01 02 03 04 05 06 07 NOTES 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 Quoted passages of the fve featured survivors are their own words, taken primar- 15 ily from multiple personal interviews that I conducted in Japanese and translated 16 with the help of a dedicated translation support team. I have edited the survivors’ 17 words for length, clarity, and to eliminate repetition and the off- topic threads of dialogue that naturally occurred in our conversations. These quotes are also 18 drawn from their words in follow-up interviews, correspondence, and unpub- 19 lished personal writings. To reconstruct the featured survivors’ stories with accu- 20 racy, I also consulted hundreds of other sources related to their lives, including published and unpublished testimonies and biographies; newspaper and journal 21 articles; transcripts of speeches; radio, television, and flm interviews; photo- 22 graphs; and personal interviews and correspondence with their family members. 23 Sources for quotations by the featured survivors other than my interviews are 24 cited below, and a selected list of my primary and secondary sources, organized by featured survivor, is provided in the frst section of the Hibakusha Sources. 25 As part of my research, I also read more than three hundred testimonies by other 26 Nagasaki survivors that have been translated into English by the Nagasaki National 27 Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims, the Nagasaki Foundation for 28 the Promotion of Peace, and other survivor organizations. These testimonies pro- vided extraordinarily valuable stories and images of the destruction and the physical 29 and emotional pain survivors endured, expanding my understanding of atomic bomb 30 survival beyond the experiences of Dō-oh, Nagano, Taniguchi, Wada, and Yoshida. 31 Sources for these stories, including survivors’ direct quotes, are cited below. A full list of the published, unpublished, and Internet sources for Nagasaki hibakusha tes- 32 timonies in English is included in the second section of the Hibakusha Sources. 33 My primary source for the immediate and long- term medical, social, and psy- 34 chological effects of the atomic bombings was Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Phys- 35 ical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings, edited by the Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in S36 Hiroshima and Nagasaki and translated by Eisei Ishikawa and David L. Swain N37 307 9780670025626_Nagasaki_TX_p1-394.indd 307 5/11/15 3:36 PM 308 NOTES 01 (1981). I supplemented the information in this book with the most up-to-date fnd- 02 ings in published studies of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation; interviews with medical providers, researchers, and atomic bomb specialists; and research 03 provided by the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum and the Atomic Bomb Disease 04 Institute at Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences. 05 For detailed information about the city of Nagasaki before, during, and after 06 the nuclear attack, one of my most valuable resources was Nagasaki genbaku sensaishi [Records of the Nagasaki Atomic Bombing and Wartime Damage], orig- 07 inally compiled by the city of Nagasaki in fve volumes between 1973 and 1984. 08 In 2011, the Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb 09 Victims released on its Web site a tentative English translation of the frst volume, covering prewar and wartime Nagasaki. The full fve- volume record is also avail- 10 able in English in a condensed form in Nagasaki Speaks: A Record of the Atomic 11 Bombing, published in 1993 by the Nagasaki International Culture Hall, trans- 12 lated by Brian Burke- Gaffney. Additional sources include the hundreds of individ- 13 ual hibakusha testimonies mentioned above, and the exhibits and publications of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum, the city of Nagasaki, and the Nagasaki 14 Foundation for the Promotion of Peace. 15 Numerous scholars and historians provided superbly researched information 16 on Japanese history, the Pacifc War, U.S. development of the frst atomic bombs, 17 the U.S. occupation of Japan, occupation censorship policies, U.S. denial of radi- ation effects, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, and the 1995 Smithsonian 18 exhibit. In particular, I would like to acknowledge John Toland’s The Rising Sun: 19 The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936– 1945; John W. Dower’s War 20 Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacifc War and Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II; Richard Rhodes’s The Making of the Atomic Bomb; 21 Monica Braw’s The Atomic Bomb Suppressed: American Censorship in Occupied 22 Japan; M. Susan Lindee’s Suffering Made Real: American Science and the Survi- 23 vors at Hiroshima; and Hiroshima’s Shadow: Writings on the Denial of History 24 and the Smithsonian Controversy, edited by Kai Bird and Lawrence Lifschultz. Below are notes and citations for each chapter. As in the narrative, Japanese 25 names are listed with the surname frst, except when they appear in Western order 26 (surname last) in their original publications. 