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Some Evaporite Deposits of India

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Some Evaporite Deposits of India Proc Indian natn Sci Acad 78 No. 3 September 2012 pp. 401-406 Printed in India. Status Report Some Evaporite Deposits of India D M BANERJEE1, S P RASTOGI2 and VIRENDER KUMAR3 1Centre for Advance Study in Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India 2B/211, Indra Nagar, Bhootnath, Lucknow 226 016, India 31/924, West Rohtas Nagar, Shahdara, Delhi 110 032, India A general review of evaporite ocuurences in India has been given. Some estimates of their economic potentials are also presented. Some controversies related to stratigraphic correlation of evaporite bearing successions in western Rajasthan has been discussed. Petrography and fluid inclusion studies on Hanseran salts have been highlighted. Key Words: Evaporates; Hanseran Halite; Tso Kar Lakes; Ladhakh; Mandi Salts; Petrography; Fluid Inclusion Introduction 1975 and 1977, the Geological Survey of India sent expert teams to evaluate its potential as potash resource for the A basin in which evaporates constitute predominant country. component of the sediments over terrestrial sediments is designated as Evaporite basin. Evaporites containing The basin harbors two lakes, the Startspuk Tso, a isolated gypsum deposits are found in Kargil, Leh, Barmula fresh water lake and the Tso-Kar Lake, which is dumbbell and Doda districts of J&K, Dehradun, Garhwal and Tehri shaped and is hypersaline. Fresh glacial melt water from Garhwal districts of Uttaranchal and Sirmur, and Lahaul the Nuruchen Lungapa draining the southern glacial basin & Spiti districts of Himachal Pradesh. Workable gypsum is aligned N-S which shows a knee bend towards south- deposits in some isolated sub-basins are also found in east and meets the Startspuk Tso. The stream from Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner, Nagaur, Churu and Jodhpur Polokongkhala drains the eastern part and debouches in to districts of Rajasthan. Gypsum occurrences are recorded the Startspuk Tso. The Startspuk Tso drains into the Tso- from Jamnagar and Kachchh districts of Gujrat; Rewa, Kar through a narrow meandering channel. The Nalabokhar Durg and Rajnandgaon districts of Madhya Pradesh and nala drains the northern part of the basin and joins Tso Raichur and Gulbarga districts of Karnataka. Kar. The geomorphology of the basin has been sculptured through fluvio-glacial sedimentation and tectonic Tso-Kar Lake, Ladakh District, Jammu and Kashmir movements and presently shows the bottom of a desiccated Tso-Kar Lake Basin in Ladakh District of Jammu and lake basin. The basin margin shows a large number of Kashmir (33 18 N: 78 E) is spread over 175 sq.km of area ancient strand lines, the upper most located at a height of and is located about 170 km of south east of Leh. This 66 m. from the present lake water level is the most region of Rupshu has an altitude of 4535mts. above MSL. prominent. Other concentric strand lines provide a history Geological and structural studies in the region suggested of the shrinking of the lake through time. The impact of this basin originated in the form of a graben with confining changes in the water supply and consequent expansion of faults on the eastern and western margins named Tso-Kar the lake are also noted besides tilting of the lake bottom and Nuruchan faults. Another fault, the Puga Fault show and consequent asymmetrical overlap of the shore line is WNW-ESE trend and strikes the centre of the basin. The also seen. The Nalabokher and Shingbuk nalas show salt deposits of Tso-Kar provides salt to the local population eastward migration most likely caused by tilting of the lake of Ladakh, Kargil and Baltistan and adjoining areas. This bottom. The brine of the Tso Kar lake is of Na-K-Ca-Mg- lake was identified as evaporate water body and described Cl-SO4 composition. The salinity in this lake increases during expeditions to Ladakh in 1853 by Cunningham radially from the point of inflow of fresh water from the (1853) and Drew (1875). In later years viz. 1968, 1973, Startspuk Tso. In the western part, the lake bottom has *Author for Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] 402 D M Banerjee et al. crystalline sodium chloride layer reaching to a thickness of 6.5 million tones. GSI in 1970-73 investigated the Megal of 1mt. The concentration of sodium and potassium in the Block to establish continuity of salt further east below the lake brine, increases from 5gms per litre at the eastern end Mandi Trap but up to the depth of 156 m there was no to 38gms per litres at the western end. Potash concentration change in the trap lithology. varies and changes from 0.32gms per litre to 5.6 gms per litre in a similar fashion. The surrounding areas of the lake, Bikaner-Nagaur-Ganganagar Evaporite Basin especially in the southern part, show development of An extensive evaporite basin is located in the NW mirabilite changing to thenardite . Rajasthan. This evaporite basin has been identified in the The resources of