DOCSLIB.ORG

Ipiutak Remains Mysterious: a Focal Place Still out of Focus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ipiutak Remains Mysterious: a Focal Place Still out of Focus IN Dynamics of Northern Societies: Proceedings of the SILA/NABO Conference on Arctic and North Atlantic Archaeology, Copenhagen, May 10th -14th, 2004, edited by Jette Arneborg and Bjarne Grønnow, pp. 103-119, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen. Ipiutak Remains Mysterious: A Focal Place Still Out of Focus Owen K. Mason 1 INTRODUCTION large town? When was itoccupied? What was its subsistence base? Why was it abandoned? Was it ruled by battle hardened chiefs and/or shamans? Who were Sixty-five years following its discovery in 1939, Ipiutak, at their ancestors?2The imagination of the archaeologist, Point Hope, Alaska (Fig. 1), remains one of the most ideally, should aspire to the social and mythic intriguing places in the western arctic. Situated on a low landscapes that radiated beyond the circumscribed real gravel spit, 2 to 5 m above the Chukchi Sea, the Ipiutak estate of the archaeological site (Renfrew and Cherry site circumscribes an extensive settlement area across 1986; Tilley 1994) – in practice, the Ipiutak data are five beach ridges (E to A) that apparently was associated insufficient for such flights of fancy. with > 150 graves up to several km away (Larsen and The Ipiutak e t h n o s spanned hundreds of km, Rainey 1948). By 1941, archaeologists excavated 12% of across the Brooks Range (Reanier 1992) and into its mapped habitations, cataloged and archived >10,000 northern Norton Sound, into Golovnin Bay (Mason 2000; artifacts. Much remains unknown or equivocal about the Mason et al. n.d.). Coastal locales were very small history and practices of Ipiutak’s inhabitants: Was it a settlements of 50 people, including several houses; each had a larger community Fig. 1. Aerial Photograph of Tikigaq (Point Hope) spit, the location of the principal archaeological sites. The present vilage of Point Hope is indicated by the circle. The arrows indicate the splaying out of the spit in the last 1000 years, the age of the ridge underlying the Jabbertown site. The dashed squares mark the detailed maps in Figures 2a and 2b, which delineate cemetery clusters and the locations of 1 4C ages, archaeological and geological. 1. Geoarch Alaska , P.O. Box 91554, Anchorage, AK 99509; geoa r [email protected] 103 structure, as at Cape Krusenstern or Deering (Clark 1977; Anderson 1984; Gerlach 1989; Reanier (Larsen and Rainey 1948; Anderson 1984:88 -89; 1992) with a large ceremonial structure, serving as Anderson 1986; Reanier et al. 1998; Mason 1998; a regional gathering locale, as at Feniak Lake (Hall Larsen 2001). Interior sites were only single houses 1974). Caribou kill or processing sites are rare; t w o or encampments on lake margins are well documented: Anaktuvuk Pass (Mills et al. Fig. 2(a). Map of Ipuitak settlement site and (b) east- ern part of Tikigaq spit. Radiocarbon ages are indicat- ed within boxes, calibrated age ranges f o l o w labora- tory numbers (Tables 1 and 2). Burial clusters defined intuitively by the author are outlined, these differ slightly from Newton (2002:4). Burials with special significance are noted. Ridges are listed as Larsen and Rainey 1948 defined. In Fig. 2(b), the ages from the BIA (Table 2) are presented within bold brackets. 104 Beach Ridge Houses Tested by Larsen & Total Dating: Calibrated Year (2s) 1 4 x t h Landward Rainey Excavated Context, C yr BP (Lab. No.) E= 28t h 23, 45-48, 50 6 House 50, antler wedge, 1490±70 BP AD 430-690 (K-2745) D=27t h 1, 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 26-27, 32- 23 House 32, worked antler AD 640-871 44, 68, 71, 1320 ±70 BP (K-2743) House 43, worked antler AD 584-874 1290 ±55 BP (K-2744) C=26t h 2-4,6, 7, 9,10, 20-22, 25, 49, 29 House 3, wood AD 608-893 51-59, 61- 63, 65-67, 69, 72 1300±70 BP (K-2742) House 69, wood sled runner AD 540-770 1390 ±70 BP (K-2746) t h B=25 11, 13, 14, 16-18, 28-31, 49, 13 60, 64, 70, A= 24t h 0 Organic horizon 30 cm bs, wood 1370 ±50 BP (Beta-66262) AD 598-775 1520 ±50 BP (Beta-66263) AD 424-644 Table 1. Radiocarbon Ages from the Ipiutak settlement, compiled from Larsen and Rainey (1948: 188-241). Radiocarbon samples from Gal 1982 and Sutcliffe 1994, written communication. House 24, a Near Ipiutak house was outside the immediate Ipiutak site