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The Great Indian National Movement

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The Great Indian National Movement THE GREAT INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT The most important events during Lord Dufferin’s also known as ‘Father of Indian Economics and Period (1884-1888) were the third Anglo Burmese Politics’. War (1885-86) and the establishment of the first All Badruddin Tyabji was the first Indian barrister at India organisation, the Indian National Congress. Bombay High Court. He was the first Muslim presi- The INC was founded in December 28, 1885 at the dent of INC. He became the third president of INC Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay. in Madras session in 1887. 72 delegates participated in the first session of the Pherozeshah Mehta founded the Bombay INC in Bombay. chronicle in 1913. It was founded by A.O. Hume a retired Civil Ser- S.N. Banarjee founded the Indian Association in vant. 1876. He was the first President of Indian National W.C. Banerjee was the first president of INC. Liberal Federation (1918). Gopalakrishna Gokhale founded the ‘Servants of The Indian Association of S.N. Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose, organised an All Indian National Con- India Society in 1905. ference in 1883 December. They had given a call for Jawaharlal Nehru observed the Early Congress another conference in 1885. to be ‘‘an English knowing upper class affair’’. George Yule was the first foreigner to become the ‘Congress’ means assembly of the people. President of INC. (1888, Allahabad). The name Congress was suggested to the Gopala Krishna Gokhale was populary known as organisation by Dadabhai Naoroji. the ‘Socrates of Maharahstra’. M.G. Ranade was Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East Indian Asso- the political guru of Gokhale. ciation in 1866. Gokhale is considered as the political guru of A.O. Hume was the General Secretary of INC till Gandhiji. 1892. Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to be- The Second Session of the INC met at Calcutta in come the president of Indian National Congress December 1886, under the presidentship of (1925 Kanpur session) Dadabhai Naoroji. Nellin Sengupta became the third woman Presi- The period from 1885 to 1905 is known as the Mod- dent of INC, 1933 at the Calcutta Session. erate Phase of Indian National Congress. Promi- The word Swaraj was first used in the Calcutta nent leaders of this phase were Dadabhai Naoroji, session in1906. Badruddin Tyabji, Pheroz Shah Mehta, First joint session of Congress and Muslim League Surendranath Banerjee, Gopalakrishna Gokhale etc. was held at Lucknow 1916. ‘‘We do not ask favours, we only want justice’’, Only session presided over by Gandhi - Belgaum these were the words of Dadabhai Naoroji. (1924) Dadabhai Naoroji is the author of the book ‘‘Pov- erty and UnBritish Rule in India’’ which contains The year 1888 became birth year of Sarveppalli. the famous ‘‘drain theory’’. S. Radhakrishnan, the philosopher and second Dadabhai Naoroji is known as ‘‘The Grand Old president of India; C.V. Raman, the Nobel Prize Man of India’’. He was the first Indian to become a winner in Physics, Abdul Kalam Azad, the member of the House of Commons on the Liberal freedom fighter; Romesh Chandra Majumdar, the Party ticket. He became the president of INC thrice, renowned historian and Acharya J.B. Kripalini, in 1886, 1893 and 1906. He founded ‘Gyan Prakash the renowned freedom fighter. Mandali’ and Bombay Association in 1852. He is Deputy Collector Rank File ‘Complete independence’ was demanded for the Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal on 20th July, 1905 first time (1929) in the Lahore session. as a part of the ‘Divide and Rule Policy’. For the first time National Song was sung in the Rabindra Nath Tagore composed ‘Amer Sona Calcutta session (1896) of INC ie Vande Mataram. Bengla’ as a part of anti partition movement, which During the Nagpur session 1891, the word ‘Na- later became the National Anthem of Bangladesh. tional’ was added to congress. Boycott of British products was first suggested In the Lucknow session of the Congress (1916) the by Krishna Kumar Mitra in Sanjivani. two factions of congress (extremists and moder- The Swadeshi Movement was started in 1905. ates) reunited. ‘Charka’ (spinning wheel) came to typify the popu- During the special session of the congress in lar concern for country’s economic self sufficiency. Calcutta (1920), Gandhi proposed to start Non- Swadesh Bandhav Samiti of Barisal founded by Co operation Movement. Ashwini Dutt was the largest Volunteer body to During the Delhi session (1923) Indian National support Swadeshi Movement. Congress decided to establish All India Khadi First real labour union - The Printers Union was Board. formed on October 1905. During the Guwahati session of INC (1926) wear- Vande Mataram Movement was started by Bipin ing Khadi was made compulsory to its workers. Chandra Pal in Madras During the Madras session (1908) its constitution was formed. Tilak began the Swadesh Vastra Pracharini Sabha to propagate Swadeshi Movement. In