoms. Once broken down, chlorine is separated into various salts enabling ready disposal to all fluids and substances. In addition to storage, PCBs articles (packaged in the specified manner) may be disposed of in landfills specifically designed to accommodate hazardous materials. PCBs will occur in various waste streams which commonly go to landfill. Municipal waste contains a background level of a few ppm; which will further reduce as PCBs items become obsolete. Some PCB items such as ballasts from fluorescent tubes and capacitors from small horse power motors etc can be segregated at source particularly by industrial and commercial concerns. PCBs were also used as sealants by the construction industry and will be present at low levels in demolition wastes. Where practicable, efforts should be made to identify such uses and recycle contaminated components before demolition in an effective manner.

1) Destruction (a) High temperature incineration Incineration is a particular example of a thermal destruction process: the waste species, in this case PCB, is oxidatively degraded by the input of thermal energy. High-temperature incineration is a long-established and proven technology. When well designed and well managed, it achieves high levels of destruction efficiency for most kinds of organically based waste in almost any physical form. Any authorized incinerator dealing with PCB waste will deploy: · sustained high temperatures, · adequate residence time, · a sufficient supply of oxygen to ensure full oxidative degradation, · good combustion and control arrangements, · a gas cleaning system that can accommodate the high chlorine load. a) Pre-processing Associated with the incineration activity, and directly relevant to the nature of the PCBs waste introduced is the question of pre-processing of wastes. Large rotary kilns and fixed or moving grate incinerators can, in some circumstances, accept whole capacitors, but more commonly shredded capacitors and transformer parts contained in 200 litre drums for roasting and decontamination. PCB capacitors may be shredded to enable incremental feeding of waste, and consequently, a better balance of thermal and gas-cleaning plant load. Transformers will require careful pre-treatment and dismantling if it is intended to attempt thermal treatment as a final decontamination. Temperatures, oxygen levels and other characteristics will depend upon the type of incinerator and its method of operation. A conventional rotary or multi chamber incinerator will usually run at a primary combustL0n chamber temperature of 1,100oC (but up to 1,300oC if the waste demands it), with a residence time of at least 2-seconds,

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and with excess oxygen levels of at least 6% v/v for halogenated or other thermally resistant substances. A commonly used performance indicator for an incinerator is its destruction and removal efficiency (DRE). Incinerator operators treating PCBs have declared DREs of at least 99.9999% ("six nines"). Depending on the design and operation characteristics of the plant there may be trace PCBs and dioxins in the slag and scrubber liquors which should be monitored prior to disposal. Much media and public interest has focused on the dioxin issue and its perceived link with incineration - particularly incineration of persistent and highly chlorinated species such as PCBs. Whilst there is no doubt that poor and incomplete combustion of PCBs and other chlorinated species can generate significant levels of dioxins, evidence clearly indicates that well-run high temperature incinerators make only a very small contribution to overall environmental loadings. Dibenzodioxins (dioxins) and dibenzofurans (furans) are not particularly thermally stable and any such species in the waste feed to a high temperature incinerator will be destroyed in the combustion stage. The problem is that dioxins and furans and their chlorinated equivalents may, in certain conditions and given the presence of certain precursors, form in the cooler conditions encountered in the gas cleaning plant. This phenomenon is known as post-combustion recombination (PCR). The formation and behavior of dioxins under combustion process conditions (including incineration) has been the subject of intensive study in recent years. Despite this, the processes that result in the PCR of dioxins are still not wholly clear. So far as the literature implies any consensus, it might be summarized thus: · Dioxins form downstream of the main combustion processes. Their formation is catalyzed by fly ash. They are most likely to form at temperatures around 300oC; but substantial formation can also occur at somewhat lower temperatures. · Formation may result from two distinct types of precursor:  volatile products of incomplete combustion (PICs),  pyrolyzed carbon residues in ash particles. · Although gas-phase reactions (e.g. in the combustion zone) are insignificant as a direct pathway to dioxin formation, they nevertheless form the two types of precursor. Despite the incomplete theoretical base, the design requirements to minimize dioxin formation are well established. They include: · efficient combustion conditions, so as to minimize precursor formation and the transmission of particulate carbon downstream in the fly ash, · reduction of the gas temperature (rapid quench) to below 200oC at the inlets of particle collection devices, so as to avoid contact with large amounts of fly ash in the temperature region 450oC - 250oC, · use of alkaline or amine additives (or both) to remove chlorinating agents and to block catalysis on the surface of the fly ash. The merchant incineration firms have taken steps to ensure that their processes avoid PCR. The limit for total dioxin and furan levels in flue gas is <0.1 ng/m3 TEQ as laid

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down by article 7(3) of the Directive on the Incineration of Hazardous Waste (94/67/EEC). In the event that rapid quenching systems are used, in order to recover heat from the flue gas of hazardous waste incineration plants, PCR cannot be completely avoided. In such cases the dioxins and furans must be removed by applying exhaust gas cleaning techniques. Well established processes include: · adsorption on activated coke or carbon in fixed-bed reactors, · addition of adsorbents (powdered lime and activated coke) to the gas stream which are subsequently removed by filtration; or · catalytic oxidation of dioxins furans and other residual organic components. These techniques are suitable for meeting the limit values for emissions of dioxins and furans laid down in the aforementioned Directive 94/67/EEC. b) Cement kilns Many countries use cement kilns for the destruction of hazardous waste. The characteristics of the cement kiln itself should fit it for PCB destruction: it has high temperature (>1,400oC), long residence time (>3 seconds at > 1,100 oC) and an alkaline atmosphere that reacts with acidic gases. Even if these conditions are met, the incineration in cement kilns is only appropriate for PCBs contaminated oils and not for pure PCBs or oils with a high PCBs content.

2) Decontamination (a) Chemical dechlorination Chemical dechlorination techniques destroy PCBs in contaminated oils and allow the recovered oil to be recycled and re-used. Chemical methods of treating PCBs-contaminated oils are generally based on reactions with an alkali metal (sodium or potassium) finely dispersed either as an organometallic (sodium naphthalide or sodium polyethylene glycol) or as the metal oxide or hydroxide. The chlorine content of the PCBs is converted to inorganic salts which can be removed by filter or centrifuge. The organic fraction forms non-toxic polymeric byproducts. The quantity of sodium used depends on the chlorine content of the used oil. The treatment of pure PCBs is in principle possible but considered to be uneconomic: 20% PCBs is usually accepted as an upper limit. PCBs concentrations ranging between a few ppm and (reportedly) below the limit of detection can be achieved by dechlorination, depending on process conditions and feedstock concentrations. · Reactions with alkali metals are carried out under inert atmospheres to reduce the risk of fire. · In many processes, contact with water must be avoided: the PCBs waste is therefore pre-dried by heating, taking due precautions against loss of PCBs with volatiles. · The process allows stocks of the special naphthenic oils used in transformers to be conserved rather than be destroyed by incineration.

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· Both mobile and fixed treatment plants are available. · Some parts of the electricity supply industry have adopted the process for in-house use. · The oil-reconditioning industry will provide the process as part of its toll laundering service. · In some variants of the process the transformer can be treated while energized: it does not have to be taken out of service. (b) Decontamination for recovery Transformers can be cleaned to allow recovery of the scrap metal. As a first decontamination step prior to dismantling, plain metal surfaces are cleaned by means of a cascade rinse system. Ultrasonic may be used to remove PCBs from cavities and absorbent materials such as paper or wood. The unit is decontaminated to the extent that it can be safely dismantled without hazard to workers or the environment: the coils are clean enough to be handled safely. Finally the coils are treated with a sodium hydroxide smelt which eliminates all PCB residues and ashes the insulating material. The copper scrap is of a high grade suitable for recycling. Some hazardous waste incinerators have been constructed with static hearths and interlock door systems to allow contaminated items such as transformer bodies and other scrap metal items to be loaded for decontamination. (c) Contaminated soil Remedial action on contaminated industrial sites may require the removal of large quantities of soils and river sediments. It may be necessary to allow landfilling of contaminated material where suitable plant for on site treatment (such as solvent extraction, mobile incinerators or other thermal destruction techniques) is not available. (d) Hydrogenation Hydrotreating processes are among the worlds most widely performed chemical reactions. The reactions are particularly used to clean up feedstock in oil refineries: they rely on specifically designed catalysts. This type of process can similarly be used to decontaminate PCB oils, degrading the PCBs to less persistent substll1ces. PCBs will react with hydrogen at high pressures (300 bar) and temperatures (>475oC). The organically bound chlorine is cracked and forms hydrochloric acid which is neutralized by alkalis. The products formed in hydrogenation include salts such as sodium chloride, chlorine free biphenyl at an intermediate stage and subsequently decomposition products such as benzene, cyclohexane and gaseous (short chain) hydrocarbons.

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2.5 PCBs Treatment Framework in Japan

(1) Law concerning treatment of PCBs wastes

In Japan, the "Law concerning Special Measures for Promotion of Proper Treatment of PCBs Wastes (Law No.65 of 2001)" (hereafter, referred as “PCBs Special Measures Law” has been enacted to establish framework for the prompt, secure and appropriate treatment of PCBs wastes since June 2001. The law defines the obligations of PCBs waste holders, the former PCBs manufactures, and the central government and local administrations. The law also sets a deadline for treatment of PCBs waste, and obliges the registration and public reporting of stored PCBs waste.

