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Sistem Hukum Kenegaraan Iran Dr. H. HASAN BISRI, M.Ag. SISTEM HUKUM KENEGARAAN IRAN LP2M UIN SGD Bandung 2020 i Sistem Hukum Kenegaraan Iran ISBN … Penulis : Dr. H. Hasan Bisri, M.Ag. Diterbitkan Oleh LP2M UIN SGD Bandung Gedung Lecture Hall Lantai I Kampus Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati Jl. A.H. Nasution No. 105 - Cibiru - Bandung Telp. 022-7800525 Fax.022-7803936 e-mail: [email protected] Cetakan pertama Juni 2020 Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang Dilarang memperbanyak karya tulis ini dalam bentuk dan dengan cara apapun tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit ii KATA PENGANTAR Seraya memanjatkan puji dan syukur kepada Allah SWT, alhamdulillah, buku yang pada awalnya merupakan penelitian disertasi penulis ini dapat diterbitkan dan disuguhkan kepada para pembaca, setelah mempertimbangkan masak-masak tentang fungsi dan kegunaannya. Penulis berharap buku ini dapat dijadikan sebagai salah sumber bacaan di tengah minimnya literatur-literatur kajian tentang sistem hukum kenegaraan Iran khususnya, dan kajian tentang Islam mazhab Syi’ah pada umumnya. Pada tahun 90-an, penulis mengakui sumber-sumber bacaan tentang Islam mazhab Syi’ah cukup banyak diterbitkan di Indonesia. Pada masa itu, forum-forum akademik dalam bentuk seminar, diskusi, simposium, dan lain-lain cukup intens dilakukan kalangan mahasiswa Indonesia. Namun demikian, semenjak era reformasi, khususnya sejak bermunculannya organisasi-organisasi Islam Sunni “militan”, literatur-literatur dan forum-forum diskusi tentang Islam mazhab Syi’ah mengalami penurunan secara signifikan. Sejak itu, wacana keislaman lebih banyak didominasi oleh ekspresi gaya kaum populis di Eropa dan di Amerika. Kelompok-kelompok minoritas, kaum pinggiran, dan komunitas bukan arus utama banyak mendapat tekanan, intimidasi, dan bahkan ancaman. Bagi para pemikir tercerahkan, kondisi demikian sungguh dirasakan amat mengkhawatirkan dan memprihatinkan. Penulis memberanikan diri untuk menerbitkan hasil kajian disertasi penulis ketika penyelesaikan program doktor pada Program Studi Hukum Islam, Program Doktor Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. Penulis menyampaikan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tinggi kepada pihak-pihak yang secara langsung maupun tidak langsung membantu menerbitkan buku yang sederhana ini. Mudah-mudahan Allah SWT berkenan memberikan rahmat, ridla, dan ma’unah kepada penulis dan para pembaca sekalian, amin Ya Rabbal ‘Alamin. Hasbunallah wani’mal wakiel Bandung, April 2020 Dr. H. Hasan Bisri, M.Ag. iii DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................. III DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................. IV PENDAHULUAN ......................................................................................... 1 TEORI-TEORI POLITIK DAN HUKUM ................................................ 22 Teori Politik Hukum.................................................................................... 22 Teori Imamah dan Negara .......................................................................... 24 Teori Imamah Islam Mazhab Syi’ah ........................................................... 26 Teori Tujuan Negara .................................................................................... 43 Teori Kedaulatan .......................................................................................... 45 ISLAM MAZHAB SYI’AH ......................................................................... 54 Islam Mazhab Syi’ah .................................................................................... 54 Sejarah Syi’ah ................................................................................................ 56 Periode Rasulallah ................................................................................ 56 Eksistensi Syi’ah Sebagai Kekuatan Doktrimal dan Politik ................... 57 Tahkim dan Pemantapan Kelompok Syi’ah ......................................... 58 Tragedi Karbala dan Tasyayu’ .............................................................. 59 Pembentukan Fikih Ja’fari .................................................................... 59 Syi’ah Sebagai Gerakan Politik Abad ke-20 .......................................... 60 Aliran-Aliran Syi’ah ...................................................................................... 62 Syi’ah Ghulat......................................................................................... 62 Syi’ah Ismâ’iliyah dan Cabang-Cabangnya ............................................ 63 Syi’ah Zaydiyyah ................................................................................... 64 Syi’ah Itsnâ ’Asyariyyah ......................................................................... 