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PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT and Soil Temperature, Relative Humidity and Other Para- Meters Are Collected at Agricultural Stations

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PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT and Soil Temperature, Relative Humidity and Other Para- Meters Are Collected at Agricultural Stations PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT and soil temperature, relative humidity and other para- meters are collected at agricultural stations. At most NWS stations, precipitation and/or temper- Climate, geology and soils affect the availability of ature data are collected once daily by observers who surface-water and ground-water resources. Climatic typically are employed by water utilities, wastewater factors largely determine the amount of available pre- facilities, industries, municipalities or agribusiness. cipitation in the basin. Geologic and soil factors deter- More detailed meteorological data are collected at the mine the proportion of precipitation which runs off the 24-hour NWS offices at Indianapolis, South Bend, land as surface water to that which infiltrates the soil Fort Wayne, and Evansville. and percolates through underlying materials to Figure 13 shows the location of official NWS sta- become ground water. Geology and soils also deter- tions in or adjacent to the Maumee River basin in mine surface drainage characteristics, the vulnerabili- Indiana. Table 7 presents selected information about ty of aquifers to contamination, and the limits of these stations. ground-water development. Climatic data collected at NWS stations are pub- lished in a variety of formats by NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in Asheville, North CLIMATE Carolina (Hatch, 1983). Most of the data presented in the following pages were obtained from tabular sum- Water availability and use in the Maumee River maries for Indiana stations (National Oceanic and basin are directly linked to the regional climate or the Atmospheric Administration, 1992a, 1992b, 1992c, long-term composite of daily weather events. The cli- 1995). The data in these documents encompass the mate of the basin is broadly classified as temperate most recent climatic base period, 1961-90. Data for a continental, which describes areas located within the 30-year period are used by NOAA to evaluate climat- interior of a large continent and characterized by ic conditions and to calculate climatic normals warm summers, cool winters, and the absence of a (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, pronounced dry season. 1983). The above NCDC data have recently been The overall climate within the Maumee River basin published in CD-ROM format. The CD-ROM version is fairly consistent, but there is great variability in of Climatological Data is entitled "Cooperative daily and seasonal precipitation and temperature Summary of the Day". Disk 15 in the series includes throughout the basin. This variability is primarily the data for Indiana for the years from beginning of sta- result of interactions between tropical and polar air tion record through 1993. An annual supplement has masses, the passage of low-pressure systems, and the been published for 1994 data. A CD-ROM version of shifting location of the jet stream. Local Climatological Data is published as "Solar and Meteorological Surface Observation Network (1961- 1990)". Hourly weather observations for the four Sources of climatic data Indiana NWS sites are included. Statistical summaries of Hourly LCD data have been published by NCDC Most climatic data for Indiana are collected and on CD-ROM as "International Meteorological Station analyzed by the National Weather Service (NWS) of Climate Summary". More than 50 types of analyses the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are presented. Most data summaries cover the period (NOAA). The agency gathers data from more than 100 1948 through 1990. Indiana stations belonging to one or more of three net- Data are available from the NCDC on a monthly works (climatic, hydrologic or agricultural). and annual basis in several serial publications, includ- Temperature and precipitation data from the climat- ing Climatological Data, Hourly Precipitation ic network are primarily intended to represent long- Data, and Local Climatological Data. Additional term conditions over large areas of uniform terrain and data are available in other serial and periodic climate. Rainfall intensity data collected from the publications. hydrologic network of recording precipitation gages Climatic data are also available from the are used for river forecasting, flood forecasting and Midwestern Climatic Center, a federally-funded related planning purposes. Data on precipitation, air regional center housed at the Illinois State Water Physical Environment, Climate 25 Survey in Champaign, Illinois. The center collects, Table 7. National Weather Service stations in and near the Maumee River basin analyzes