Table 2.3 Obligations Defined by “PCBs Special Measures Law” in Japan Stakeholder PCBs Central Government and Former Manufacturers Group Waste Holders Local Administrations of PCBs Obligations Report of storage Basic plan for PCBs Product liability waste treatment · The holders must · The former annually report the · The central government manufacturers of storage and disposal must establish a basic PCBs must cooperate of PCBs waste to plan for PCBs waste with the central local treatment. government and local administrations. administration. · The local administrations Deadline for disposal must establish the plans Contribution of funds for treatment of PCBs · PCBs waste holders · Former manufacturers wastes, in response to the are to dispose or of PCBs and other central government's consign someone to groups are requested basic plan. dispose all PCBs to contribute to the wastes by July 2016. Disclosure of status of PCBs Waste PCBs waste storage Treatment Fund for Restriction of the promotion of transportation · The Local administration PCBs waste must disseminate the · To prevent illegal treatment. status of PCBs waste acts, transportation storage and disposal to of PCBs waste is the public annually. restricted. Source: http://www.jesconet.co.jp/eg/pcb/scheme.html#cat03

(2) PCBs Treatment Standards in Japan

Under the "Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law (Law No.137 of 1970)", the PCBs wastes treated must satisfied with the standard as shown in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4 Standard for Treatment of PCBs Wastes Type of Waste Standard of PCBs Concentration Waste Oil 0.5mg/kg or under Waste Acid or Waste Alkali 0.03mg/l or under Others 0.003mg/l or under Source: http://www.jesconet.co.jp/eg/pcb/scheme.html#cat03

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(3) Treatment facilities

Under the PCBs Special Measures Law, Japan Environmental Safety Cooperation (JESCO) has been assigned for PCBs wastes treatment. JESCO established five regional PCBs waste treatment plants nationwide. The outline of the facilities is shown in Table 2.5.

Table 2.5 Outline of PCBs Treatment facilities under JESCO Facilities Kitakyushu Toyota Tokyo Osaka Hokkaido (Phase I) Types of Transformers Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PCBs *2 Waste PCBs Oil *3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Treated Ballasts *4 No No Yes No No *1 Pole-mounted No No Yes No No Transformers Capacity (PCBs Oil) 0.5 tons/day 1.6 tons/day 2 tons/day 2 tons/day 1.8 tons/day (Phase I) Treatment Method Dechlorination Dechlorination Hydrothermal Dechlorination Dechlorination (PCBs Oil Treatment) Method Method Oxidization Method Method Decomposition /Dechlorination Method only for Pole-mounted Transformers: Note) *1 Maximum length and weight of PCBs wastes acceptable at each facility differ. *2 High-voltage transformers, high-voltage capacitors and electric appliances having similar structures *3 Waste PCBs oil, and waste oil contaminated with PCBs *4 Ballasts and small-sized electric parts that used PCBs (For facilities besides Tokyo, treatment is under study)

Source: http://www.jesconet.co.jp/eg/pcb/facilities.html

Hokkaido Osaka Facility Kitakyusy Facility (since Oct. u Facility (since Oct. (since Dec. Tokyo Facility (since Nov. 2005) Toyota Facility (operated since Sep. 2005)

Source: http://www.jesconet.co.jp/eg/pcb/facilities.html Figure 2.1 Location of PCBs Treatment facilities under JESCO

March 2008 53 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

(4) Treatment Methods

When determining treatment method for each facility, experts at the JESCO PCBs Waste Treatment Project Exploratory Committee discuss necessary requirements for the facility, considering terms such as types of PCBs wastes to treat and geographical constraints. In accordance with the conclusion of Committee discussions, JESCO invites public proposals on concrete treatment methods under WTO bidding rules, and carefully examines proposals from technical aspects and implementation aspects, and finally makes decision on which method to adopt. The all facilities under JESCO use the chemical decontamination methods. Tokyo Facility adopts the "hydrothermal oxidation decomposition method", and the other four facilities adopt the "dechlorination method".

Table 2.6 Treatment Method Utilized in PCBs Waste Treatment Facilities in Japan PCBs Decontamination Reaction Condition Facility Name of Technology Temp. Pressure Reaction time Solvent, etc (oC) (MPa) (hrs.) Kitakyushu Sodium Dispersion 160 to Ordinary 1 Insulation (Phase 1) Method (SD Method) 170 Pressure (after dripping Oil activating agent) Toyota Ontario Hydro 60 to 70 Ordinary 6 Liquid Technologies Sodium Pressure Paraffin Dispersion Method (OSD Method) Tokyo Hydrothermal About 370 About About 3.5 Auxiliary Decomposition to 380 26.5 Agent: Method NaOH Osaka Catalyst About 260 Ordinary 6 Liquid Hydrogenation Pressure Paraffin Dechlorination Method Hokkaido Sodium Dispersion 115 to 120 Ordinary 3 Liquid Method (SP Hybrid Pressure Paraffin, Method) Accelerant: IPA Source: http://www.jesconet.co.jp/eg/pcb/facilities.html

(5) Example of treatment facilities – Tokyo PCBs Waste Treatment Facility –

1) Decontamination of high concentration of PCBs waste

The PCBs waste, such as transformers and capacitors, are inspected at acceptance area. After extraction of PCBs oil, the parts of the PCBs waste are disassembled, while ballasts are crushed at once after inspection. The parts are then sent to cleansing and heating facilities. PCBs oil extracted are decontaminated in the PCBs decontamination facilities using the hydrothermal oxidation decomposition method. PCBs are mixed with sodium hydroxide,

water, and oxygen, and are turned into CO2, water and sodium chloride. To accelerate reaction, the reaction apparatus is applied 26.5 MPa of pressure, and heated to 370oC.

March 2008 54 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

Source: http://www.jesconet.co.jp/eg/facility/tokyo.html Figure 2.2 Flow of PCBs Treatment in Tokyo Facility

2) Decontamination of low concentration of PCBs waste

Because the PCBs concentration of insulating oil in pole-mounted transformers is low (approximately 20ppm), they are treated separately from the high concentration of PCBs waste. Oil extracted from pole-mounted transformers is decontaminated with the dechlorination method. In the decontamination tank, the low concentration of PCBs oil is mixed with solvents, alkaline chemicals at 200oC. By the chemical reaction, PCBs are turned into "biphenyl", and sodium chloride. The decontaminated insulating oil is used as fuel for boilers at thermal power plants. After PCBs is extracted, the containers are sent to a different treatment facility and cleaned to be recycled as scrap metal.

Source: http://www.jesconet.co.jp/eg/facility/tokyo.html Figure 2.3 Flow of PCBs Treatment in Tokyo Facility

March 2008 55 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

3) Safety management

Table 2.5 shows that the safety management measures adopted in Tokyo Facility.

Table 2.7 Safety Management Measures Adopted in Tokyo PCBs Waste Treatment Facility Item Measures Monitoring Operations are monitored 24 hours a day by computers from the Central Monitoring Room. Measures for Exhaust Collected air exhaust is cleaned by oil scrubbers in the exhaust treatment apparatus by activated carbon as a safety net before released. Measures to Prevent To prevent PCBs leakage, oil pans are set under PCBs-handling areas and Leakage PCBs treatment equipment. Floors are coated with epoxy resin which is impermeable, chemical resistant, and wear-resistant. These measures prevent PCBs penetrating in case of a spilling. The oil pans and floors are equipped with detectors to identify leakage. Furthermore, the air pressure inside the facilities is kept lower than atmosphere outside, to keep air from flowing outside. Emergency Measures When an earthquake above preset intensity is detected, facilities are shut down automatically. Also, to protect facilities from fire, automatic fire alarms, chemical fire extinguishers and fire hydrants are installed. Source: http://www.jesconet.co.jp/eg/facility/tokyo.html

Source: http://www.jesconet.co.jp/eg/facility/tokyo.html Figure 2.4 Safety Management Measures in Tokyo Facility

March 2008 56 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

2.6 Analytical Aspects

PCBs are typically analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The electron capture detector used in the gas chromatograph is extremely sensitive towards compounds which contain halogen atoms, such as the chlorine of PCBs. However, the detector is not totally insensitive to other elements such as oxygen and sulfur. Indeed, the sensitivity of the gas chromatographic quantization is very dependent upon the level of interferences present. Sample cleanup methods include clean up by mixing with concentrated sulfuric acid, florisil adsorption and contact with mercury. The sample chromatograms are interpreted according to the pattern of peaks and their retention times relative to known standard mixtures. In the case of PCBs contamination, the Aroclor products, such as aroclor 1016, 1242, etc., each has a characteristic "fingerprint". Packed columns for GC analysis do not have enough separating power for individual components of a PCB mixtures. To yield anything but a series of envelopes. The pattern formed by the envelopes tend to be characteristic of the PCB mixture and therefore the pattern, taken as a whole, is usually recognizable as an Aroclor and may be quantities as such by comparison with the envelopes produced by a standard Aroclor mixture. A simplified approach is to calibrate each of the indicator peaks as an independent measure of the target analyte. For example, in the case of Aroclor 1242, six peaks can be calibrated in a single calibration table, and if the target analyte is uncontaminated by interfering compounds, all six indicator peaks should give very similar values for Aroclor 1242. if in a different sample, Aroclor 1248 is also present, or if the sample has been significantly altered by the environment, the six peaks will give a range of values for Aroclor 1242. It is worthy to mention that even the boat used to take water samples can be an important source of analytical contamination. Jensen et al.,1972, found that plankton samples collected from the wake of the boat were contaminated by PCBs from the ship's paint and contained 4 to 14 times more PCBs than samples collected 7 ft. abeam of the boat. Laboratory contamination is always of concern in trace analysis and several workers have found that significant interferences can be retained by reagent water unless precautions are taken. Interestingly, it was not until 1995 that it was recognized that samples of soil left out on the laboratory bench top showed progressive PCB contamination derived from the laboratory air. A mixture of hexane and isopropanol was first used in 1970 to extract PCB's from sewage sludge. PCB:s from non-carbon copy paper were extracted with acetone in a soxhlet apparatus for 3 days in 1972 PCB extraction from biological samples tends to be complicated by problems of incomplete extraction , clean up losses, etc. Extraction techniques have most often used Soxhlet extraction to conserve the volume of solvent or percolation system with large volumes of solvent to obtain satisfactory recovery efficiency. Regulatory controls were made under the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 and proposed the discontinued use of PCBs in heat transfer systems in plants manufacturing or processing food, drugs and cosmetics. An interagency alert notice, 1979 was then issued by the EPA to usage voluntary compliance in removal of equipment containing PCBs and replacement with non-PCB units to prevent food contamination.