66 Konsep al-Mahdi .......................................................................................... 67 Corak Fikih Syi’ah Akhbâri dan Ushûli ...................................................... 72 KONSEP WILÂYAT AL-FAQÎH .............................................................. 81 Terminologi Wilâyat al-Faqîh ...................................................................... 81 Dalil-Dalil Wilâyat al-Faqîh .......................................................................... 85 Alqur’an dan Hadis ............................................................................... 85 Dalil Rasional ................................................................................................ 93 Proses Pembentukan Wilâyat al-Faqîh ........................................................ 95 Klasifikasi Penggunaan Wilâyat al-Faqîh ................................................... 103 KONSEP WILÂYAT AL-FAQÎH IMAM KHOMEINI ......................... 108 Biografi Imam Khomeini ........................................................................... 108 Pendidikan dan Karya-Karya ilmiah Imam Khomeini ............................. 110 iv Perjuangan Politik Imam Khomeini .......................................................... 121 Basis Pemikiran Politik Imam Khomeini .................................................. 136 Doktrin Politik Imam Khomeini ............................................................... 139 Islam ................................................................................................... 139 Politik.................................................................................................. 142 Negara ................................................................................................. 148 Hubungan Islam dan Negara .............................................................. 151 Kekuasaan Ulama dalam Negara (Wilâyat al-Faqîh) ................................ 155 Pandangan terhadap Demokrasi ................................................................ 161 Sistem Politik Hukum Kenegaraan ........................................................... 166 Sumber Kekuasaan ............................................................................. 167 Mekanisme Pengangkatan dan Pemberhentian Wali Faqîh ............... 168 Kualifikasi Faqîh ................................................................................. 170 Wewenang Faqîh ................................................................................ 173 Pertanggungjawaban Kepemimpinan Faqîh ........................................ 174 Struktur Institusi Politik Kenegaraan ......................................................... 174 WILÂYAT AL-FAQÎH DAN SISTEM HUKUM KENEGARAAN IRAN .................................... 179 Konsep Wilâyat al-Faqîh dalam Konstitusi Iran ....................................... 179 Gagasan Konstitusi .............................................................................. 180 Konsep dan Klasifikasi Konstitusi ....................................................... 180 Tujuan Konstitusi ............................................................................... 187 Supremasi Konstitusi dan Negara Hukum .......................................... 188 Pembentukan Konstitusi Iran .................................................................... 190 Wilâyat al-Faqîh dalam Konstitusi Iran ..................................................... 194 Asas-Asas Umum Konstitusi Iran .............................................................. 196 Butir-Butir Materi Konstitusi Iran ............................................................. 196 Wilâyat al-Faqîh dalam Hukum Kenegaraan Iran .................................... 199 Sistem Politik Hukum Kenegaraan Iran ............................................. 199 Sumber Kekuasaan Negara Iran ......................................................... 200 Mekanisme Pengangkatan dan Pemberhentian Pemimpin Tertinggi . 201 Kualifikasi Pemimpin Tertinggi (Wali Faqîh) ..................................... 203 Wewenang Pemimpin Tertinggi (Wali Faqîh) .................................... 204 Sistem Pertanggungjawaban Pemimpin Tertinggi (Wali Faqîh) .......... 205 Struktur Institusi Hukum Kenegaraan Iran ............................................... 206 Pemimpin Tertinggi (Wali Faqih) ....................................................... 207 Presiden .............................................................................................. 208 Majelis Syûrâ Islâmi ............................................................................ 211 Majelis Ahli ......................................................................................... 213 Majelis Perwalian ...............................................................................
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