and disseminates climatic data for nine mid- Map number: Station locations are shown in figure 13. western states, including Indiana. Station: Only active stations are tabulated. Historical data for discontinued stations in and near the basin are available for Auburn and Kendallville. Unpublished daily and monthly precipitation data Data network: A, climatological network and/or B, hydrologic network (National Weather Service); AG, agricultural network (Purdue University). are available from the State Climatologist at Purdue University for official and unofficial stations in and Data type: P, precipitation; T, temperature; E, evaporation and wind; S, soil temperature; D, detailed data on a variety of parameters. near the Maumee River basin. Publication, ongoing: Precipitation and/or temperature data are published monthly and annually by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the following reports — CD, Climatological Data (precipitation amounts are from non-recording gages); HP, Hourly Precipitation Data (precipitation The unpublished, unofficial daily precipitation data amounts are from recording gages); LCD, Local Climatological Data (detailed data published). are collected by amateur radio operators as part of a statewide volunteer network which began in 1980 to Publication, periodic: Climatological summaries are published every 10 years, generally at the end of a 30-year period. enhance the NWS river and flood forecasting pro- Period of record: Approximate total length of precipitation record, through 1990 inclusive. Years of record are taken from 1990 annual summaries of Climatological Data and Hourly Precipitation Data. Hourly precipitation data may not be available for all years of record at hydrologic (B) network gram. These data are available from the NWS in stations. Indianapolis and from Purdue University. The State Climatologist at Purdue University maintains a com- Map Data Data Publication Period of Record Station name puterized archive of the daily reports from October no. Network Type Ongoing Years Dates 1989 to present. 1 5 4 1. Berne A,B P,T CD 81 1910- 2. Decatur 1 N1 B P CD 60 1931- Climatic features 3. Fort Wayne WSO AP1 A,B P,T,D CD,HP,LCD 107 1884- 4. Garrett2 A P HP 31 1960- 2 Although the climate of the Maumee River basin 5. Garrett 1 S A P,T CD 2 1989- 1 encompasses variations in wind, clouds, humidity, 6. Monroeville 3 ENE B P CD 51 1940- 7. Prairie Heights1,* B,AG P,T,E,S CD 17 1968- solar radiation and other elements, the following sec- tions focus on variations in precipitation, temperature, 1 From Ken Scheeringa, Indiana State Climotologist, written communication, 1995 and evapotranspiration. Precipitation is the source of 2 From Roger Kenyon, Cooperative Program Manager, National Weather Service, written communication,1995 * Within 10 miles of basin boundary (located near LaGrange and Steuben County Line) fresh water which occurs as surface water and ground water. Temperature defines the frost-free growing sea- son for crops, and largely controls the process of evap- intensity within the Maumee River basin and are typ- polated values which do not reflect typical daily ran- otranspiration. ically interspersed among several dry days. dom patterns, but they can be used to compute normal In some regional overviews of climate, data are Geographic and temporal variations in daily precipita- precipitation over selected time intervals (National 3 grouped and analyzed on the basis of geographic areas tion are produced by the passage of frontal systems Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992b). which are, as nearly as possible, climatically homoge- and by daytime convection. Normal monthly precipitation at Auburn, Berne, neous. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has divid- Most rainfall in late spring and throughout the sum- Decatur, Fort Wayne, and Monroeville ranges from ed Indiana into nine crop-reporting districts, which are mer is produced during localized thundershowers gen- 1.53 inches in February to 4.23 inches in June (table identical to the nine climatic divisions defined by erated by the passage of cold fronts or by daytime 8). The lowest normal monthly precipitation in the NOAA. In the following sections of this report, how- convection. Local thunderstorms occasionally basin occurred in Auburn; whereas, the highest ever, summaries of precipitation in the Maumee River become severe, and are accompanied by strong winds, occurred in Berne. In general, total monthly rainfall basin are derived primarily from station data near large hail, frequent lightning, funnel clouds or torna- amounts are more variable during the warm season Berne, Decatur, Fort Wayne, and Monroeville. Data does. than during the cool season. are also furnished from a discontinued station near Precipitation during spring and autumn, which typ- Normal seasonal precipitation in the basin averages Auburn because of the long data record. The tempera- ically is associated with the passage of
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