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The method of peak by peak comparison is used, for example, in ASTMD-4059, for the quantization of PCBs as Aroclor in transformer insulating oils. The individual of PCB in each peak in the chromatogram is calculated from the individual response factors of the detector. The total PCB content is the obtained by summing the concentrations associated with each peak. EPA SW-846-8080 indicates in 7.6.5.3 that PCB residues should be quautitated by comparing total area or height of residue peaks to total area or height of peaks from appropriate Aroclor reference materials. Mixtures of Aroclor may be required to provide a best match of GC patterns of sample and reference. The peak height ratios of peaks in a standard Aroclor pattern should remain the same from sample to sample. However, because the samples contained PCB residues are not standard Aroclor the peak height ratios vary for this fact alone, the method of peak height analysis is not valid for these samples and the analyst must revert to the only other alternative provided by the EPA SW-846-8080 method, .i.e. the comparison of total areas. The precision and accuracy of an analytical protocol, as measured by standard methods, may indicate that the quantization of ideal mixtures is within the expected limits, without such a measure of control there is a much reduced likelihood of achieving reliable, scientifically defensible, results. Attempts are sometimes made to remove interferences from the oil to allow an unequivocal identification of PCB by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The mass selection selective detector in place of the electron capture detector is typically used as an identification tool for individual compounds and compound types.

March 2008 58 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

2.7 PCBs Inventory Survey

(1) Outline of PCBs Inventory Survey and Monitoring Activity under REMIP

Under the REMIP, PCBs inventory survey and monitoring activity has been carried out since January 2006. The outline of the activities is shown in Table 2.8.

Table 2.8 Outline of PCBs Inventory Survey and Monitoring Activity from January 2006 to January 2008 No. Work Item Period Outline of Work 1 Preliminary - Past survey results of PCBs in Egypt were collected. Work - Survey method was determined. January 2006 - The main target area of the survey was set. The target area of PCBs to inventory survey and monitoring activities is the Shubra El Kheima city. February 2007 Additionally, the storage sites of old and/or abandoned transformers were surveyed. - Target facilities of the PCBs inventory survey were selected. 2 Inventory - Questionnaire surveys were started from June 2006 to find old Survey transformers which may contain PCBs in their oil. - A kick-off meeting was held to dissimilate and ask cooperation with June 2006 relevant stakeholders in July 2007. to - At the initial phase, JICA Expert attended the questionnaire survey for July 2007 providing advices to implement the survey. - Continuous work has been started in the local area by Regional Branch Office (RBO) of EEAA. 3 Monitoring - During the inventory survey, thirty two (32) of transformer oil samples Activity and four (4) of soil samples were taken to measure PCBs from August August 2006 2006 to July 2007. to - Bottom sediment sampling in Esmalia canal was carried out in August 2007 September 2006. - Above samples are being analyzed by Cairo Central Center (CCC) of EEAA. 4 Awareness July 2006 - Through PCBs inventory survey, Hazardous Substance Management Activity to Department in EEAA has been implementing a series of awareness January 2008 raising activities on local administration, NGOs, and private sectors. 5 Database - From August 2007, EEAA has started to expand existing environmental August 2007 Formulation database, named “Egyptian Regional Environmental Management to Information System (EREMIS)” to store the information and data January 2008 collected by PCBs Inventory Survey and monitoring activity. 6 Reporting - A seminar on PCBs pollution and possible source was held to share all of the activity under the component among relevant stakeholders related with Shubra El Khema city. August 2007 - Hazardous Substance Management Department in EEAA has started to to contact relevant stakeholders to ask cooperation for sound management January 2008 of PCBs.

- In February 2008, EEAA will have an international seminar to disseminate the experiences under REMIP regarding hazardous substance management with Arab and African countries.

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(2) Measures of PCBs Inventory Survey and Monitoring Activity

1) Survey Area

The survey was implemented in Shubra El Kheima City in Qualyubia Governorate in Greater Cairo area. The city has been known well as complex of industrial and residential zone. Table 2.9 shows the population and area of Shubra El Kheima, and Figure 2.5 shows the distribution of industrial zone in the city.

Table 2.9 Shubra El Kheima City Sub-district Area (km2) Population Eastern district 11 1,000,000 Western district 19.5 900,000

Figure 2.5 Shubra El Kheima City

March 2008 60 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

2) Guideline adopted inventory survey

The guideline utilized for the inventory survey was “Guidelines for the Identification of PCBs and Materials Containing PCBs”, prepared by UNEP in 1999. An Arabic questionnaire sheet was prepared based on the form attached with the guideline.

3) Target Facility of Inventory Survey

At first, the main targets of the PCBs inventory survey were set on electrical distribution stations in Shubra El Kheima City. The target substations are as follows. 1) El Mansogat 2) Old Bahtim 3) Mustorod 4) Esso 5) Petroleum 6) Shoubra Ek Khema 7) Mia Shoubra El Khema 8) El Amiria Furthermore, the private factories belonging following sectors in Shubra El Kheima City were selected as target facilities by the Inspection Unit of EEAA and GC BRO. 1) Iron and steel factory 2) Cement industry 3) Chemical industry 4) Petroleum refining industry 5) Dying industry 6) Storage sites of old transformers

4) Inventory Surveyor

The PCBs inventory surveyors were selected from EEAA, Greater Cairo RBO, and Environmental Management Unit (EMU) in Shubra El Kheima. The main inventory surveyors are shown in Table 2.10.

Table 2.10 List of Main Inventory Surveyor Name Position Elham Refaat Abed El Aziz Manager, Hazardous Substance Management Department (HSMD) Mohamed Lotfy Kamel Abu Zeed General Department for Environmental Development Assma Said Expert of EIA Department Engy Sehata Expert of HSMD Medhat Yosef Expert of HSMD Yaser Bader Expert of HSMD Eman Abdel-Raauf Expert of HSMD Basem Adel Abedelall Environmental Inspector, Inspection Unit Essam Eldin Eldawy Ibrahim Saleh Technical Expert of CCC Yassir Risk Technical Expert of CCC Mohamed Galal Water Quality Laboratory Expert of GC RBO Alaa Mohamed Environmental Researcher of GC RBO Mohamed Hamdy Environmental Researcher of GC RBO Asmaa Nour Aly Environmental Researcher of GC RBO Mohamed Farouk Amen Abdel Rahman Environmental Development Department Mervet Hassan Chief, Environmental Section of Shubra El Kheima City Branch of EMU Mohamed Porike Environmental officer, Shubra El Kheima City Branch of EMU Esam Zaki Environmental officer, Shubra El Kheima City Branch of EMU

March 2008 61 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

5) Training

Under the REMIP, the several training shown in Table 2.11 have been provided for inventory survey and monitoring activities.

Table 2.11 Training Provided under REMIP Item Outline Training on preliminary inventory survey In June and July 2006, at the initial phase of the inventory survey, JICA Expert Team supported to make questionnaire survey. Training on pre-treatment and analysis of In September and December 2006, training for PCBs pre-treatment and analysis of PCBs were implemented in Cairo Central Center (CCC), central laboratory of EEAA. Training course for sound management of In January and February 2007, one hazardous hazardous chemical substances in Japan management officer, and two analytical experts got training to grasp Japanese hazardous chemical substance management system, and practice pre-treatment and analysis of PCBs in transformer oil.

(3) PCBs Inventory Survey Results

PCBs inventory survey has been implemented from June 2006 to June 2007. A list of surveyed facilities is shown in Table 2.12. Totally, 17 of facilities were surveyed by direct interview on the relevant managers of target facilities, and field observation by the inventory surveyors. At the first, the Shoubra El Khema electrical power station and 8 of electrical distribution station were surveyed. Secondary, the private factories which were supposed to have the large transformers were set as target of the inventory survey. Though these inventory survey, the inventory surveyors got the information that some target facilities had handed over their old transformers to the transformer storage yard when they had replaced the old transformers with the new transformers. According to such information, several transformer storage yards in Greater Cairo Area were surveyed. Detail of the inventory survey results are shown in Attachment – 1. Summary of the results is shown as follows.

