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Le Plant and Driftwood Use at Cape Espenberg, Alaska

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Le Plant and Driftwood Use at Cape Espenberg, Alaska Thule Plant And Driftwood Use At Cape Espenberg, Alaska Item Type Thesis Authors Crawford, Laura J. Download date 28/09/2021 20:16:32 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/8578 THULE PLANT AND DRIFTWOOD USE AT CAPE ESPENBERG, ALASKA By Laura J. Crawford RECOMMENDED: £,L Advisory Committee Chair Advisory Committee Chair Chair, Department of Anthropology APPROVED: Interim Dean, College of Liberal Arts A: Dean of the Graduate School THULE PLANT AND DRIFTWOOD USE AT CAPE ESPENBERG, ALASKA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty Of the University of Alaska Fairbanks In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Laura J. Crawford, B.A. Fairbanks, Alaska August 2012 © 2012 Laura J. Crawford UMI Number: 1521779 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 1521779 Published by ProQuest LLC 2012. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis addresses the question of Thule plant and woody fuel use at Cape Espenberg, Alaska between approximately AD 1500 and 1700. The objective of this thesis is to determine how the Thule at Cape Espenberg were using various plant species, including edible plant species and fiielwood species. Few studies have been done on prehistoric Arctic plant use, and so this study intends to add to this nascent but growing field. By examining charcoal and macrofossil remains, this thesis is also intended to discover similarities and differences between the Thule and their modern Inupiat descendants in terms of plant and woody fuel use. Statistical tests and descriptive analyses indicate that plant foods contributed significant nutrition to the Thule diet at Cape Espenberg, that woody fuel was used heavily, and also actively conserved with the incorporation of alternative fuel sources such as bone and blubber. This exploratory study underscores the importance of plants in prehistoric Arctic economies, and the need for future research. Table of Contents Page Signature Page .......................................................................................................................... i Title Page ...................................................................................................................................ii Abstract..................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................ix List ef Tables .......................................................................................................................... xii Page ...........................................................................................................................................xii List of Appendices .............................................................................................................. xvii Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................xviii Chapter 1 : Plants and Thule People ..................................................................................1 The Thule Culture .................................................................................................................. 7 Plant Use in the Arctic ..........................................................................................................13 Historical Accounts.................................................................................................................13 Archaeological Accounts....................................................................................................... 20 Fuel Use in the Arctic ...........................................................................................................23 Wood Supplies in the Arctic.................................................................................................. 23 Historical Accounts of Fuel Use in the North...................................................................... 25 Past Studies on the Use of Fuel in Archaeological Contexts: Paleo-Eskimo Sites 28 Past Studies on the Use of Fuel in Archaeological Contexts: Thule Sites..........................29 Chapter 2 : Cape Espenberg and the Kotzebue Sound Area .................................... 31 V Geographical Setting and Environmental Conditions..................................................... 31 Modern Plant Resources at Cape Espenberg......................................................................32 Fauna.......................................................................................................................................34 The Archaeology of Cape Espenberg................................................................................... 35 History of Human Occupation at Cape Espenberg..............................................................35 The Beach Ridge Sequence at Cape Espenberg...................................................................45 Past and Present Research at Cape Espenberg...................................................................49 KTZ-088 Feature 33, KTZ-087 Feature 68a and KTZ-304 Feature 2 1.........................52 KTZ-088 Feature 3 3...............................................................................................................53 KTZ-087 Feature 68a ............................................................................................................. 58 KTZ-304 Feature 2 1...............................................................................................................63 Chapter 3 ; Methods.......................................................................................... 64 An Introduction to Anthracological and Macrobotanical Methodology......................64 Charcoal Analysis...................................................................................................................64 Macrofossil Analysis...............................................................................................................66 Field Methods................................. 68 Flotation.....................................................................................................................................80 Lab Methods..............................................................................................................................82 Microscopic Identification.....................................................................................................85 Statistical Analyses..................................................................................................................93 Standardization...................................................................................................................... 93 Organization........................................................................................................................... 94 Testing..................................................................................................................................... 95 v i Sample Abundance, Fatty Residues and Local Woody Vegetation...................................97 Chapter 4 : Results .............................................................................................................101 Macrofossil Results............................................................................................................101 Sample Abundance............................................................................................................... 101 Statistical and Visual Analyses........................................................................................105 Comparing Taxa abundance in Fill to Off-Site Samples...................................................105 Comparing all Cultural samples to Off-Site Samples....................................................... 107 Comparing all Cultural samples to Fill Samples...............................................................109 Comparing Contexts within each house Feature: Feature 3 3.........................................I l l Comparing Contexts within each house Feature: Feature 68a.......................................113 Comparing Contexts to Contexts Statistically and Visually........................................115 F-33-1 compared to F-68a-l............................................................................................... 115 Feature 33 Living area compared to Feature 68a Living area........................................118 Feature 33’s Tunnel compared to Feature 68a’s Tunnel................................................ 120 Charcoal Results.................................... 122 Charcoal Sample Richness...................................................................................................122 Angiosperm and Gymnosperm Charcoal Abundance...................................................... 124 Charcoal Taxa Analysis
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