area, about 1.5 km east. 1999) and the 58 “Norton -Ipiutak” hearths and two are attached to two blocks of permafrost-bound house floors within Band 2 at Onion Portage silt, in the north and in the south. The beach ridge (Anderson 1988:121 -122). sequence across Point Hope was first considered a proxy for short term eustatic (ice-volume driven) sea level fluctuations (Moore 1960), but it predominantly represents variability in storm TIKIGAQ SPIT energies and sediment supplied by east to west bluff erosion and/or onshore trans-port of shelf gravels (Moore 1966; Mason 1990; Maso n and Jordan 1993, 2002). Tikigaq spit is, metaphorically, an index finger, a digit gesturing into the Chukchi Sea, issuing from Lisburne Peninsula, at the farthest northwest of Alaska (Fig. 1). The spit remained ice-locked until PUBLICITYIS DESTINY well into the summer, as late as early July (U. S. Coast Pilot 1938:443), a circumstance that benefits bearded seal and walrus and the humans that live by their flesh. The point “plunge[s] deep into the sea mammals path” (Lowenstein 1993:21; cf. Fay The scale of the Ipiutak site – hundreds of house 1982). The spit was conceived as a whale -like being depressions – dwarfed all previous conceptions of rising from the sea (Lowenstein 1992:xxviii, 8) – and life in the arctic. Many first impressions, generated the identity of 19t h century Tikigaq residents with the during the first publicity barrage (T i m e 1941; Rainey whale was nearly metaphysical since many lived 1941, 1942), persist in the public mind, especially in within shelters inlaid with whale manibles and were the Point Hope community. By 1940, after 550 houses buried in precincts wit h towering mandibles. The were mapped Rainey (1942:319) concluded several shape of the Tikigaq spit bears close resemblance thousand people had occupied the settlement at to a harpoon and a raven’s bill (Lowenstein 1993:21). one time. The rationale for reconstructing a single To its Inupiaq dwellers, Tikigaq is not “real” land, it large village was two-fold: no overlapping houses is a being that changes and grows (Lowenstein were mapped and the depth of midden was consid- 1993:23ff). ered “insignificant” (Rainey 1941:319). A rough cal- culation suggested that 4000 or 5000 people lived at To the geomorphologist, Tikigaq is a Ipiutak – more than the towns of Fairbanks or complex twin spit that encloses several lagoons (th e Juneau in 1940! A poetic vista beckoned: a well - largest, the Marryat Inlet), at the mouth of a small appointed “ t o w n ” with broad “avenues ... the most river, the Kukpuk (Kindle 1909; Shepard and highly developed arctic culture yet found” (Rainey Wanless 1971; Mason 1990). To its east, the low but 1942:319). National publicity followed the Ipiutak rugged cliffs of the Lisburne Peninsula anchor the discovery, with a brief notice “of a lost arctic city” spit to the main land. The gravel barriers of the spit in Time magazine (1941), followed by a lengthy article in The National Geographic Magazine (Rainey 105 and seal remains, a minor amount of caribou…”) while the other two “proved more fruitful, yielding a variety of worked stone…a few pieces of birch bark and some decorated ivory pieces” (Hosley 1942). In the latter treatment, modern whaling at 1967:15). In 1975, Andrews et al. (1977:26ff) shovel Point Hope was an undercurrent, witness the tested (50 cm2) ten houses to establish the reliability monograph title: Ipiutak and the Arctic Whale of aerial photography as a survey tool; the collec- Hunting Culture w h i c h can be read as Ipi utak within tion includes mostly lithic debitage. One house at a whale hunting culture. “ N o definite conclusion” the eroding margin of the youngest Ipiutak ridge, established whether a genetic link existed tested in 1997 by Anne Jensen (2004, pers. comm.), between Ipiutak and the Inupiaq residents at Point contained a roughly decorated ivory piece (not in Hope (Rainey 1942:322) – as still debated by the typical Ipiutak canon) and the more diagnostic physical anthropologists (Utermohle 1988). stone tools. How far do the boundaries of the Ipiutak EXTENTOF TESTING AND SAMPLING site extend? According with spit formation direction (cf. Figure 1), no Ipiutak remains are on ridges to the south. Several surveys (Larsen and Rainey 1948; Hosley 1967; and Hall 1990) have emphasized different phenomena along >3 km of The maps produced by Larsen and Rainey (1948: the eroding margin of Marryat Inlet, the oldest Figs. 2, 3) inaccurately demarcate Ipiutak houses composite northern ridge of the spit. In 1940, within an outline that does not conform to the con- Larsen and Rainey (1948:166) mapped thirty figuration of the spit. GIS-based cartography should middens with artifactual debris, interpolated with be employed to rectify the Ipiutak map wit h avail- burials, and did not observe discrete houses. By able 1:1800 aerial photographs from 1982, and the contrast, Hosley (1967:16) emphasized several 1940, 1967 and 1977 surveyor produced maps. New walrus bone scatters as kill sites due to the photo-interpretation and ground-truthing may pro- presence of flake debitage consistent with carcass duce evidence of additional houses; site visibility processing.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biological and Cultural Evidence for Social Maturation at Point Hope, Alaska: Integrating Data from Archaeological Mortuary Practices and Human Skeletal Biology
    BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVIDENCE FOR SOCIAL MATURATION AT POINT HOPE, ALASKA: INTEGRATING DATA FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL MORTUARY PRACTICES AND HUMAN SKELETAL BIOLOGY by Lauryn Justice A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Anthropology Committee: ___________________________________________ Director ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Department Chairperson ___________________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date: _____________________________________ Spring Semester 2017 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Biological and cultural evidence for social maturation at Point Hope, Alaska: Integrating data from archaeological mortuary practices and human skeletal biology A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at George Mason University by Lauryn Justice Bachelor of Arts University of North Carolina – Wilmington, 2014 Director: Daniel Temple Department of Anthropology for Master’s Thesis Spring Semester 2017 George Mason University Fairfax, VA ii Copyright 2017 Lauryn Justice All Rights Reserved iii DEDICATION For my grandparents, David and Claudia Clay, whose unwavering love and constant support makes me believe I can achieve anything. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest thanks are owed to my advisor, Dr. Daniel Temple, for introducing me to the field of bioarchaeology in 2013. I am honored to have had the privilege to work with him during my undergraduate and graduate careers. He is the most brilliant man I have ever known and the knowledge he imparted me has allowed me to grow and become the scholar I am today. My committee members, Dr. Haagen Klaus and Dr. Nawa Sugiyama, also deserve acknowledgement and thanks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Foragers of Point Hope Point of Foragers the the Ipiutak and Tigara Archaeological Sites, the and Libby W
    Hilton, Auerbach, and Cowgill K SBEA Cambridge Studies in C Y The Foragers of Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology M C At the very tip of the Lisburne Peninsula, CHARLES E. HILTON is an assistant professor in Point Hope Point Hope, Alaska represents one of the best the Department of Anthropology at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro. examples of northernmost cultures. Yielding The Biology and Archaeology of one of the largest samples of northern latitude BENJAMIN M. AUERBACH is an assistant skeletal remains in the world it has also professor in the Department of Anthropology at Humans on the Edge of the provided crucial evidence for understanding The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Alaskan Arctic past foraging lifeways in this remote environment; as well as human, cultural, and LIBBY W. COWGILL is an assistant professor in the Anthropology Department at the University of biological variation in general. Presenting a Edited by Missouri, Columbia. set of anthropological analyses on the human Charles E. Hilton, Benjamin M. Auerbach, skeletal remains and cultural material from The Foragers of Point Hope the Ipiutak and Tigara archaeological sites, The and Libby W. Cowgill Foragers of Point Hope sheds new light on the original excavations from 1939 to 1941. Modern archaeological theory, dental microwear analysis, biomechanics, paleopathology, and population modeling are all employed, bringing these human remains to the forefront of biological anthropology research and addressing debates about subsistence, warfare, activity, and health. Finally, these analyses are integrated into current anthropological perspectives to address the cultural, archaeological, behavioral, and ecological components of human foraging systems. Cover illustration (front): [copy to follow]; EVOLUTION (back): [copy to follow].