March 2008 62 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

Table 2.12 List of Facilities Surveyed

No. Date Type of Facility Name 1 26 June 2006 Electrical Bahtim SIS distribution station 2 12 July 2006 Distribution Station Old Bahtim distribution station 3 12 July 2006 Mustoroal distribution station 4 27 July 2006 Petroleum distribution station 5 27 July 2006 Esco distribution station 6 3 August 2006 6th of October City distribution station 7 14 August 2006 Water Shubra El Kheyma distribution station 8 22 August 2006 Domestic waste water distribution station 9 7 August 2006 Power Station Shoubra El Khema Power Station 10 1 August 2006 Private Enterprises Delta Iron and Steel Enterprise 7 August 2006 24 June 2007 11 25 December 2006 Egyptian Cable Factory 12 8 January 2007 Cairo Company for Petroleum Refinery 13 10 January 2007 Petroleum Cooperation Factory 14 25 January 2007 Yaseyen glass company 15 3 August 2006 Transformer Storage 6th of October City transformer storage site 21 June 2007 Yard 16 20 August 2006 Bahtim transformer storage site 13 June 2007 17 16 August 2006 Naser City transformer storage site 19 June 2007

1) Number of Transformers Found The number of old transformers found is shown Table 2.13. As a result of the inventory survey, totally, approximately 620 of transformers were found. Among them, the number of transformers manufactured before 1979 were 31, of which percentage was 4% of total transformers found. Mainly, the transformers found can not be identified its product year due to lack or abrasion of the plate indicating their information. The number of such transformers was approximately 560, of which percentage was 90% of total transformers found. Those were mainly found in the transformer storage yard. The conditions of transformers found in the surveyed facilities were shown in Photo 2.1. Almost all of old transformers are kept in open area without any roof or floor to avoid evaporation or leakage of their oils which may contain PCBs.

2) Findings Among the facilities surveyed, electrical power station and electrical distribution station mainly operate the transformers manufactured after 1980, which have less possibility to contain PCBs in their insulating oil. However, it is noted that those transformers may be contaminated by PCBs when used oil was added during maintenance.

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In the several private factories surveyed, the surveyors found the old transformers abandoned or kept for re-use. Almost all of them were stored in open area. It is necessary to improve their storage condition with analysis of their oil to find whether PCBs contains or not. One of the main finding of this inventory survey is that the large number of transformers, of which manufactured year are unknown, were found in the transformer storage yard operated by regional electricity companies. They kept in open condition and some oil leakage were found from some of such transformers. Those transformers should be checked whether they have PCBs or not in their insulating oil. Additionally, it is necessary to grasp circumstance of trade of used transformer oil, which may diffuse PCBs contamination if traded oil contains PCBs. Table 2.13 Number of Transformers Found

Name Date Before 1979 1980-1990 After 1991 Unknown Sub-total Number of Amount Number of Amount Number of Amount Number of Amount Number of Amount Transformer of Oil Transformer of Oil Transformer of Oil Transformer of Oil Transformer of Oil (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Bahtim SIS 26-Jun-06 distribution station 2 1,880 2 1,880 Old Bahtim 12-Jul-06 distribution station 1 1 0 Mustoroal 12-Jul-06 distribution station 4 1,960 4 1,960 Petroleum 27-Jul-06 distribution station 1 8,600 3 4 8,600 Esco distribution 27-Jul-06 1 10,000 1 10,000 2 station 4 20,000 Water Shubra El 14-Aug-06 Kheyma 3 3 0 distribution station Domestic waste 22-Aug-06 water distribution 3 3 0 stationShoubra El Khema 7-Aug-06 Power Station 6 5,880 6 5,880 Delta Iron and Steel 1-Aug-06 Enterprise 6 4,700 1 940 2 9 5,640 7-Aug-06 9 940 1 940 2 12 1,880

Egyptian Cable 25-Dec-06 1 812 1 812 Factory Cairo Company for 8-Jan-07 Petroleum Refinery 1 8,200 1 8,200 Petroleum 10-Jan-07 Cooperation 0 0 FactoryYaseyen glass 25-Jan-07 company 1 1,285 1 1,285 6th of October City 3-Aug-06 transformer storage 5 2,940 4 53 62 2,940 site

Bahtim transformer 20-Aug-06 5 3 300 (Note) 10,000 308 10,000 storage site 13-Jun-07 Naser City 16-Aug-06 5 200 (Note) 205 0 transformer storage site 19-Jun-07 125,000 0 125,000

Total 31 37,477 16 17,760 18 1,880 561 136,960 626 194,077

Note (1) The number of transformers in Bahtim transformer storage yard and Naser City transformer storage site is approximately. (2) The amount of oil shown is based on the information described on the plate of the transformers, and interview from managers of the survey sites.

March 2008 64 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

Nasr City Transformers Storage Site Backyard of Steel Factory

6th October City Transformers Storage Site Electrical Distribution Station

Bahtim Transformers Storage Site Bahtim Transformers Storage Site

Photos 2.1 Storage Conditions of Transformers Found through Inventory Survey

March 2008 65 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

3) Non-intentional Production Through inventory survey, a typical possible example of non-intentional production of PCBs in Egypt was found in the incineration system in polyvinylchloride plant. To perform combustion reactions, the high burner temperature, 1,650oC in pre-combustion chamber, provides favorable operating conditions for cracking of the molecules to be burnt, as well as transformation of chlorine into HCl and minimize the formation of CO and NOx. The formation of dioxins is due to low combustion temperature. Basically, beside the potential formation of PCBs during the direct chlorination of ethylene, partially oxidized aromatic compounds are formed during combustion, especially when the combustion temperature is not high. These components are precursors of dioxins formation because they react together giving dioxins. When the organic phase is efficiently atomized by air, high temperature is reached. This will in turn minimize the formation of precursors and consequently of dioxins.

March 2008 66 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

2.8 Monitoring Activities

2.8.1 Number of Analyzed Sample

(1) Outline Based on the PCBs inventory survey implemented, oil, soil and sediment samples were collected to analyze PCBs from August 2006 to January 2007. The following table shows the list of samples taken. These samples are being analyzed by Cairo Central Center (CCC), and some of them were suspected to contain PCBs.

Table 2.14 Number of Samples Taken Sample Number of Samples Location of Sampling Points Taken Electrical power plant and distribution station : 5 samples taken from 2 sites Factory : Transformer Oil 32 8 samples taken from 2 factories Transformer storage yard : 19 samples from 3 storage sites Factory : 2 samples taken from 1 factory Soil 4 Transformer storage yard : 2 samples from 2 storage sites Sediment 1 Esmalia Canal in Shoubra El Kheima City Total 37 -

(2) Transformer Oil Sample Transformer oil samples taken are shown in the Table 2.15. The samples were taken from the old transformers found through the inventory survey, or the drums in the factories or transformer storage yards surveyed.

Table 2.15 List of Analyzed Transformer Oil Samples No. Sample Sampling Site Sampling Date O-1 Used Transformer oil Transformer storage site in October 6th August 3rd, 2006 (BBC, 1958) City O-2 Used Transformer oil Transformer storage site in October 6th August 3rd, 2006 (ELTA, unknown, 1958) City O-3 Used Transformer oil Transformer storage site in October 6th August 3rd, 2006 (EBG, Austria, 1982) City O-4 Used Transformer oil Transformer storage site in October 6th August 3rd, 2006 (Elector Putere, Rumania,1958) City O-5 Used Transformer oil Delta Iron and Steel Company August 7th, 2006 (ALMACO, Egypt,1975) O-6 Used Transformer oil Delta Iron and Steel Company August 7th, 2006 (ALMACO,Egypt,1975) O-7 Used Transformer oil (unknown) Delta Iron and Steel Company August 7th, 2006 O-8 Used Transformer oil Delta Iron and Steel Company August 7th, 2006 (ALMACO,Egypt,1966) O-9 Used Transformer oil Delta Iron and Steel Company August 7th, 2006 (AEG, Germany)

March 2008 67 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

No. Sample Sampling Site Sampling Date O-10 Used Transformer oil (Toshiba, Shubra El Khema Electrical Power Plant August 6th, 2006 Japan, 1982), yellow color O-11 Used Transformer oil (Toshiba, Shubra El Khema Electrical Power Plant August 6th, 2006 Japan, 1982),red color O-12 Waste transformer oil samples from Bahtim Transformer Storage Yard August 24th, oil drams 2006 O-13 Waste transformer oil samples from Bahtim Transformer Storage Yard August 24th, oil drams 2006 O-14 Waste transformer oil samples from Bahtim Transformer Storage Yard August 24th, oil drams 2006 O-15 Waste transformer oil samples from Bahtim Transformer Storage Yard August 24th, oil drams 2006 O-16 Used transformer oil (ALMACO North Cairo Electrical Distribution Station September 4th, 1966) 2006 O-17 Waste transformer oil from an old North Cairo Electrical Distribution Station September 4th, drum. 2006 O-18 Transformer oil from an old drum North Cairo Electrical Distribution Station September 4th, 2006 O-19 Used transformer oil Egyptian Cable Factory December 25th, (ALMACO, Egypt, 196?) 2006 O-20 Used transformer oil Egyptian Cable Factory December 25th, (ALMACO, Egypt, unknown) 2006 O-21 Used transformer oil Bahtim Transformer Storage Yard June 13th, 2007 O-22 Used transformer oil Bahtim Transformer Storage Yard June 13th, 2007 O-23 Used transformer oil Bahtim Transformer Storage Yard June 13th, 2007 O-24 Used transformer oil Naser City Transformer Storage Yard June 19th, 2007 (ALMACO, Egypt, 1969) O-25 Used transformer oil Naser City Transformer Storage Yard June 19th, 2007 (ALMACO, Egypt, 1972) O-26 Used transformer oil Naser City Transformer Storage Yard June 19th, 2007 (ALMACO, Egypt, 1969) O-27 Used transformer oil Naser City Transformer Storage Yard June 19th, 2007 (ALMACO, Egypt, 1986) O-28 Used transformer oil Naser City Transformer Storage Yard June 19th, 2007 (ALMACO, Egypt, 1970) O-29 Used transformer oil Naser City Transformer Storage Yard June 19th, 2007 (ALMACO, Egypt, 1986) O-30 Used transformer oil (ELTA) October 6th City Transformer Storage Yard June 21th, 2007 O-31 Used transformer oil (Alistom) October 6th City Transformer Storage Yard June 21th, 2007 O-32 Used transformer oil Delta Steel Factory June 24th, 2007

(3) Soil Sample The analyzed soil samples are shown in the Table 2.16. The soil samples were taken from the old transformers storage site, electrical distribution station, and private company where the old transformers found through the inventory survey.

