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Equestrian 1

An equestrian statue is a statue of a rider mounted on a horse, from the "eques", meaning "", deriving from "equus", meaning "horse".[1] A statue of a riderless horse is strictly an "equine statue". A full-size equestrian statue is a difficult and expensive object for any culture to produce, and figures have typically been portraits of rulers or, more recently, military commanders.

The equestrian on the was the prototype for equestrian .

History

Ancient Greece

Equestrian statuary in the West goes back at least as far as Archaic Greece. Found on the Athenian acropolis, the sixth century BC statue known as the Rampin Rider depicts a kouros mounted on horseback.

Ancient Middle and Far East

A number of ancient Egyptian, Assyrian and Persian reliefs show mounted figures, usually rulers, though no free standing are known. The Chinese Terracotta Army has no mounted riders, though cavalrymen stand beside their mounts, but smaller Tang Dynasty pottery tomb figures often include them, at a relatively small scale. No Chinese portrait equestrian statues were made until modern times; statues of rulers are not part of traditional Chinese art, and indeed even painted portraits were only shown to high officials on special occasions until the 11th century.[2]

Khosrow Parviz is standing here. On his left is Ahura Mazda, on his right is Anahita, and below is, Khosrau dressed as a mounted Persian knight riding on his favourite horse, Shabdiz. Equestrian statue 2

Ancient Such statues frequently commemorated military leaders, and those statesmen who wished to symbolically emphasize the active leadership role undertaken since Roman times by the equestrian class, the (plural of eques) or . There were numerous equestrian portraits (particularly of the emperors) in , but they did not survive because they were melted down for reuse of the alloy as , church bells, or other, smaller projects (such as new sculptures for Christian churches); the standing Colossus of Barletta lost parts of his legs and arms to Dominican bells in 1309. Almost the only sole surviving Roman equestrian bronze, the equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome, owes its preservation on the Campidoglio, to the popular mis-identification of Marcus Aurelius, the philosopher-emperor, with , the Christian emperor. The Regisole ("Sun king") was a bronze classical or Late Antique equestrian monument of a , highly influential during the Italian Renaissance but destroyed in 1796 in the wake of the . It was originally erected at , but removed to in the Middle Ages, where it stood on a column before the cathedral. A fragment of an of has also survived.

Medieval Europe

Equestrian statues were not very frequent in the Middle ages. Nevertheless, there are some examples, like the Bamberg Horseman (German: Der Bamberger Reiter), located in Bamberg Cathedral. Another example is the Reiter, in the city of Magdeburg, that depicts Emperor Otto I. There are a few roughly half-size statues of Saint George and the Dragon, including a famous one in . The Scaliger Tombs in include Gothic statues at less than lifesize. A well-known small bronze in Paris may be a contemporary portrait of , although its date and subject are uncertain.

Renaissance

After the Romans, no surviving monumental equestrian bronze was cast in Europe until achieved the heroic bronze equestrian statue of the condottiere Gattamelata, in , executed in Bamberger Reiter 1445–1450. As shown by the painted equestrian Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood and that of Niccolò da Tolentino (both in Cathedral), in 15th century Italy the form was associated specifically with condottieri. Bartolomeo Colleoni by Verrocchio in (1478–88) was another influential example. 's equestrian portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor of 1548 led the way in applying the form to rulers, and Cosimo I de' Medici by in Florence (completed 1598) is the first life-size statue to feature a ruler rather than a condotiere.

Giambologna's equestrian bronze of Ferdinand de' Medici for the Piazza della SS. Annunziata was completed by his assistant, Pietro Equestrian statue 3

Tacca, in 1608. Tacca's last public commission was the colossal equestrian bronze of Philip IV, begun in 1634 and shipped to Madrid in 1640. In Tacca's sculpture, atop a fountain composition that forms the centerpiece of the façade of the Royal Palace, the horse rears, and the entire weight of the sculpture balances on the two rear legs—and, discreetly, its tail—a feat that had never been attempted in a figure on a heroic scale.

Leonardo Da Vinci planned an equestrian monument to Francesco Sforza but was only able to create a clay model. 500 years later a large bronze horse-based on da Vinci drawings-was placed in .

Absolutism

During the age of Absolutism, especially in , equestrian statues were popular with rulers; Louis XIV was typical in having one outside his , and the over life-size statue in the Place Vendôme in Paris by François Girardon (1699) is The Magdeburger Reiter: a tinted sandstone equestrian supposed to be the first large modern equestrian statue to be cast in monument, c. 1240, traditionally intended as a portrait of Otto I (detail), Magdeburg a single piece; it was destroyed in the French Revolution, though there is a small version in the . The near life-size equestrian statue of Charles I of by Hubert Le Sueur of 1633 at in London is the earliest large English example, which was followed by many. The (Russian: Медный всадник, literally "The Copper Horseman") is an iconic equestrian statue, on a huge base, of Peter the Great of 1782 by Étienne Maurice Falconet in , . The use of French artists for both examples demonstrates the slow spread of the skills necessary for creating large works, but by the 19th century most large Western countries could produce them without the need to import skills, and most statues of earlier figures are actually from the 19th or early 20th centuries.

