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Development of a Citrus Certification Program in Egypt

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Development of a Citrus Certification Program in Egypt Fifteenth IOCV Conference, 2002—Surveys and Certification Development of a Citrus Certification Program in Egypt E. Sheta, S. Eid Salem, A. M. Abou-Zeid, M. Osman, M. A. Shafik, A. El Hawari, J. Safurim, A. M. D’Onghia, and A. Camacho ABSTRACT. An account is given on the evolution of a disease-free citrus certification program in Egypt after 2 yr of activities within the framework of the Egyptian-German Citrus Coopera- tion. Fifty-six candidate trees of the main citrus varieties were selected and indexed, and many were found to be positive for psorosis, exocortis, cachexia, and oak leaf pattern diseases. This material will undergo shoot-tip grafting for the production of healthy primary sources. As a first step, three varieties and one rootstock of these candidate trees will be sanitized and released to the program in 2002 as virus-tested healthy stocks. A Citrus Center has been established at Bah- teem, located 10 km from Cairo, for the conservation and pre-multiplication of healthy propagat- ing plant materials. A laboratory and an indexing greenhouse have been constructed and equipped for serological, electrophoresis and biological indexing. While waiting for the enforce- ment of the national legislation of fruit tree certification, beginning in 2003, the Bahteem Citrus Center will distribute healthy budsticks of local Valencia and navel sweet orange varieties to selected nurseries who have joined the program on a voluntary basis. They have also improved the management of their nurseries, partially fulfilling agronomic and sanitary requirements. In 1999, the total cultivated fruit 40 yr old. Citrus in the new lands is tree area in Egypt was 420,000 ha. generally as younger plantations, From this area 150,000 ha are cur- which have not as yet entered their rently under citrus, of which maximum yield phase. The sandy 140,000 ha are in production. The conditions of the desert soils require most important citrus cultivars are cultivation techniques (e.g., fertiliza- sweet orange (about 65%) followed tion, irrigation), which are different by local mandarin (25%) and lime from those used in the Delta region (10%). The average production fluc- with its heavy soils. In the Delta tuates between 15-17 tons/ha (5), region the predominant rootstock is which is very low when compared to the sour orange, while in the desert world production standards. The area the preferred rootstock cur- total citrus production in 1999 was rently is Volkamer lemon. 2,250,000 tons of which 250,000 Citrus nursery tree produc- tons (fob value about US $70 mil- tion and the problems caused by lion) were exported. The bulk of the graft-transmissible pathogens. citrus production is consumed as Several important graft-transmissi- fresh fruit, with a small proportion ble pathogens and diseases have (less than 50,000 tons/annum) going been previously reported in Egypt, into processing. Some 65,000 jobs namely psorosis, stubborn, exocor- are generated by the citrus industry. tis, cachexia, gummy bark, concave Citrus is produced mainly in two gum, impietratura and cristacortis largely homogenous regions; the (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 17, 18). These diseases Nile Delta (old lands) and in the affect the productivity and longevity newly reclaimed desert lands. of citrus trees. The high degree of Nearly 70% of the total citrus area is infection with several pathogens, located in the Delta region. The cul- especially the viroids, precludes the tivation practices applied in these broader use of rootstocks other than two regions differ due to the site- sour orange and Volkamer lemon, specific conditions, soil types and the which are tolerant to viroids. differing age of the trees. Most of the Based on rough estimates, Egypt plantations in the old lands are over produces between two and three 321 322 Fifteenth IOCV Conference, 2002—Surveys and Certification million grafted citrus nursery trees ation of its horticultural perfor- per year. According to data from the mance in the field. Central Administration for Horti- The main objective of this Egyp- culture of the Ministry of Agricul- tian–German Citrus Improvement ture, the number of commercial Project is the establishment of a cit- citrus nurseries that were licensed rus certification program within a in 2001 was 328. In many cases the strict framework of regulations for origin, the variety and the sanitary the citrus nursery sector. This will status of the propagating materials substantially contribute to the are unknown and a high risk exists increase of citrus productivity in in the dissemination of graft-trans- Egypt. With the availability of missible pathogens. healthy material, the potential and The absence of any sanitation use of other rootstocks will be tested. and certification program, plus Improving the quarantine infra- quarantine measures without bio- structure and indexing facilities will logical indexing, increases the