Table 2.16 List of Analyzed Soil Samples No. Sampling Site Sampling Date S-1 Bahtim Transformer Storage Yard August 24th, 2006 S-2 Petroleum Cooperation Company January 8th, 2006 S-3 Petroleum Cooperation Company January 8th, 2006 S-4 October 6th City Transformer Storage Yard June 21th, 2007

March 2008 68 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

(4) Sediment Sample The analyzed sediment sample is shown in the Table 2.17. The sediment sample was taken from the Esmail Canal in Shoubra El Kheima City in September 2006.

Table 2.17 List of Analyzed Sediment Samples No. Sampling Site Sampling Date Se-1 Esmaria Canal (in front of Shoubla September 13th, 2006 Electrical Power Station)

2.8.2 Analytical Method

(1) Transformer Oil Sample Transformer oil samples were extracted by the method described in the Attachment. Quantification was carried out by using GC equipped with ECD detector, HP5. (2) Soil and Sediment Sample Soil and sediment sample were extracted by using SOXHLET EXTRACTION (EPA METHOD 3540C). Sulfur was removed by using activated copper (EPA METHOD 3660B). The clean up and separation procedure was carried out by using silica gel cleanup method (EPA METHOD 3630C). Quantification was carried out by using GC equipped with ECD detector, HP5.

2.8.3 Analytical Results

The analytical results are shown as follows. The chromatograph of the each sample analyzed is attached as Attachment – 2. (1) Transformer Oil Sample The analytical results of transformer oil samples are shown in Table 2.18. Among 32 samples analyzed, PCBs were found from 7 samples.

Table 2.18 Analytical Results of PCBs in Transformer Oils PCBs No. Sample Sampling Site Sampling Date Concentration (ppm) O-16 Used Transformer oil North Cairo Elec. Dist. co 10th September 4th, 2006 71 ALMACO 1966 District .Nasr city O-18 Transformer oil from an North Cairo Electrical old drum Distribution Station September 4th, 2006 3.6 O-22 Used transformer oil Bahtim Transformer Storage June 13th, 2007 Yard 0.36 O-24 Used transformer oil Naser City Transformer June 19th, 2007 (ALMACO, Egypt, 1969) Storage Yard 42 O-30 Used transformer oil October 6th City June 21th, 2007 (ELTA) Transformer Storage Yard 6.7 O-31 Used transformer oil October 6th City June 21th, 2007 (Alistom) Transformer Storage Yard 1.3 O-32 Used transformer oil Delta Steel Factory June 24th, 2007 2.5

Table 2.19 shows the comparison between analytical results and several standard for treatment of oils containing PCBs designated by Stockholm Convention and several

March 2008 69 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

developed countries. One of the analyzed samples, O-16, showed 71 ppm, which was higher concentration than the criteria to be treated, 50 ppm. Another sample, O-24 showed 42 ppm, which is considered that treatment will be necessary.

Table 2.19 Comparison between PCBs Concentration Analyzed and Treatment Standard Designated by Several Developed Countries and International Donors

Item PCBs Concentration in Insulating Oil (ppm) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 O-16 Used Transformer oil

O-18 ALMACO 1966 s t l

u O-22 Transformer oil from an old drum s e R

d O-24 Used transformer oil e z y l

a O-30 Used transformer oil n A O-31 (ALMACO, Egypt, 1969)

O-32 Used transformer oil (ELTA)

UNEP etc To be treated as PCBs waste Japan To be treated as PCBs waste 0.5ppm To be incinerated under specific condition / To be treated with other US substitute measures such as chemical process To be treated as PCBs waste with Canada incineration under specific condition

d r

a To be incinerated under specific d

n EU

a condition t

S

t

n To be incinerated under high e

m England temperature condition / To be treated t a

e with chemical process r T To be incinerated under specific condition

Nederland To be treated as specific condition 5ppm

To be incinerated under high France temperature condition

German To be incinerated as specific waste

(2) Analytical Result of Soils The analytical results of soil samples are shown in Table 2.20. Comparing analytical results with several standards shown in Table 21, it is considered that the concentration found did not have serious risk on human health. However, based on the results that PCBs were found, it is necessary to continue this kind of monitoring in other site to evaluate risks due to PCBs.

Table 2.20 Analytical Results of PCBs in Soils

PCBs No. Sampling Site Sampling Date Concentration (µg/kg) S-1 Transformer Storage Yard August 24th, 2006 1,100 S-2 Petroleum Company January 8th, 2006 610 S-4 Transformer Storage Yard June 21th, 2007 6.4

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Table 2.21 Analytical Results of PCBs in Soils Unit: µg/kg Criteria PCBs Agricultural Area Residential Area Cleanup Levels No. Concentration (NOAA) (NOAA) Required under US EPA Spill Policy S-1 1,100 S-2 610 500 5,000 10,000 S-4 6.4

(3) Analytical Result of Sediment The analytical results of transformer oil samples are shown in Table 2.22. For sediment, there are several guideline values of PCBs concentration depending on the level of possible risks, of which values are from 22.7 – 188.79 µg/kg (Screening Quick Reference Table, NOAA, 1999). Comparing the analytical result with those values, it can be said that the environmental risks due to PCBs should be monitored continuously.

Table 2.22 Analytical Results of PCBs in Sediment

PCBs No. Sampling Site Sampling Date Concentration (µg/kg dry weight) Se-1 Esmalia Canal (in front of September 13th, Shoubla Electrical Power Station) 2006 64 Note : Recovery rate was considered when PCBs concentration was calculated.

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2.9 Awareness Activities

(1) Objectives and targets

1) Objectives Through PCBs inventory survey and monitoring activity, a series of awareness activities have been implemented on relevant stakeholders. The overall objectives of the awareness activities are : - To enhance/improve knowledge on characteristic, toxicity, and usage of PCBs for decrease of health risks due to exposure of PCBs, and - To dessseminate PCBs survey to get relaiable informaiton for the survey. 2) Targets

The target of awareness activities can be divided into three groups as shown in Table 2.23

Table 2.23 Target of Awareness Activities Target Expectation by Awareness Activities Relevant facilities managers and workers (electrical power - Understanding on necessity of PCBs survey and station, electrical distribution management station, private factory, and - Avoidance of serious exposure to PCBs during their transformer storage yard) work - Provision of reliable information of PCBs articles to inventory surveyors Local governmental officers - Understanding on necessity of PCBs survey and management - Assistance to select facilities to be surveyed by inventory surveyors EEAA head office, RBO, and Environmental Management - Enhancement of capacity for PCBs survey Unit (EMU) - Implementation of PCBs survey smoothly Local NGOs - Avoidance of serious exposure to PCBs during daily life - Assistance to collect relevant information for PCBs survey

3) Design of Awareness Activities Awareness activity design is shown in Table 2.24

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Table 2.24 Design of Awareness Activities Topic/Message to be Communicated/Interacted with Target Group (1) Negative environmental and health impacts of hazardous chemical substances such as PCBs, PAHs, Cr, and Cd (2) Safe handling, treatment, and final disposal of the hazardous chemical substances in industries (3) Replacement of hazardous chemical substances with safe substances in the production process

Expectation to Target Group after Awareness Activity (1) Common goal as “Risk Communication” a) Common knowledge and understanding on the hazardous chemical substances for the citizens, industry, and government is enhanced to adequately communicate among them on this issue. (2) The citizens a) Better understanding on environmental and health risks, which may be caused by hazardous chemical substances from industry, is enhanced to relieve the citizens’ anxiety since most of the citizens do not have adequate knowledge and information about the hazardous chemical substances. b) An opportunity to consider with industry and government about how much level of risk be acceptable, and about which risks shall be reduced to certain level or avoided/eliminated based on adequate knowledge on the hazardous chemical substances. (3) Factory (managers and concerned staff) a) Managers and concerned staff of the factories obtain adequate knowledge and information on the hazardous chemical substances, which are used in their factories. b) Safe handling, treatment, and final disposal of the hazardous chemical substances are implemented through instructions to factory staff and installation of facility/equipment, if necessary. c) Intention on introduction of safe substances in the production process to be replaced from the hazardous chemical substances is enhanced. (4) Local governmental staff a) The local governmental staffs related to the pollution issue obtain adequate knowledge and information on the hazardous chemical substances to extend their capability of daily work. b) Better communication with the citizens and industry is enhanced to solve relevant-issue at local level. Activity Design Description of Activity (1) Communication type/method/tool a) Seminar, workshop, and field visit for factory managers b) Public meeting and field visit for the citizens c) Seminar and field visit for local governmental staff Executer of Activity (1) Responsible Dept. & Name of Person in charge a) Environmental Management Dept. of EEAA b) Hazardous Substances Dept. of EEAA (CC1 member) c) GC RBO d) General Dept. of Media and Environmental Education, e) Public Awareness Dept. of GC RBO (2) Supporters a) Hospital Day (NGO) and 3 active NGOs in Shubla El Khema City b) Benha University c) Cultural center d) Education Dept. of Shubla El Khema City office

(2) Implemented activities

1) Kick-off meeting / wrap-up meeting of PCBs survey To get proper support and reliable information for PCBs survey, a Kick-off meeting was held at the initial stage of PCBs survey in Shoubra El Kheima District. In the meeting, not only survey plan was explained, but also provide the lectures for local stakeholders to enhance essential

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knowledge to decrease risks due to PCBs exposure, such as characteristic, toxicity, and sources by the local experts. On March 4th 2007, output of PCBs inventory survey until February 2007 were disseminated to local stakeholders, and provide information for proper management of PCBs articles based on Japanese Experience and viewpoint from Egyptian local expert. Table 2.25 Outline of Awareness Activities Date Title Participants Contents Jul. 26, 2006 Kick-off meeting of Shubra El Kheima City - Information on characteristic, PCBs inventory survey Mayor, governorate officer, toxicity, usage of PCBs were and monitoring activity district officer, Ministry of provided and risks due to PCBs Electricity, Industrial Dev. were explained as lecture by local Authority, Ministry of expert. Health, private company, - Law and regulation related to EEAA, RBO, EMU, NGO, control of hazardous substances university including PCBs were explained by local expert. - PCBs inventory survey and monitoring activities were explained. Mar. 4, 2006 Project achievements Governorate officer, - PCBs inventory survey results as and future activities of district officer, Ministry of of February 2007 were reported to the PCBs survey in Electricity, Ministry of local stakeholders. Shoubra El Khema Health, private company, - Required information for PCBs City EEAA, RBO, EMU, NGO, management were provided based university on Japanese experiences and viewpoints of Egyptian expert.