27 For Nagasaki updates, photos, links, and other information, please visit 28 http://www.susansouthard.com. 29 30 PREFACE 31 Taniguchi provided an unpublished copy of his 1986 speech, which was translated into English for the author’s use. 32 The number of hibakusha living around the world as of March 2014 was reported 33 on the sixty- ninth anniversary of the atomic bombings. See, for example, 34 “Atomic Bomb Victims Stand Alone” by Norihiro Kato, New York Times, 35 August 14, 2014. Oyama Takami’s poem: Hiroshima/ Nagasaki: After the Atomic Bomb— Volume 36S V: Elegy for Nagasaki: 124 Tankas of Takami Oyama, translated by Kemmoku 37N Makato. 9780670025626_Nagasaki_TX_p1-394.indd 308 5/11/15 3:36 PM NOTES 309 PROLOGUE 01 In addition to the translation of Nagasaki genbaku sensaishi, vol. 1, and Naga- 02 saki Speaks, sources for Nagasaki history include Nagasaki: The British Ex- 03 perience: 1854– 1945 by Brian Burke- Gaffney; “The Atomic Bomb and the 04 Citizens of Nagasaki” by Sadao Kamata and Stephen Salaff in Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 14:2; “Historical Momentums at Nagasaki’s Suwa 05 Shrine” by John Nelson in Crossroads 2; The Restoration of Urakami Cathe- 06 dral: A Commemorative Album, edited by Hisayuki Mizuura; “Religious 07 Responses to the Atomic Bomb in Nagasaki” by Okuyama Michiaki in 08 Bulletin 37; and numerous testimonies by Nagasaki hibakusha. For wartime slogans and other personal remembrances of Japan during the war, 09 see Japan at War: An Oral History by Haruko Taya Cook and Theodore F. 10 Cook. 11 Key sources for prewar and wartime Japanese history include Inventing Japan: 12 1853– 1964 by Ian Buruma; Japan: The Story of a Nation by Edwin O. Rei- schauer; Japan: A Documentary History, Vol. II: The Late Tokugawa Period 13 to the Present, edited by David J. Lu; Embracing Defeat by John W. Dower; 14 The Making of Modern Japan by Marius Jansen; Hirohito and the Making of 15 Modern Japan by Herbert P. Bix; and Japan’s Decision for War in 1941: Some Enduring Lessons by Jeffrey Record. 16 The extent of Emperor Hirohito’s active role in the direction of the war continues 17 to be debated among historians, particularly because many Japanese govern- 18 ment wartime documents were destroyed between Japan’s surrender and the 19 U.S. occupation a month later, and because of the likely pro- emperor bias in existing postwar Japanese sources, motivated by offcials’ desire to safeguard 20 the emperor from prosecution for war crimes. See, for example, “Introducing 21 the Interpretive Problems of Japan’s 1945 Surrender” by Barton J. Bernstein in 22 The End of the Pacifc War: Reappraisals, edited by Tsuyoshi Hasegawa; and 23 “Emperor Hirohito and Japan’s Decision to Go to War with the United States: Reexamined” by Noriko Kawamura, Diplomatic History 31:1. 24 25 26 CHAPTER 1: CONVERGENCE 27 WARTIME JAPAN 28 Japanese national proclamations: “The Way of Subjects” and “Imperial Rescript 29 on Education” in Japan: A Documentary History, Vol. II: The Late 30 Tokugawa Period to the Present, edited by David J. Lu. For Tōjō’s radio an- 31 nouncement following the attack on Pearl Harbor, nationalistic slogans, and Japanese citizens’ remembrances of life during the war, see Japan at War: An 32 Oral History by Haruko Taya Cook and Theodore F. Cook. 33 For an examination of the role of racism and nationalistic propaganda during the 34 war, see War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacifc War by John W. 35 Dower. The Time magazine quotation is from “The Enemy: Perhaps He Is Human,” July 5, 1943, as quoted in “Hiroshima: Breaking the Silence” by S36 Howard Zinn in The Bomb. N37 9780670025626_Nagasaki_TX_p1-394.indd 309 5/11/15 3:36 PM 310 NOTES 01 In addition to the sources listed in the prologue chapter notes, sources for war- 02 time Japan include Japan in War and Peace: Selected Essays by John W. Dower; and Japan’s Struggle to End the War, USSBS report no. 2. For exam- 03 ples of Japanese resistance to the war, see “Evidences of Antimilitarism in 04 Prewar and Wartime Japan” by Alvin D. Coox, Pacifc Affairs 46:4; and 05 Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies: Selections from the Wartime Dia- 06 ries of Ordinary Japanese, edited by Samuel Hideo Yamashita. 07 08 WARTIME NAGASAKI 09 Wada’s quotation about his hunger during the war appeared in his testimony 10 “There Was No ‘ War- End’ in Nagasaki,” English translation provided by the Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall. 11 Many Nagasaki hibakusha recalled mandated wartime service, neighborhood as- 12 sociation activities, air raid preparations, rationing, militaristic indoctrina- 13 tion, and the drafting of family members into the armed forces.