Madras session of the INC (1927), proposals for independence and to boycott Simon Commission Savarkar founded ‘Mitra mela’. were passed Chakravarthi Viraraghavacharya was the first In- During the Karachi session (1931), Fundamental dian leader to undergo imprisonment in 1882. He Rights and Economic Policy proposals were was an extremist leader. He was the first Indian to passed. draft a Swaraj constitution for India which was pre- The 1938 session of Congress was held in a village sented at the Madras session in 1927. Haripura. First Congress leader to suffer severe terms of im- In the Ramagarh session (1940), decision was taken prisonment for the sake of the country was Bal on Individual Satyagraha. Gangadhar Tilak. During the Tripura session (1939), Subash Chandra Tilak wrote ‘Gita Rahasya’. Bose defeated Pattabhi Sitaramayya (Gandhi’s can- Bipin Chandrapal started an English weekly New didate in presidential election) but later resigned India. and Rajendra Prasad became the president. Bipin Chandrapal was the founder editor of En- During Calcutta session (1928), first All India Youth glish daily ‘Bande Mataram’ in 1906. Congress was established. Lala Lajpat Rai is popularly known as Sher-e- Aurobindo Ghosh published New Lamps For Old. Punjab (Lion of Punjab). He founded and edited It was the first systematic critic of the Moderates. ‘‘The Punjabee’’ and the English weekly ‘‘The The radical wing of the INC that emerged at the people’’. end of the 19th century is referred to as the Ex- The Bengali daily Yugantar was started by tremist Group. Aurobindo Ghosh. He also started weeklies The main leaders of the Extremist Group were Lala ‘Karma Yogin’ and ‘Dharma’. Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, B.C. Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. Indian Council Act 1892 was passed. The Principle Tilak asserted Swaraj is my birthright and I shall of indirect elections was first introduced by the have it. British. It give council members right of financial Tilak started two newspapers the Maratha in En- discussion and interpolation. But popularly elected glish and the Kesari in Marathi. He started Sivaji representatives entered the legislatures only in 1909. festival to stimulate nationalism. from The Formation of the Muslim LeagueAga Khan (1906) to divert the Muslims of Dhaka became its first Nawab Salimulla Khan All India Muslim League was founded under the Leadership of the National Political Movement. On December 30th . President. father of the idea of Pakistan , who presided over the Allahabad session of the League in 1930 gave the idea of Muhammed Iqbal . Separate Muslim State in North West India.Rahmat Hence Ali Iqbal is known as the Pakistan’ was coined by But the name ‘ gave his famous ‘Two Nation Theory’ in March 1940, at the Lahore session of Mohammed Ali Jinnah . the Muslim League. Prophet of Hindu-Muslim Unity father of Pakistan Sarojini Naidu called Jinnah, the Later Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan. He is known as the Surat Split (1907) Swami Vivekananda attended the World Parliament of Religions at Chicago . His soul - The clash between the Moderates and Extremists stirring speech was delivered on Sept. 19, 1893. culminated in a split which occurred at Surat in He was branded as “Cyclonic Hindu.”. 1907. Eligin II’s government arrested Bala Gangadhar Dr. Rash Bihari Ghosh was the INC President dur- Tilak for the first time on July 27, 1897 to eighteen ing the Surat Split. months rigorous imprisonment for publication of After the Surat Split the congress remained under the control of the Moderates. poem entitled “Shivaji’s Litterances” in ‘Kesari’ magazine of June 15, 1897. Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 Lord Curzon (Jan. 1899 to Nov. 1905) created the North West frontier Province (now in Pakistan). The Minto Morley Reforms for the first time tried to introduce communal representation (for muslims) Gandhiji started British Indian Association in under which Muslims could only vote for Muslim Transwal in South Africa in 1903. candidates. Gopala Krishna Gokhala founded the Servants of The real purpose of the reforms of 1909 was to India Society, the first secular organisation for confuse the Moderate nationalists and to check the welfare of the deprived rural and tribal people. the growth of unity among Indians. In 1902 Curzon created the Andrew Fraser Rabindra Nath Tagore published Gitanjali, a Commission to make reforms in selection, training collection of poems, and got Nobel Prize in 1912 and recruitment in Police Department. for this book. Curzon’s relation with the Congress and Indians was strained owing to the changes he introduced Partition of Bengal was in the Calcutta Municipal Corporation (1899), Partition of Bengal The decision on the the Universities Act (1904) and the Partition of 19 July 1905 by then Viceroy Bengal (1905). The Calcutta Municipal announced on Corporation recognized the Municipal of India, Lord Curzon. Corporation of Calcutta, reduced the number of The province of Bengal and Assam came into the educated Indians and gave more being on October 16 1905.
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