2) Awareness raising workshop Table 2.26 shows the awareness workshop held for relevant governmental officers, representative of private sector, local NGOs, managers and workers of local private enterprises, electrical distribution station, and transformer storage yard to be surveyed. These workshops contributed to enhancement of local stakeholders’ awareness on PCBs survey and management, and it is expected to become a first step to actualize sound management of PCBs articles in Shoubra El Kheima City. Table 2.26 Outline of Awareness Raising Workshop Date Title Participants Contents Jan. 18, 2007 Workshop for local Western and eastern Shubla - Information on characteristic, stakeholders and El Kheima district officer, toxicity, usage of PCBs were decision makers in Local NGO provided and risks due to PCBs Shubla El Kheima were explained as lecture by local expert. - Law and regulation related to control of hazardous substances including PCBs were explained by local expert. - PCBs inventory survey and monitoring activities were explained.

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Date Title Participants Contents Aug. 16, 2007 Regional Awareness Governorate officer, - Information on characteristic, Workshop for Sound district officer, Ministry of toxicity, usage of PCBs were Management of Electricity, Ministry of provided and risks due to PCBs Hazardous Chemicals Health, private company, were explained as lecture by local EEAA, RBO, EMU, NGO, expert. university - Law and regulation related to control of hazardous substances including PCBs were explained by local expert. - PCBs inventory survey and monitoring activities were explained. Jan. 28&29, 2008 Awareness Manager and workers of - Information on characteristic, Workshop for Local local enterprises, EMU toxicity, usage of hazardous Enterprises substances were provided. - A site visiting to show a good practice of environmental management system was carried out.

3) Training on Environmental Management Unit (EMU) From December 2006 to January 2007, a series of lectures regarding environmental management was provided for EMU officers of western and eastern district of Shoubra El Kheima. The lecture program was planned by Hazardous Substance Management Department in EEAA. Through the lectures, the information required for implementation of PCBs survey were explained, and fundamental information to decrease risks due to PCBs, such as its characteristic, toxicity and sources. The training contributed to implementation of PCBs survey much smoothly. 4) Internal meeting in EEAA and RBOs Table 2.27 shows a series of meeting held by EEAA and RBOs. Those meeting have assisted to enhance/improve knowledge for implementation of PCBs survey smoothly in Shoubra El Kheima City, and examination of future extension of PCBs survey in other area, and discussion toward sound management of PCBs articles. Table 2.27 Outline of Awareness Activities Date Participants Outline Jan. 16, 2006 EEAA, local expert, local NGO - Dissemination of PCBs survey under REMIP Jun. 20, 2006 EEAA, RBOs, EMU, local expert - Discussion on PCBs inventory survey plan based on UNEP guideline Jul. 31, 2006 EEAA, RBOs, EMU, local expert - Discussion on future activities considering output of preliminary PCBs inventory survey Dec. 26, 2006 EEAA, RBOs, local expert - Lecture on PCBs treatment options by local expert Jan 16, 2007 EEAA and RBOs - Information sharing on PCBs survey with RBOs Jul 12, 2007 EEAA and RBOs - Discussion on awareness activity plan Aug 6 and 7, EEAA and RBOs, local expert - Discussion on extension of PCBs survey 2007 - Lecture on characteristic, toxicity, and source of PCBs

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2.10 Database Formulation

CC1 has inputted the information collected by the inventory survey in the Excel form. The data can be utilized for preparation of database. In May and July 2007, a meeting was held between EEAA with JICA Expert Team and DANIDA to utilize existing environmental database, named “Egyptian Regional Environmental Management Information System (EREMIS)” for input of information and data collected by CC1. CC1 wanted to formulate a database not only PCBs, PAHs, or chromium and cadmium but also for various hazardous chemicals. A proposed framework of the database in existing condition is shown below. It is planned that the database contains information of i) general information of hazardous chemicals, ii) environmental objects, iii) Environment, iv) previous study, v) environmental risks, and vi) treatment. The framework will be changed through further discussion. Currently, possibility of modification of EREMIS is being examined.

General information of Environmental objects hazardous chemicals (Factory etc.) - Characteristic of chemicals - Basic information of facility - Hazardousness of chemicals Waste card

-Air PCBs -Water -Soil -Others Environment Transformer - Air Waste oil - Water - Sediment - Soil

Previous study Environmental risks Treatment

PCBs PCBs PCBs

Figure 2.6 Draft Framework Proposed for Hazardous Chemical Substance Database

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III Conclusion and Recommendation

3.1 Conclusions

Under Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project (REMIP), the inventory survey was implemented in Shubra El Kheima City and relevant transformers storage sites for the electricity companies which are located in Nasr City and 6th October City. Within the area of concern and relevant compiling sites such as Bahtim Transformer Storage Site, 6th October City Storage Site, Nasr Ciyt Transformer Storage Site, nearly 560 transformers manufactured within the period from 1950 to 1986 were inventoried. Additionally, about 100 units, as shown in Photo 2.1, were as such, unavailable for applying inventory measures. However, the whole number of units is considered PCBs-suspects. Out of the mentioned number, 32 oil samples were withdrawn and analyzed by the Cairo Central Center (CCC). Furthermore, 4 soil and 1 sediment sample(s) were also taken and similarly analyzed. Almost all of old transformers are kept in open area without any roof or floor to avoid evaporation or leakage of their oils which may contain PCBs, i.e. disobeying the current international guidelines in this respect. As a result of analysis of transformer oils, among 32 samples analyzed, PCBs were found in 7 samples. One of the analyzed samples showed 71 ppm, which is a higher concentration than the implementing criteria for treatment which is 50 ppm. Another sample showed 42 ppm, which is considered in need of field treatment before public use. Since test kits were unavailable during the field inventory survey, all of the transformers suspected to have insulating oil containing PCBs were not in-site checked, so it was possible that other transformers having PCBs contaminated oil at such high concentration level may exist.

3.2 Lessons Learned from REMIP

Through inventory survey and monitoring activity, the following lessons were found. · To get reliable information on transformers contaminated by PCBs through inventory survey, it is required to cooperate with the relevant managers of the target facilities, and it is important to implement preliminary awareness raising activities before inventory survey. · To implement full-scale inventory survey nationwide, it is necessary to provide training for EEAA Regional Branch Offices (RBOs) to enhance knowledge on PCBs waste and to take steps of inventory survey, and formulate a system to be able to cooperate with relevant authorities for management of PCBs waste. · To check as large number of transformers suspected to contain or to be contaminated by PCBs as desirable, it must adopt field test kits. · To implement effective inventory survey, labelling work must be carried out, and it is desirable to prepare a guideline for inventory survey. · To control possible PCBs wastes such as in transformers manufactured from 1950 to 1986 or used oils that may have PCBs, it is essential to cooperate with relevant authorities.

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· To evaluate the monitoring results, it is necessary to set a guideline values to judge necessity of decontamination of PCBs contaminated matrices.

3.3 Recommendations for Next Step and Way Forward

Based on the results and experiences of the inventory survey and monitoring activities, the following actions will be recommended for next step and way forward to actualize sound management of PCBs. 1) Activities led by Ministry of Environmental Affair and EEAA cooperating with relevant stakeholders · Implement full-scale inventory survey on the articles contaminated by PCBs (transformers and capacitors) based on the experiences of REMIP. · Designate guideline values for management of PCBs under the Environmental Law (4/94), considering international criteria. · Establish a national committee to formulate guidelines for the transportation, storage and decontamination of PCBs contaminated matrices · Establish a committee of experts to advise the best technology to follow up for handling and treatment of PCBs-contaminated oils according to the nationwide inventory survey. · Formulate an integrated cooperation system of analytical laboratory to be able to analyze all kinds of the articles contaminated by PCBs and environmental samples to grasp sources of PCBs and status of contamination in environment. · Formulate a system to strengthen the penalty on those who trade the used oils contaminated by PCBs. · Provide the scientific and technical consultation for the local concerned parties by EEAA. · Continue the awareness rising on health and environmental risks of PCBs and required approaches and actions for its management, cooperating with media, citizens, the concerned authorities, and NGOs. · Create a communication and information network for EEAA and relevant stakeholders in the different sectors to manage the articles that may have PCBs, i.e. the old transformers manufactured before middle of 1980s.