    [Show full text]
  • History, Language, and Culture by the National Park Service
    NORTH SLOPE BOROUGH COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 2019 — 2039 Part I: North Slope Borough Culture and Planning PAGE 1 NORTH SLOPE BOROUGH PART I | CHAPTER 1: HISTORY, LANGUAGE & CULTURE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 2019 — 2039 PAGE 2 NORTH SLOPE BOROUGH PART I | CHAPTER 1: HISTORY, LANGUAGE & CULTURE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 2019 — 2039 History, Culture, and Government PAGE 3 NORTH SLOPE BOROUGH PART I | CHAPTER 1: HISTORY, LANGUAGE & CULTURE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 2019 — 2039 This page is intentionally left blank PAGE 4 NORTH SLOPE BOROUGH PART I | CHAPTER 1: HISTORY, LANGUAGE & CULTURE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 2019 — 2039 Chapter 1. History, Culture, and Government documented human habitation of North NORTH SLOPE HISTORY America. Scientists theorize that the Mesa Site The Iñupiat of the North Slope have a rich was a lookout point for hunters who may have cultural history that is evident in both the living been in search of game that is now extinct, such traditions and numerous archaeological sites on as bison or even mammoth. Since there is no the North Slope. Some villages on the North evidence of later cultures using the site, Slope have been occupied continuously for archaeologists have named this culture the Mesa thousands of years, such as Point Hope, while Culture. The style of weapons found suggest the others were more recently founded as year- Mesa Site was used by a Paleo-Indian culture, of round village sites, such as Atqasuk. However, which no convincing evidence has been found all of the land on the North Slope is rich with elsewhere in Alaska prior to this discovery. Much history and culture evidenced by abundant remains to be learned about this discovery and archeological sites across the entirety of the about the people who hunted in this area borough’s frozen tundra.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Together to Preserve the Past
    CUOURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT information for Parks, Federal Agencies, Trtoian Tribes, States, Local Governments, and %he Privale Sector <yt CRM TotLUME 18 NO. 7 1995 Working Together to Preserve the Past U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service Cultural Resources PUBLISHED BY THE VOLUME 18 NO. 7 1995 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contents ISSN 1068-4999 To promote and maintain high standards for preserving and managing cultural resources Working Together DIRECTOR to Preserve the Past Roger G. Kennedy ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Katherine H. Stevenson The Historic Contact in the Northeast EDITOR National Historic Landmark Theme Study Ronald M. Greenberg An Overview 3 PRODUCTION MANAGER Robert S. Grumet Karlota M. Koester A National Perspective 4 GUEST EDITOR Carol D. Shull Robert S. Grumet ADVISORS The Most Important Things We Can Do 5 David Andrews Lloyd N. Chapman Editor, NPS Joan Bacharach Museum Registrar, NPS The NHL Archeological Initiative 7 Randall J. Biallas Veletta Canouts Historical Architect, NPS John A. Bums Architect, NPS Harry A. Butowsky Shantok: A Tale of Two Sites 8 Historian, NPS Melissa Jayne Fawcett Pratt Cassity Executive Director, National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Pemaquid National Historic Landmark 11 Muriel Crespi Cultural Anthropologist, NPS Robert L. Bradley Craig W. Davis Archeologist, NPS Mark R. Edwards The Fort Orange and Schuyler Flatts NHL 15 Director, Historic Preservation Division, Paul R. Huey State Historic Preservation Officer, Georgia Bruce W Fry Chief of Research Publications National Historic Sites, Parks Canada The Rescue of Fort Massapeag 20 John Hnedak Ralph S. Solecki Architectural Historian, NPS Roger E. Kelly Archeologist, NPS Historic Contact at Camden NHL 25 Antoinette J.
