JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY EGYPTIAN ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AGENCY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT REPORT ON PCBS SURVEY IN SHUBRA EL KHEIMA CITY IN ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT March 2008 Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project in the Arab Republic of Egypt (REMIP) Preface With the rapid industrialization, the Arab Republic of Egypt suffers damages from environmental pollution. So far, the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), under the Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs of the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt (GOE) has developed basic environmental monitoring capacity for air and water quality, through the technical cooperation by the Government of Japan (GOJ) and assistance from other donors. Since GOE requests GOJ further technical cooperation on 1) monitoring-data interpretation and countermeasures proposal capacity of EEAA, 2) hazardous substance management of EEAA, and 3) public awareness raising and training to external stakeholders of EEAA, due to their importance, GOJ has started a technical cooperation project, named “Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project (REMIP)” since November 2005. Under the REMIP, Hazardous Substance Management Department in EEAA is carrying out a component, named “Sound Management of Hazardous Chemical Substances” with relevant stakeholders, such as Regional Branch Offices (RBOs), Envirometal Management Units (EMUs), and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs). In the first phase of the component, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were set as the target substances to be addressed, because GOE rectified the Stockholm Convention in May 2003, and requirement of inventory survey was stated in the National Implementation Plan (NIP) reported in 2005. The following works were planned to be implemented under REMIP. - Collect information of previous inventory survey - Implement a pilot inventory survey and monitoring work with awareness raising activity for relevant stakeholders - Review existing environmental and health guidelines and Japanese PCBs relevant management system - Formulate database of articles containing PCBs with relevant information As a site for pilot inventory survey, Shubra El Kheima City in Qalyubia Governorate was selected. The city location lies to the north of the centre of Cairo, as shown on the next page, where is a complex of residential, agricultural and industrial area, suffering from pollution. This report describes the activities and outcomes obtained through REMIP, and recommendations on future activities toward sound management of articles contaminated by PCBs. Shubra El Kheima City in Qalyubia Governorate Location Map of Pilot Inventory Survey Site Nasr City Transformers Storage Site Nasr City Transformers Storage Site 6th October City Transformers Storage Site Bahtim Transformers Storage Site PCBs Inventory Survey PCBs Inventory Survey Relevant Activities Implemented in PCBs Inventory Survey and Monitoring Work under Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project (REMIP) Awareness Workshop for Local Stakeholders Meeting with Local Stakeholders before Starting Inventory Survey Internal Meeting for Expanding of PCBs Internal Training with Local Expert Inventory Survey Analytical Training for Pre-treatment and Hazardous Chemical Substances Database Analysis of PCBs (under preparation) Relevant Activities Implemented in PCBs Inventory Survey and Monitoring Work under Regional Environmental Management Improvement Project (REMIP) PCBs INVENTORY SURVEY AND MONITORING WORK IN SHUBRA EL KHEIMA CITY IN ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT Table of Contents Ⅰ PCBs Overview 1.1 History .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Chemistry ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.3 Toxicity ................................................................................................................................ 12 1.4 Electrical Transformers ........................................................................................................ 17 1.5 Safety Management .............................................................................................................. 23 1.6 Destruction and Decontamination ........................................................................................ 26 II Survey Work 2.1 Previous Inventory Survey ................................................................................................... 33 2.2 Previous Research Studies ................................................................................................... 37 2.3 Law Framework ................................................................................................................... 40 2.4 Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines ..................................................................... 42 2.5 PCBs Treatment Framework in Japan .................................................................................. 52 2.6 Analytical Aspects ................................................................................................................ 57 2.7 PCBs Inventory Survey ........................................................................................................ 59 2.8 Monitoring Activities ........................................................................................................... 67 2.9 Awareness Activities ............................................................................................................ 72 2.10 Database Formulation .......................................................................................................... 76 III Conclusion and Recommendation 3.1 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 77 3.2 Lessons Learned from REMIP ............................................................................................. 77 3.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 78 3.4 On-going Sustainable Efforts ............................................................................................... 79 Personnel i Attachment Attachment -1 Inventory Survey Results Attachment -2 Chromatograph of PCBs Analysis List of Tables Page Table 1.1 Fractions Separated in Production Process .................................................................... 10 Table 1.2 Outline of PCBs Destruction and Decontamination Processes...................................... 27 Table 2.1 Concentrations of PCBs (ng/l) during 1990s in Seawater.............................................. 38 Table 2.2 Mean concentrations of PCBs (ng/g dry weight) during 1990s in Sediments ............... 38 Table 2.3 Obligations Defined by “PCBs Special Measures Law” in Japan ................................. 52 Table 2.4 Standard for Treatment of PCBs Wastes ........................................................................ 52 Table 2.5 Outline of PCBs Treatment facilities under JESCO....................................................... 53 Table 2.6 Treatment Method Utilized in PCBs Waste Treatment Facilities in Japan .................... 54 Table 2.7 Safety Management Measures Adopted in Tokyo Facility ............................................ 56 Table 2.8 Outline of PCBs Inventory Survey and Monitoring Activity from January 2006 to January 2008........................................................................................ 59 Table 2.9 Shubra El Keima City .................................................................................................... 60 Table 2.10 List of Inventoru Sruveyor............................................................................................. 61 Table 2.11 Training Provided under REMIP ................................................................................... 62 Table 2.12 List of facilities Surveyed .............................................................................................. 63 Table 2.13 Number of Transformers Found..................................................................................... 64 Table 2.14 Number of Samples Taken............................................................................................. 67 Table 2.15 List of Analyzed Transformer Oil Samples.................................................................... 67 Table 2.16 List of Analyzed Soil Samples....................................................................................... 68 Table 2.17 List of Analyzed Sediment Samples .............................................................................. 69 Table 2.18 Analytical Results of PCBs in Transformer Oils ........................................................... 69 Table 2.19 Comparison between PCBs Concentration Analyzed and Treatment Standard Designated by Several Developed Countries and International Donors ........................ 70 Table 2.20 Analytical Results of PCBs in Soils............................................................................... 70 Table 2.21 Analytical Results of PCBs in Soils............................................................................... 71 Table 2.22 Analytical Results of PCBs in Sediment.......................................................................