salts were estimated to be 0.78 subsurface and is inferred to extend across the international million tonnes in the precipitated salt layer and 0.65 million border up to Salt Range in Pakistan. The south-eastern part tonnes in the brine. Wunnemann et al. (2010) has described of this extensive Neoproterozoic evaporite basin is named the Quaternary history of the lake region and discussed its by the Geological Survey as Nagaur-Ganganagar Evaporite evolution through time. His data sets indicate that the basin. This basin contains a thick pile of sedimentary rocks present desiccation of the lake dates back to 7.5 kys. of Marwar Supergroup lying unconformably above the basement of Malani rhyolitic suite. In northern part, these Mandi Salt Belt, Himachal Pradesh unmetamorphosed sedimentaries are resting directly on the metamorphosed rocks of Delhi Supergroup. The Mandi Salt Belt, lying at the fringe of the Siwalik Foothills Marwar Supergroup is divisible into: and Lesser Himalayan Zone has been reported to continue from Larji in the south east via Mandi to Shiunta in Chamba (i) Jodhpur Group of sandstones of different kinds forms district extending for about 200 km. Its presence is the base, expressed through hypersaline brine in the sub- surface at Larji, saline springs at Harkalan and Dewalkhas and salt (ii) Bilara Group of carbonate rocks overlying the mines at Megal, Drang and Guma. These salt occurrences Jodhpur Sandstones and are known since the time of Mughal king Akbar, and was (iii) Nagaur Group of reddish to purple shale, siltstone a major source of revenue for the Sikh rulers of that time. and sandstone occuring with a gradational to sharp Scientific studies were undertaken by a galaxy of pioneer contact with the Bilara rocks. workers like Jameson, Warth, McMohan, Capt. Palmer, Hayden, and Pascoe. Capt.Palmer in 1921 pointed out that Correlation of these rocks in the region is rather the salt is of the same age as that of the Krol Formation speculative, although similarities in lithology, tectonic which was then considered Permo-Triassic in age. Some position in the basin, similarities in nature of mineralization workers assigned Tertiary age to these salt beds. Dubey et and other rock associations help in making some intelligent al. (1949) and Boileau et al. (1949) inferred that the salt speculations regarding continuity of the rock formations. got concentrated in the elevated part of folds and pushed At times, comparison of order in stratigraphic sequence out like butter from the crests of folds. Such disposition is with far fetched geological locations tend to provide clues clearly exhibited at Guma, Drang and Megal, where the for their correlation. In most cases however, the evidence cap rocks have been pushed up. presented are interpretative rather than factual. Hence, all correlations attempted in this region vary according to the Mandi salt has peculiar mineralogical characteristic interpretation preferred by the individual worker. Following where gypsum is absent but dolomite and clayey units are this trend, the unfossiliferous, unmetamorphosed Jodhpur closely associated. Some workers felt this salt may be Sandstone has been correlated by the GSI with the Randha recycled although original source material could not be Formation of the Birmania basin, although sandstones of identified. the two stratigraphic units do not match. Similarly, This salt is pink, white and colorless, crystalline in phosphatiic carbonates of the Birmania Formation in the nature. Original crystal shapes are not discernable. Birmania basin have been correlated with the Bilara Group Chemically, these are 70% NaCl and 3-7% KCl (as Potash of carbonates due to presence of stromatolites, although minerals) and the remaining ~25% insoluble detrital Bilara carbonates are distinctly non-phosphatic. Most minerals. workers in GSI and others consider Bilara Group of rocks to extend to the north in subsurface where halite bearing The salt deposits at Drang were investigated through beds are prominently preserved. These halite bearing beds drilling by Escher and Wyss in 1956 who proposed are considered facies variant of Bilara carbonates and has extraction of 66,000 tonnes of salt per year through solution been given the name ‘Hanseran Evaporite Group’ and have mining. Indian Bureau of Mines in 1963-65 also explored been compared to the Saline series in the Karampur Oil the Drang block and estimated reserves of salt of the order Field and Salt Range in Pakistan. The Nagaur Sandstone Some Evaporite Deposits of India 403 and Shales have been linked to the Purple Shale of the Salt In the Birmania area, south-east of the main evaporite Range succession. basin, rocks equivalent of Nagaur Group are believed to be missing. The reason for this missing link is unresolved. As mentioned above, the Jodhpur Sandstones are The rocks of Nagaur Group and their lithological overlain by the Bilara carbonates which is limy in some equivalents are overlain unconformably by different sectors and dolomitic in other places.
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