    [Show full text]
  • Birds, Needles, and Iron: Late Holocene Prehistoric Alaskan
    birds, needles, and iron: late holocene prehistoric alaskan grooving techniques Carol Gelvin-Reymiller Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757720, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7720; [email protected] Joshua Reuther University of Arizona and Northern Land Use Research, Inc., PO Box 83990, Fairbanks, AK 99708 [email protected] abstract This article considers questions in prehistoric technology by examining organic artifacts from sev- eral Alaska Late Holocene sites, including Croxton Site Locality J at Tukuto Lake, western Brooks Range. Examples of bone needle “cores” and needles crafted from large bird humeri are measured and microscopically examined to distinguish possible differences in tools and reduction techniques. Tool handles used to accomplish grooving, including “engraving tool handles,” as well as differences between iron and stone bits, are discussed. Archaeometric data, avian ecology, and ethnographic ac- counts are explored to investigate aspects of needle manufacture, the introduction of iron, and the potential relationships people had to these materials and objects. keywords: Avifauna, needles, bone, technology, Ipiutak, engraving introduction Grooving technologies, the processes by which organic In addition to the analysis of bird bone cores and the materials were divided and shaped, were frequently put to nature of bird bone itself, we consider the construction use by arctic and subarctic cultures. These processes have of tools required to accomplish grooving, including “en- been studied by archaeologists to some degree and con- graving tool handles” (sic Larsen and Rainey 1948) and tinue to be of interest for understanding tool manufac- other handles, as well as bits associated with grooving ture. Semenov’s well-known Prehistoric Technology (1976 techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Plant and Driftwood Use at Cape Espenberg, Alaska
    Thule Plant And Driftwood Use At Cape Espenberg, Alaska Item Type Thesis Authors Crawford, Laura J. Download date 28/09/2021 20:16:32 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/8578 THULE PLANT AND DRIFTWOOD USE AT CAPE ESPENBERG, ALASKA By Laura J. Crawford RECOMMENDED: £,L Advisory Committee Chair Advisory Committee Chair Chair, Department of Anthropology APPROVED: Interim Dean, College of Liberal Arts A: Dean of the Graduate School THULE PLANT AND DRIFTWOOD USE AT CAPE ESPENBERG, ALASKA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty Of the University of Alaska Fairbanks In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Laura J. Crawford, B.A. Fairbanks, Alaska August 2012 © 2012 Laura J. Crawford UMI Number: 1521779 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 1521779 Published by ProQuest LLC 2012. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis addresses the question of Thule plant and woody fuel use at Cape Espenberg, Alaska between approximately AD 1500 and 1700. The objective of this thesis is to determine how the Thule at Cape Espenberg were using various plant species, including edible plant species and fiielwood species.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Park Science Anchorage, Alaska Connections to Natural and Cultural Resource Studies in Alaska’S National Parks