2) Activities for strengthening of capacities of relevant stakeholders for making inventory and monitoring of articles contaminated by PCBs · Hold training to encourage the capacity of EEAA, RBOs, and regional EMUs to have the responsibility to apply the inventory in their controlled area. · Provide equipments to EEAA, RBOs and the other relevant authorities for screening tests to identify necessity of treatment on the articles that may be contaminated by PCBs.

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3) Activities recommended to relevant administration · Request the relevant ministries, which have responsibilities to control large number of transformers and capacitors such as Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Electricity to apply inventory on the articles contaminated by PCBs. · Request Ministry of Heath to carry out epidemiological survey such as human blood analysis for the people who have possibilities or may have been affected by exposure to PCBs. · Request Ministry of Petroleum to engage the entities which are entitled to collect and manage the used oil in this regard.

4) Activities implemented with consultation of JICA Expert Team through REMIP and are expected to continue with consultation of international donors such as CIDA, GEF, JICA, and WB. · Support to implement full-scale inventory survey of the articles contaminated by PCBs, such as transformers. · Prepare a road map to control and treat the articles contaminated by PCBs. · Develop human resources and institutional framework to control and treat the articles contaminated by PCBs. · Examine the appropriate treatment options on the articles contaminated by PCBs.

3.4 On-going Sustainable Efforts

(1) Inventory Survey

In August 2007, SRBA issued a letter to request each RBO to start inventory survey of old transformers that may have PCBs. So far, Greater Cairo RBO and Aswan RBO have already started the inventory survey. A form of inventory record sheet was proposed by Greater Cairo RBO, and the form has been stated to be utilized for usual inspection activities. This kind of activities contribute to implement full-scale inventory survey nationwide, and it is recommended for EEAA to assist RBOs activities with providing training and necessary equipment such as field test kits. (2) Awareness Activity

Hazardous Substance Management Department in EEAA continues to implement awareness raising activities for relevant stakeholders. Under REMIP, an awareness workshop and site visiting for local governmental officers is planned to be held in the middle of 2008.

March 2008 79 Regional Environmental Management Report on PCBs Survey in Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Shoubra El Kheima City

Personnel Supervisors Name Position Dr. Fatma Mohamed Abou Shouk Head of Environmental Management Sector (EMS) Dr. Atwa Hussein Atwa General Director, Greater Cairo RBO Eng. Adel El Shafie Manager, General Department of Hazardous Substance and Hazardous Waste Management, EEAA

Advisors Name Position Prof. Mohamed El Zarka Advisor on hazardous chemicals for EEAA Prof. Raouf Okasha National Center for Radiation Research and Technology Dr. Mohamed Abdel Salam El-Banna Chairman, Day Hospital Institute (NGO)

Member of Coordination Committee 1 and Task Force Name Position Eng. Elham Refaat Abed El Aziz Manager, Hazardous Substance Management Department (HSMD) Dr. Mohamed Esmail Manager, Hazardous Waste Management Department Eng. Mohamed Lotfy Kamel Abu Zeed Manager, Environmental Development Department Eng. Kawser Hefni Chief of Cairo Central Center Eng. Assma Said Expert of HSMD Eng. Engy Sehata Expert of HSMD Eng. Medhat Yosef Expert of HSMD Eng. Yaser Bader Expert of HSMD Eng. Eman Abdel-Raauf Expert of HSMD Eng. Mohamed Farouk Abdel Rahman Environmental Development Department Eng. Basem Adel Abedelall Environmental Inspector, Inspection Unit Dr. Hanaa Mohmoud El Sheltawi Chief of Water Quality Section of CCC Eng. Essam Eldin Eldawy Ibrahim Saleh Technical Expert of CCC Eng. Eman Shahen Technical Expert of CCC Eng. Rasha Mohamed Salah Technical Expert of CCC Eng. Mohamed Galal Water Quality Laboratory Expert of GC RBO Eng. Ahlam Farouk Ammar Manager, General Dept. of Env. Inspection of EEAA Eng. Amaal Taha Sayed Director of Students Education & Awareness, CDCEA Eng. Ahmed Mostafa Manager, GIS Section in Information Department of EEAA Eng. Hussen Gouela Industrial Unit of EEAA Eng. Mervet Hassan Chief, Environmental Section of Shubra El Kheima District Branch of EMU

March 2008 80

Attachment -1

Inventory Survey Results Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

1) New Bahtim Distribution Station, Shubra El Khema district Date: 26 June 2006 Surveyors: EEAA(HSMD, URDD, CCC), EMU Findings: - The Bahtim Sub-Station distributes electricity to 8 sub-Stations shown below. Among them, 8 Sub-Stations are located in Shubra El Khema district: 1) El Mansogat 2) Old Bahtim 3) Mustoroad 4) Esco 5) Petroleum Transformer Station 6) Shubra Ek Khema 7) Mia Shubra El Khema 8) El Amiria - They use three transformers from 1987, which were manufactured in 1983 by AEG Co. Germany. - They do not have experience to change transformers. Oil has been replaced several times. - According to the manager, some Sub-Station handed over old transformers to some disposal enterprises in 6th October City. It is necessary to implement inspection. - Besides the Sub-station, there is a recycling factory storing many drums which may have used oil. It is necessary to implement inspection.

Table 3.3 Transformers Observed in New Bahtim No. Name of Year of Country of Serial Number Weight Weight Status Status of Company Manufacture Manufacture Number of Trs. of Trs. of Oil of Trs. Location Manufactured (kg) (kg) Transformer 1 EBG - Germany 406793 1 - 940 Out Stored Good condition 2 EBG - Germany - 1 - 940 Out Stored Good condition

Att 1 - 1 Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

2) Old Bahtim and Mustorod Distribution Station, Shubra El Khema district Date: 12th July 2006 Surveyors: EEAA(HSMD, URDD, Inspection Unit) Findings: - The Old Bahtim Sub-Station operates one transformer, which was produced in 1978 in Austria. - A workshop for maintenance of the transformers is located in Gesr El-Seuz area. The workshop may have old transformers which were manufactured before 1980s. - The manager of the Mustorod Distribution Station possesses the experience to launch a lecture about risks of PCBs from a consultant. - Both Sub-stations has record of analysis on oils in transformers, but there is no information about PCBs.

Table 3.4 Transformers Observed in Mustorod Station No. Name of Year of Country of Serial Number Weight Weight Status Status of Location Company Manufacture Manufacture Number of of Trs. of Oil of Trs. Manufactured Transfor (kg) (kg) Transformer mers. 1 EBG - Rumania - 1 - 980 Out Stored Good condition 2 EBG - Rumania - 1 - 980 Out Stored Good condition 3 EBG - Rumania - 1 - - Out Stored Good condition 4 EBG - Rumania - 1 - - Out Stored Good condition

Att 1 - 2 Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

3) Esco Transformer Station Date: 27th July 2006 Surveyors: EEAA (HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - The year of establishment of the Station in 1979

Table 3.5 Transformers Observed in Esco Transformer Station No. Name of Year of Country of Serial Number Weight Weight of Status of Status of Company Manufacture Manufacture Number of Trs. of Trs. Oil Trs. Location Manufactured (Ton) (Ton) Transformer 1 EGIMAC 1988 Rumania 131959 1 50 10 out Stored Open area 2 ELMACO 1970 Rumania 137407 1 50 10 out Stored Open area 3 EBG 2004 Austria 39178 1 - - Burned Stored Open area 4 ELMACO 2006 Egypt 25065 1 - - Working Open area 5 (Capacitors) 1987/1980 Finland - 4 - - working Open area Nokia

4) Petroleum Transformer Station Date: 27th July 2006 Surveyors: EEAA (HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - The transformer in the Station was produced within the period 1994-2002

Table 3.6 Transformers Observed in Petroleum Transformer Station No. Name of Year of Country Serial Number Weight Weig Status of Status of Company Manufacture of Number of Trs. of Trs. ht of Trs. Location Manufactured Manufacture (Ton) Oil Transformer (Ton) 1 ELMACO 1974 Rumania 141213 1 38 8.6 working Stored Good conditions 2 ELMACO 1994 Egypt 141711 1 - - working Stored Good conditions 3 ELMACO 2001 Egypt 250273 1 - - working Stored Good conditions 4 ELMACO 2002 Egypt 2502335 1 - - working Stored Good conditions

Att 1 - 3 Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

5) Delta Iron and Steel Factory Date: (first Visit), 1st August 2006 Surveyors: EEAA (HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - There are 30 transformers and 20 capacitors - The most capacitors in the company were produced within 1990-2000. - The transformers in the company were produced from the 1940’s to 80’s. - The transformer oils had been only refilled and not replaced until the transformers were transferred to the workshop for replacement. - Repairing and maintenance work of transformers including refilling of oil has been implemented by ELMACO Company or Helwan Iron and Steel Company. - Abandoned transformers are stored under uncontrollable condition. During this field visit, the following old transformers, potentially possessing oil containing PCB,s were found. It is necessary to implement a follow-up survey to identify possible pollution due to PCBs.