United States

In the United States, the first three full-scale equestrian sculptures

were ' (1852), Henry Kirke Brown's Donatello's Gattamelata is the first lifesize (1856) for Union Square and Thomas equestrian statue in bronze since antiquity; other Crawford's Washington in Richmond, Virginia (1858). Mills was medieval examples are in stone or wood. the first American sculptor to overcome the challenge of casting a rider on a rearing horse. The resulting sculpture was so popular he repeated it, for Washington, D.C., , Louisiana and Nashville, Tennessee. Cyrus Edwin Dallin made a specialty of equestrian sculptures of American Indians: his Appeal to the Great Spirit stands before the Museum of Fine Arts, . The Robert Gould Shaw Monument in Boston, Massachusetts is a famous including an equestrian portrait. Equestrian statue 4

20th Century As the twentieth century progressed the popularity of the equestrian monument declined sharply, as monarchies fell, and the military use of horses virtually vanished. The Statue of Queen Elizabeth II riding Burmese (2005) in Canada, and statues of Rani Lakshmibai in Gwalior and Jhansi, India are some of the rare portrait statues with a female riders. In America the late 1970s and early 1980s witnessed something of a revival in equestrian monuments, largely in the Southwest part of the United States. There, art centers such as Loveland, Colorado, Shidoni Foundry in and various studios in began once again producing equestrian sculpture. These revival works fall into two general categories, the memorialization of a particular individual or the portrayal of general figures, notably the American or Native Americans. Such monuments can be found throughout the American Southwest.

Tallest And Largest Equestrian Statue Monument To Gral. Jose Gervasio Artigas in Minas, (18 meters tall, 9 meters long, weight 150,000 kg) was largest equestrian statue of the world before the establishment of Equestrian Statue in 2009. Genghis Khan Statue is located 54 km from , , in a place called Tsonjin Boldog, a historical place where the Far-sighted Genghis Khan found the golden whip. The world's largest equestrian sculpture, when completed, will be the Crazy Horse Memorial, even though only the upper torso and head of the rider and front half of the horse will be depicted. The carvings on Stone Mountain are likewise equestrian sculpture rather than true statues, being a form of relief.

Popular beliefs A popular belief in the United States is that if the horse is rampant, that is with both front legs in the air, the rider died in battle. If the horse has one front leg up, the rider was wounded in battle or died of wounds sustained in battle, and if all four hooves are on the ground, the rider died of causes other than combat. However, there is little evidence to support this belief. The alleged rule is especially held to apply to equestrian statues commemorating the and the Battle of Gettysburg,[3] but there is at least one instance where the rule does not hold for Gettysburg equestrian statues, and syndicated newspaper columnist Cecil Adams claims that any correlation between the positioning of hooves in a statue and the manner in which a Gettysburg soldier died is a coincidence.[4]

Song "Equestrian Statue" is the title of a 1967 song by the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, in which a town square is enlivened by the presence of an equestrian statue of a former dignitary.

Bibliography • Joachim Poeschke, Thomas Weigel, Britta Kusch-Arnhold (Hgg.), Praemium Virtutis III – Reiterstandbilder von der Antike bis zum Klassizismus. Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2008, ISBN 978-3-930454-59-4 • Raphael Beuing: Reiterbilder der Frührenaissance – Monument und Memoria. Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2010, ISBN 978-3-930454-88-4 Equestrian statue 5

References

[1] Wheelock, Frederic M., The Official Wheelock's Latin Website (http:/ / wheelockslatin. com/ chapters/ twentythree/ index. html), , retrieved 2009-04-03

[2] Stuart, Jan & Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida. Worshiping the ancestors: Chinese commemorative portraits (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/

books?id=W2aaAAAAIAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=Chinese+ Ancestor+ portraits& ei=HgjVS-eMJ5G2yASY9dCACQ&

cd=1#v=onepage& q=Chinese Ancestor portraits& f=false), Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0804742634, 9780804742634

[3] Claim: The number of hooves lifted into the air on equestrian statues reveals how the riders died (http:/ / www. snopes. com/ military/ statue. asp), Snopes.com

[4] In statues, does the number of feet the horse has off the ground indicate the fate of the rider? (http:/ / www. straightdope. com/ columns/ read/

1093/ in-statues-does-the-number-of-feet-the-horse-has-off-the-ground-indicate-the-fate-of-the-rider), ope, The Straight D October 6, 1989.

Gallery

Genghis Khan Statue of Statue of Statue of Statue of Statue of Equestrian Statue, Archduke Karl in Charlemagne Richard I, August the Henry IV Mongolia, the largest Vienna's by Agostino Westminster Strong on the in the world Heldenplatz, the Cornacchini, ("Golden Pont largest in the St. Peter's Horseman"), Neuf, world with only Basilica, Paris two support Vatican points

Frederik V Statue of Statue of Pedro IV Statue of El Statue of Bertel statue in of Portugal, Cid, Theodoros Thorvaldsen's Amalienborg the Silent Liberdade Square, Burgos Kolokotronis statue of Palace, in The Porto in Athens Prince Józef Copenhagen Hague Poniatowski, Warsaw

Statue of Statue of Statue of Statue of Prince Ban Jelačić Monument St. King Stephen I Mihailo, Republic statue on to the Tsar Wenceslaus Svätopluk I of Square, Belgrade Jelačić Liberator in by Josef at Hungary Square, Sofia Václav Bratislava in Buda Zagreb Myslbek in Castle Castle, Prague Budapest Equestrian statue 6

Bronze Statue of Statue of Gorgasali Monument Statue of Saladin, Monument Horseman, Bohdan General in Tbilisi Citadel of to General St. Khmelnytsky Suvorov in Damascus, Manuel Petersburg in in front of Tiraspol Damascus Belgrano in the Saint Buenos Sophia Aires Cathedral in Kiev

Statue of Equestrian statue of Statue of Elizabeth Appeal to the Great South Statue of Masashige Simon Charles IV in II, Parliament Hill, Spirit by Cyrus African Kusunoki in Bolivar in Ottawa Dallin outside of the War Imperial Palace, Santa Museum of Fine Memorial, Tokyo Marta Arts, Boston Adelaide

External links

• Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C. (http:/ / www. dcmemorials. com/ equestrian. htm) (with pictures) Article Sources and Contributors 7 Article Sources and Contributors

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