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TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH TCRP PROGRAM SYNTHESIS 93 Sponsored by Practices to Protect the Federal Bus Operators from Transit Administration Passenger Assault A Synthesis of Transit Practice TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2011 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* SELECTION COMMITTEE* CHAIR OFFICERS KEITH PARKER VIA Metropolitan Transit Chair: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore Vice Chair: Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson MEMBERS Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board JOHN BARTOSIEWICZ McDonald Transit Associates MEMBERS MICHAEL BLAYLOCK Jacksonville Transportation Authority J. BARRY BARKER, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY RAUL BRAVO DEBORAH H. BUTLER, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Raul V. Bravo & Associates Corporation, Norfolk, VA TERRY GARCIA CREWS WILLIAM A.V. CLARK, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Metro Cincinnati Los Angeles CAROLYN FLOWERS EUGENE A. CONTI, JR., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh Charlotte Area Transit System JAMES M. CRITES, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas-Fort Worth International ANGELA IANNUZZIELLO Airport, TX Genivar Consultants PAULA J. HAMMOND, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia JOHN INGLISH MICHAEL W. HANCOCK, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort Utah Transit Authority PAUL JABLONSKI ADIB K. KANAFANI, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley San Diego Metropolitan Transit System MICHAEL P. LEWIS, Director, Rhode Island DOT, Providence SHERRY LITTLE SUSAN MARTINOVICH, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City Spartan Solutions, LLC MICHAEL R. MORRIS, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, JONATHAN H. MCDONALD Arlington HNTB Corporation TRACY L. ROSSER, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., GARY W. MCNEIL Mandeville, LA GO Transit STEVEN T. SCALZO, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Resources Group, Seattle, WA MICHAEL P. MELANIPHY HENRY G. (GERRY) SCHWARTZ, JR., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO Motor Coach Industries BEVERLY A. SCOTT, General Manager and CEO, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, BRADFORD MILLER Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority Atlanta, GA FRANK OTERO DAVID SELTZER, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA PACO Technologies LAWRENCE A. SELZER, President and CEO, The Conservation Fund, Arlington, VA PETER ROGOFF KUMARES C. SINHA, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, FTA West Lafayette, IN JEFFREY ROSENBERG THOMAS K. SOREL, Commissioner, Minnesota DOT, St. Paul Amalgamated Transit Union DANIEL SPERLING, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; RICHARD SARLES Director, Institute of Transportation Studies; and Interim Director, Energy Efficiency Center, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority University of California, Davis MICHAEL SCANLON KIRK T. STEUDLE, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing San Mateo County Transit District DOUGLAS W. STOTLAR, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI JAMES STEM United Transportation Union C. MICHAEL WALTON, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of GARY THOMAS Texas, Austin Dallas Area Rapid Transit FRANK TOBEY EX OFFICIO MEMBERS First Transit PETER H. APPEL, Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT MATTHEW O. TUCKER J. RANDOLPH BABBITT, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT North County Transit District REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, PAM WARD Ottumwa Transit Authority Smyrna, GA PHILLIP WASHINGTON ANNE S. FERRO, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT Denver Regional Transit District LEROY GISHI, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S.DOT ALICE WIGGINS-TOLBERT JOHN T. GRAY, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Parsons Brinckerhoff Washington, DC JOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Transportation Officials, Washington, DC WILLIAM W. MILLAR DAVID T. MATSUDA, Deputy Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT APTA ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. VICTOR M. MENDEZ, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT TRB WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC JOHN C. HORSLEY TARA O’TOOLE, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland AASHTO Security, Washington, DC VICTOR MENDEZ ROBERT J. PAPP (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of FHWA Homeland Security, Washington, DC CYNTHIA L. QUARTERMAN, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Administration, U.S.DOT LOUIS SANDERS APTA PETER M. ROGOFF, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT DAVID L. STRICKLAND, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT SECRETARY JOSEPH C. SZABO, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS POLLY TROTTENBERG, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT TRB ROBERT L. VAN ANTWERP (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC BARRY R. WALLERSTEIN, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA *Membership as of July 2011. *Membership as of June 2011. TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP SYNTHESIS 93 Practices to Protect Bus Operators from Passenger Assault A Synthesis of Transit Practice CONSULTANT YUKO J. NAKANISHI Nakanishi Research and Consulting, LLC Rego Park, New York in association with WILLIAM C. FLEMING Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police Braintree, Massachusetts SUBSCRIBER CATEGORIES Education and Training • Public Transportation • Passenger Transportation • Safety and Human Factors • Society Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2011 www.TRB.org TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP SYNTHESIS 93 The nation’s growth and the need to meet mobility, environ- Project J-7, Topic SF-14 mental, and energy objectives place demands on public transit ISSN 1073-4880 systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need of ISBN 978-0-309-14351-6 upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, Library of Congress Control Number 2011936873 and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is nec- © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. essary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Pro- COPYRIGHT INFORMATION gram (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for meet demands placed on it. obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Report 213—Research for Public Transit: New Directions, pub- Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. lished in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Federal Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be Transit Administration (FTA). A report by the American Public used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Transportation Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or recognized the need for local, problem-solving research. TCRP, practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document modeled after the longstanding and successful National Coopera- for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment tive Highway Research Program, undertakes research and other of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the technical activities in response to the needs of transit service provid- material, request permission from CRP. ers. The scope of TCRP includes a variety of transit research fields including planning, service configuration, equipment, fa- cilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and ad- NOTICE ministrative practices. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Co- TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. operative Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Effi- Council. ciency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with the three cooperating organizations: FTA, the
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