Table 3.7 Abandoned Transformers Observed in Delta Iron Steel Company No. Name of Year of Country of Serial Number Weight Weight of Status Status of Company Manufacture Manufacture Number of Trs. of Trs. Oil of Trs. Location Manufactured (kg) (kg) Transformer 1 ELMACO 1966 Egypt 657361 1 4.160 940 out bad conditions 2 ELMACO 1970 Egypt - 1 4.160 940 out bad conditions 3 ELMACO 1975 Egypt 7583149 1 4.160 940 -out bad conditions 4 ELMACO 1976 Egypt 1 4.160 940 out bad conditions 5 ELMACO 1995 Egypt 768017 1 4.160 940 out bad conditions 6 BBC 1973 - - 1 1.600 - out bad conditions 7 Marley 1960 Italy - 1 4.160 940 out bad conditions 8 Brown Beveri - - - 1 - - out bad conditions 9 AEG - Germany - 1 - - out bad conditions

Att 1 - 4 Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

6) 6 th of October city Transformers Stations Date: 3th August 2006 Surveyors: EEAA (HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - Most transformers were produced within the period 1958-1971 - 23 transformers are out of service (bad maintenance) - 30 transformers are out of service “stored”. - Samples of oil were taken during the field visit.

Table 3.8 Abandoned Transformers Observed in 6 th of October T.S No Name of Year of Country of Serial Number Weight Weight Status Status of . Company Manufacture Manufacture Number of Trs. of Trs. of Oil of Trs. Location Manufactured (kg) (kg) Transformer 1 EBG 1980 Austria 3210016 1 - 980 Spare Open area part 2 EBG 1970 Austria 312004 2 - 980 Spare Open area part 3 EBG 1971 Austria 710772 1 - 980 Spare Open area part 4 BBC 1958 Germany 72256 1 - - Spare Open area part 5 ElTA 1966 Poland 15629 2 - -- Spare Open area part 6 - 1981 - 3509467 3 - - Spare Open area part 7 ELMACO 1989 - 1516147 1 - - Spare Open area part 8 - 1971 Germany 710620 1 - - Spare Open area part 9 Electro Putere 1988 Rumania ------

Att 1 - 5 Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

7) Shubra El Kheyma Power Station Date: 6th August 2004 Surveyors: EEAA (HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - The Station possess 10 main transformers (8 before 1986 & 2 after 1986)*.0/ and 4 auxiliary transformers. - All transformers were produced by Toshiba, Japan.

Table 3.9 Transformers Observed in Shubra El Kheyma Power Station No. Name of Year of Country of Serial Number Weight Weig Status of Status of Company Manufacture Manufacture Number of Trs. of Trs. ht of Trs. Location Manufactured (kg) Oil Transformer (kg) 1 Toshiba 1983 Japan 83900012 1 - 38 Working Good m3 conditions 2 Toshiba 1983 Japan 83090002 1 - 29 Working Good conditions 3 Toshiba 1980 Japan 830900014 1 - 980 Working Good conditions 4 Toshiba 1983 Japan 83090003 1 - 980 Working Good conditions 5 Toshiba 1980 Japan 83900013 1 - 980 Working Good conditions 6 Toshiba 1980 Japan 83090004 1 - 980 Working Good conditions

8) Delta Iron and Steel Factory Date : (Second Visit, taking samples) , 7 th August 2004 Surveyors: EEAA (HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - The company has its own transformer substations; surveyors did not have chance to visit it. - Storage yard, has many transformers in a bad condition (clear oil leakage), belongs to different supplier names, and out of use (attached detailed survey).

Att 1 - 6 Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

Table 3.10 Abandoned Transformers Observed in Delta Iron and Steel Factory

No Name of Company Year of Country of Serial Number Weight Weight Status Status of . Manufactured Manufacture Manufacture Number of Trs. of Trs. of Oil of Trs. Location Transformer (kg) (kg) 1 BBC 1949 Rumania 785321 1 - - Out Stored Open area bad conditions 2 ELMACO 1975 Egypt 7583149 1 4.160 940- Out Stored Open area bad conditions 3 EBG 1970 Rumania 3094673 1 - -- Out Stored Open area bad conditions 4 - 1976 Rumania 2909445 1 - - Out Stored Open area bad conditions 5 COSINDERED(ol 1970/76 - - 5 - - Out Stored d manufacture) Open area bad conditions

9) Water Shubra El Kheyma Transformer Station Date: 14th August 2006 Surveyors: EEAA (HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - It possess 3 (potential) transformers(power 25 mega Volt Ampere, potential 66/11 k Volt)and 3 capacitors

Table 3.11 Transformers Observed in water Shubra El Kheyma Transformer Station No. Name of Year of Country of Serial Number Weight Weight Status of Status of Company Manufacture Manufacture Number of Trs. of Trs. of Oil Trs. Location Manufactured (Ton) (Ton) Transformer 1 ELMACO 1997 Egypt 2597102 1 - - working Good condition 2 ELMACO 1992 Egypt 2592013 1 - - working Good condition 3 ELMACO 1992 Egypt 2522014 1 - - working Good condition

Att 1 - 7 Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

10) Nasr city storage for transformers maintenance Date : 16th August 2006 Surveyors: EEAA (HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - 200 new and old transformers. - A storage area for used oil.

Table 3.12 Nasr city Storage for transformed No. Name of Year of Country of Serial Number Capacity of engine Company Manufacture Manufacture Number of Trs. Manufactured Transformer 1 ABB 2006 - - 15 1000 / KVA 2 ELMACO 2006 - - 41 500 / KVA 3 ELMACO 2005 - - 36 300 / KVA 4 Metallic 2004 - - 10 63 / KVA 5 ELMACO 1997 - - 5 25 / KVA

11) Central Storage Bahtim Date: 20th August 2006 Surveyors: EEAA (HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO,EMU Findings: - Old transformer (out of order ) in bad storage conditions ,samples were taken to GC analyses . - 300 transformers produced in different years - A storage area for new and used oils

Att 1 - 8 Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

Table 3.13 Abandoned Transformers Observed in Central Storage Bahtim No Name of Company Year of Country Serial Number Weight Weight Status Status of . Manufactured Manufacture of Number of Trs. of Trs. of Oil of Trs. Location Transformer Manufacture (kg) (kg) 1 ELMACO 1953 Egypt 72256 1 - - out Stored Open area bad conditions 2 ELMACO 1979 Egypt 15629 1 - - out Stored Open area bad conditions 3 ELMACO 1983 Egypt 312004 1 - - out Stored Open area bad conditions 4 ELMACO 1977 Egypt 155320 1 - - out Stored Open area bad conditions 5 ELMACO 1966 Egypt 12630 1 - - out Stored Open area bad conditions 6 ELMACO 1985 Egypt 14502 1 - - out Stored Open area bad conditions 7 ELMACO 1975 Egypt 12440 1 - - out Stored Open area bad conditions 8 ELMACO 1982 Egypt 188520 1 - - out Stored Open area bad conditions

12) ELMACO Company Date: 21st August 2006 Surveyors: EEAA (HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - The company is almost considered as a sole supplier for transformers and power switches (manufactured under French license) , it also provides maintenance and repair. - There is area for collecting waste transformer oils before selling it to : A) Misr Petroleum b) Cooperative Sector c) Private Sector - Surveyors get hardly names and telephones belong to two oil transform private sector.

Att 1 - 9 Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

13) Domestic Waste Water Transformers Station in Shubra El Kheyma Date: 22nd August 2006 Surveyors: EEAA(HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - 20 new transformers working in good condition (18 transformers1986-1995,2 transformers 1992)

Table 3.15 Transformers Observed in Domestic waste water Transformers Station in Shubra El Kheyma No. Name of Year of Country Serial Number Weight Weight Status of Status of Company Manufacture of Number of Trs. of Trs. of Oil Trs. Location Manufactured Manufacture (kg) (kg) Transformer 1 ELMACO 1992 Egypt/Italy* 928055 1 4360 980 Working Good conditions 2 ELMACO 1992 Egypt/Italy* 928053 1 4360 980 Working Good conditions 3 ELMACO 1986/1995 Egypt/Italy* 53880 2 3200 1440 working Good 53881 conditions *Under Italian License

14) Egyptian Cables Company Date: 25th December 2006 Surveyors: EEAA(HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - There are total 22transformers, 19 transformers (1993/1992), - 3 of out of working in bad conditions.

Table 3.16 Transformers Observed in Egyptian Cables Company No Name of Year of Country Serial Number Weight Weight Status of Status of . Company Manufacture of Number of Trs. of Trs. of Oil Trs. Location Manufacture Manufacture (kg) (kg) d Transformer 1 ELMACO 1960 Egypt 110438 1 3935 812 Out Bad Working conditions -open area

Att 1 - 10 Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP)

15) Cairo Company for Petroleum Refining Date: 8th January 2007 Surveyors: EEAA(HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - There are total 12 transformers are working(ELMACO ,Europe) ,2 out of working. - 2 of soil samples under the 2 out transformers have been taken.

Table 3.17 Transformers Observed in Cairo Company for Petroleum Refining No Name of Company Year of Country Serial Number Weight Weight Status of Status of . Manufactured Manufacture of Number of Trs. of Trs. of Oil Trs. Location Transformer Manufacture (kg) (kg) 1 BBC 1954 England 75094 1 - 8200 Out Bad Working conditions-c losed area

16) Yaseyen for Glass Company Date: 25th January 2007 Surveyors: EEAA(HSMD, URDD), GC, RBO Findings: - There are 10 transformers are working in closed area and in good conditions (4,ELMACO 1990 - 4,ELMACO 1960-2, BEZ 1963). -There are 45 Capacitors are working in closed area and in good conditions. -Three used oil samples from old capacitors.

Table 3.18 Transformers Observed in Yaseyen for Glass Company No Name of Company Year of Country Serial Number Weigh Weight Status of Status of . Manufactured Manufacture of Number of Trs. t of of Oil Trs. Location Transformer Manufacture Trs. (kg) (kg) 1 1954 83771 1 4300 1285 Good Working conditionscl osed area

Att 1 - 11

Attachment -2

Chromatograph of PCBs Analysis