    National Park Service U.S. Department of Interior Alaska Support Office Alaska Park Science Anchorage, Alaska Connections to Natural and Cultural Resource Studies in Alaska’s National Parks Summer 2003 Table of Contents Return to Glacier Bay ________________________ 5 The Wales/Deering Subsistence Producer Analysis Project __________________ 13 Chukchi Cape Krusenstern Bear Human Interactions at Glacier Bay Sea National Monument National Park and Preserve: Conflict Risk Assessment __________________ 21 Deering Wales Red Light District Ethnohistory Bering Land Bridge in Seward, Alaska __________________________ 27 National Preserve Unlocking the Secrets of K A Lake Clark Sockeye Salmon ________________ 33 Norton Sound A S Pioneer Arctic Archeologist L J. Louis Giddings____________________________ 39 A Science News ____________________________ 44-51 Glacier Bay Alaska Park Science Lake Clark National Park National Park and Preserve http://www.nps.gov/akso/AKScience2003spring.pdf and Preserve Editor: Monica Shah Seward Copy Editor: Thetus Smith Kenai Fjords National Park Project Lead: Robert Winfree, Regional Science Advisor, email: [email protected] Park Science Journal Board: Ted Birkedal, Team Leader for Cultural Resources Bristol Bay Alex Carter, Team Manager for Biological Resources Team Gulf of Alaska Joy Geiselman, Deputy Chief, Biological Science Office USGS Alaska Science Center John Quinley, Assistant Regional Director for Communications Jane Tranel, Public Affairs Specialist Ralph Tingey, Associate Regional Director for Resources and Education Robert Winfree, Regional Science Advisor and Chair of Journal Board Funded By: The Natural Resources Challenge Initiative Printed with soy based ink Produced By: Parks Featured in this Issue Sharing Alaska’s Natural and Cultural Heritage Cover photograph © Randall Davis 2 About the Authors Herbert Anungazuk is an anthropologist for the Alaska Support Office, National Park Service.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Ties
    National Park Service National Park Service First Class Mail C U L T U R A L T I E S U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior Postage and Fees A NEWSLETTER OF THE ALASKA NATIONAL REGISTER PROGRAM P A I D City, State Permit Number Alaska Support Office Cultural Resources 2525 Gambell St. #107 Anchorage, AK 99503 5travelling 5cover story 5featured 5 team 5news briefs, 5 artistic exhibit, p. 2 continues, p. 3 nhls, p. 4-5 notes, p. 6 p. 6 artifacts, back page Fragile Treasures Linking Generation to Generation By Amber Ridington s an intern at the be willing to be National Park Service i n t e r v i e w e d A Alaska Support Office a b o u t t h e i r during the summer of 2001, I e x p e r i e n c e s, worked on one component of memories and a National Historic Landmarks interpretations of (NHLs) educational outreach t h e project, a traveling exhibit archaeological EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA about the six prehistoric NHLs s i t e s . J o n a s that will be taken to the Inupiat proved to be an villages adjacent to the NHL i n v a l u a b l e sites. The sites are Birnirk site g u i d e , (Piqniq)*, Barrow; Ipiutak Site interpreter, and Illustrated Artifacts: Meet Mark Luttrell (Tikigak), Pt. Hope; Wales sites also transcriber (Kingigen); Iyatayet site of the interviews, By Kylia McDaniel Shaktoolik and Elim; Cape mostly recorded Krusenstern Archaeological in Inupiaq.
    [Show full text]
  • INFORMATION to USERS This Manuscript Has Been Reproduced from the Microfilm Master
    Technological development and culture change on St. Lawrence Island: A functional typology of toggle harpoon heads Item Type Thesis Authors Lewis, Michael A. Download date 02/10/2021 05:12:37 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9434 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. • Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road.