exist- permit to import at low risk, bud- ing deterioration of the sanitary sticks from other certification pro- status of citrus. A possible introduc- grams. The future creation of tion and spread of other very infrastructure conditions and train- destructive diseases such as ing for a shoot-tip grafting unit will tristeza, huanglongbing (HLB) and further support the future quaran- witches’ broom disease of lime could tine and certification program. occur. These are diseases which can Preliminary data on field destroy or seriously debilitate an selection of candidate trees. industry, as is currently happening Local citrus trees were selected in in some neighbouring countries, and 1999 for their general appearance represents a serious threat not only and showing characteristics typical for Egypt, but also for all citrus pro- of the cultivars or rootstocks (fruit ducing countries in the Mediterra- size, color, organoleptic characteris- nean basin. tics, bearing, and tree size). They Citrus Improvement Project. were also observed for the absence A Citrus Improvement Project was of disease symptoms (leaf mottling, established with the objective of mosaic, chlorosis, malformations, contributing to the solution to these enations, gumming, concavities, bark problems, within the framework of scaling, pitting, galls in the trunk or the Egyptian-German Citrus Coop- branches and bud-union abnormali- eration. ties). Regarding gummy bark dis- This project started in October ease, since no indexing procedure is 1999 with a selection program of available (4), all sweet orange trees economically important, high yield- were examined by removing a piece ing and good performing trees in dif- of bark at the bud union area and ferent citrus growing areas in looking for gumming in the bark and Egypt. The different steps during pitting in the wood of the scion (18). this selection process are presented Observations were carried out on in Fig. 1. Since the Egyptian index- fruit characteristics during the ing facilities are not yet fully opera- bearing season and for the presence tional, co-operation with the Istituto of leaf symptoms of pathogens dur- Agronomico Mediterraneo (IAM) in ing the spring and late summer Valenzano, Italy has been started. flushes of growth over a 2-yr period. The main support from IAM is in One to 10 trees per orchard were the fields of sanitation, biological observed and one to two trees per indexing and training. The sanitized variety were selected. material should then serve as start- Ultimately, 56 trees were col- ing material in a future Egyptian lected consisting of 14 varieties, certification program after re-evalu- mostly navel and Valencia sweet Fifteenth IOCV Conference, 2002—Surveys and Certification 323 Fig. 1. Scheme for the Egyptian citrus certification program. oranges. Other selections were a (10-20 cm long) with leaves attached Ponkan mandarin, a Minneola tan- were individually collected from the gelo, a Star Ruby grapefruit, a quadrants (north, south, east and Tahiti lime and selections of the two west) of each candidate tree. These most utilized rootstocks, sour were washed of sand and dust and orange and Volkamer lemon. stored at 4°C in plastic bags with Preliminary data on indexing moist tissue paper enclosed. Buds of candidate trees. Four bud sticks were grafted onto sour orange seed- 324 Fifteenth IOCV Conference, 2002—Surveys and Certification lings and maintained under pro- “source”. Following established pro- tected conditions in an insect-proof tocols, shoot tips were grafted in screenhouse. These were to be the vitro onto citrange rootstocks. After candidate sources as starting mate- approximately 2 mo, plants were rial for indexing and sanitation. All grafted in vivo onto 1-yr-old sour candidate sources were initially orange rootstocks (9) and grown in a indexed for specific pathogens by greenhouse at 27°C. For elimination serological methods using: (i) of CPsV in psorosis-infected candi- DTBIA for Citrus tristeza virus date trees, shoot tips were collected (CTV) (14); (ii) DAS-ELISA for CTV, from plants, which had been main- Citrus variegation virus (CVV), Cit- tained in a heat chamber at 30-35°C rus vein enation virus (CVEV) and for 20 days (16). Spiroplasma citri (6); and (iii) TAS- After shoot-tip grafting, with pre- ELISA for Citrus psorosis virus conditioning by heat, and future re- (CPsV) (11, 12). During 2000-2001, indexing assays for testing the the candidate sources were indexed major citrus diseases (13), those by graft-inoculation to four woody which pass as virus-free will be indicators (Madam Vinous sweet released. Currently, four plants orange, Dweet tangor, Mexican lime have been released: two Valencias and 861-S1 Etrog citron) (19). and one navel orange plus one sour Also, complementary molecular orange rootstock. These will be assays were done by PCR (7, 15) at ready to enter the citrus propagat- IAM for the detection of phloem- ing material program in Egypt in restricted prokaryotes (S. citri, and 2003 as healthy stocks in a virus- the HLB bacteria “Candidatus tested category.
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