    [Show full text]
  • Incisal Dental Microwear of the Prehistoric Point Hope Communities: a Dietary and Cultural Synthesis
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-2006 Incisal Dental Microwear of the Prehistoric Point Hope Communities: A Dietary and Cultural Synthesis Kristin L. Krueger Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Krueger, Kristin L., "Incisal Dental Microwear of the Prehistoric Point Hope Communities: A Dietary and Cultural Synthesis" (2006). Master's Theses. 3976. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3976 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INCISAL DENTAL MICROWEAR OF THE PREHISTORIC POINT HOPE COMMUNITIES: A DIETARY AND CULTURAL SYNTHESIS by Kristin L. Krueger A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 2006 © 2006 Kristin L. Krueger ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents, Steven and Marla Krueger, foralways reminding me of the "Prime Directive" and for being two of the wisest, most supportive parents. Thank you for teaching me the balance between working hard and having fun. Loveto youse, you ole things! To my sister and brother-in-law, Jenny and Jeff Krueger, for loving me no matter what color hair I had. Also, thank you for not claiming me as a dependent on your taxes during my years in Madison, even though I'm sure I qualified! To my fiance,Dan, for being my calm and taking good care of me even when my independent self doesn't think I need it.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 the Archaeology of Human- Dog Relations in Northwest Alaska
    The archaeology of human- dog relations in Northwest Alaska Item Type Book chapter Authors Hill, Erica Citation Hill, E. (2018). The archaeology of human–dog relations in Northwest Alaska. In Dogs in the North (pp. 99-116). Routledge. Publisher Routledge Download date 02/10/2021 23:24:27 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9656 87 6 The archaeology of human- dog relations in Northwest Alaska Erica Hill Some 1500 years ago, on a gravel spit extending into the Chukchi Sea, people living at the site of Ipiutak buried several members of their community. They excavated a shallow pit in the gravel and laid out a human adult, likely a woman. She was positioned on her back with her legs extended. An infant was placed at her right shoulder and she was provided with a stone knife and two chisels. Next, a dog was lowered into the grave. The dog’s body was positioned along the woman’s right leg; its head rested on her thigh, while the hindquar- ters covered her feet. Burial 132 at Ipiutak (Larsen and Rainey 1948 : 250), described here, provides a glimpse of an unusual practice in Alaska prehistory— the burial of a human and a dog together ( Figure 6.1 ). Such burials demonstrate that the lives of dogs and humans have been entangled for nearly two thousand years along the coast of Alaska, where they cohabited until around AD 1000, when their relationship intensifi ed and became one of codependency. Together humans and dogs developed the technologies and practices of the Thule lifeway, which enabled them to hunt and travel quickly and effi ciently as they colonized the North American Arctic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Significance of Dog Traction for the Analysis of Prehistoric Arctic Societies
    ARTICLES THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DOG TRACTION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC ARCTIC SOCIETIES William L. Sheppard Sheppard Research, 980 SW Hillcroft Ave., Portland, OR 97225. Sheppard @ hevanet.com. Abstract: Dog traction was a central element of Eskimo cultures from Greenland to Southwestern Alaska, yet has received relatively little attention from northern archaeologists. This mode of transportation likely emerged in the last 1500 years and was a necessary element in the mobile subsistence strategies and social networks of historic Eskimo societies. An understanding of the effects of adopting dog traction is necessary for analyzing prehistoric societies that preceded and came after its development. The increased mobility conferred by the use of dogs likely had effects on functional and stylistic variability in archaeological assemblages, the costs of resources and means of procurement, settlement strategies, and other aspects of Eskimo culture. Keywords: Mobility strategies, Cultural ecology, Prehistoric change INTRODUCTION The use of dogs as draft animals to haul sleds, or mechanisms have been equivalent—the actual movement dog traction, is one of the traits universally identified with of people has controlled the flow of information and re- Eskimo culture. Despite the centrality of this mode of sources across the landscape, by foot or by other means transportation in the societies and economies of Eskimos of travel. from Greenland to southwest Alaska, surprisingly little attention has been given to its inception and the roles it In the prehistoric Arctic there have been two non- played in those systems. This is particularly interesting pedestrian modes of transportation: water travel and dog given that it is widely held that dog traction is a relatively traction.
    [Show full text]