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The Impact of Energy Use on Poor Urban Livelihoods in Arusha, Tanzania

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The Impact of Energy Use on Poor Urban Livelihoods in Arusha, Tanzania Community Development Training Institute Tengeru The Impact of Energy Use on Poor Urban Livelihoods in Arusha, Tanzania R8321 August 2005 Funded by the UK Department for International Development The impact of energy on poor urban livelihoods, Arusha, Tanzania The Impact of Energy Use on Poor Urban Livelihoods in Arusha, Tanzania R8321 August 2005 Dr Sheilah Meikle Patrice North This report is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID ii Development Planning Unit, UCL London Dr. Sheilah Meikle and Patrice North The impact of energy on poor urban livelihoods, Arusha, Tanzania IN MEMORY OF Isack Chimile Past Principal CDTI Who sadly did not live to see the completion of this work iii Development Planning Unit, UCL London Dr. Sheilah Meikle and Patrice North The impact of energy on poor urban livelihoods, Arusha, Tanzania ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The successful completion of this study would not have been possible without the continued support, co-operation and generosity of many Tanzanians from a number of institutions and the community at large who gave significant amounts of their time to take part in interviews in Arusha or Dar-es-Salaam, and attend local workshops in Daraja Mbili and Kaloleni. We start by thanking the men, women and children who live in Daraja Mbili and Kaloleni wards for being so generous with their time. Thanks also to all the government officials who shared their knowledge and provided valuable substantive information, in particular, those from the Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children and the Ministry of Energy and Minerals, both in Dar-es-Salaam, and those in Arusha from the Regional Commissioner’s Office, the Arusha Municipal Council and all the Ward officials, especially Blandina Nkini (Community Development Officer) in the two study areas. Special thanks are extended to Mr. Paul Laiser, Mayor of Arusha, for his continued interest and support for the research project. Finally, we thank the members of the research team from the Community Development Training Institute (CDTI), Tengeru; Dr. Florence Ghamunga who provided technical advice throughout the field research; our research associates, from WODSTA, Lyne Ukio, and Lydia Joachim, who worked directly with community members to assist them in identifying energy- related initiatives and developing action plans; members of our virtual steering committee and DFID for funding the study. Dr. Sheilah Meikle [email protected] Patrice North [email protected] August 2005 iv Development Planning Unit, UCL London Dr. Sheilah Meikle and Patrice North The impact of energy on poor urban livelihoods, Arusha, Tanzania EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background There are very few micro level studies on energy use and the impact of energy on the livelihoods of the urban poor, despite the fact that urban families may spend a third or more of their income on energy. Furthermore, existing studies tend to address technological/economic issues, rather than social aspects of energy use and are quantitative rather than qualitative in approach. This DFID funded study (R8321) was undertaken jointly by the Development Planning Unit, University College London (DPU), and the Community Development Training Institute (CDTI), Tengeru, and addresses this imbalance by examining the energy/poverty/gender relationships in two urban wards, Daraja Mbili and Kaloleni, in Arusha, Tanzania. The core team was supported by the staff of WODSTA (Women’s Development of Science and Technology Association), a local NGO; Arusha Municipality employees at the urban and ward level; a virtual steering committee; and, most importantly, the women, men and children living in the two study wards. Research focus The study perceives poverty as multi-dimensional and uses a sustainable livelihoods framework to structure poor men’s and women’s perceptions of their condition. It acknowledges that urban poverty is qualitatively different from rural poverty and the significance of gender roles within a household. It accepts that energy has a significant role in improving the lives of the urban poor and sets out to clarify the nature of the transforming process. In particular, it tests the assumptions underlying two of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 2 and 3.1 Purpose The research has two aims: to provide stakeholders (including policy makers, planners and implementers in the public and community sectors and poor people themselves) with an improved understanding of how access to energy impacts on the livelihoods of poor urban women and girls. In particular, to consider how changes in the energy decision-making process, and women’s and girls' energy responsibilities, might affect their capacity to take advantage of educational opportunities (MDG2) and contribute to their greater empowerment and greater equality in the household (MDG 3); and 1 Specifically the achievement of primary education and the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women v Development Planning Unit, UCL London Dr. Sheilah Meikle and Patrice North The impact of energy on poor urban livelihoods, Arusha, Tanzania to contribute to the improvement of the livelihoods of poor urban women and girls in Arusha by providing them with information on how to optimise their use of energy and to begin to strengthen their capacity to take part in the energy decision-making process. Approach The study is in two parts, the first is research focused and the second, practice based. The former sets out to test two hypotheses: “time saved by using modern energy will result in women and girls having greater participation in educational activities”; and “access to modern energy will contribute to gender equality and women’s empowerment.” The second part of the study enabled residents in each of the two study wards to design an energy focused project that can contribute to the improvement of the livelihoods of poor urban women and girls in Arusha. The integration of research and practice is an important feature of this study. It resulted in the community residents feeling that their contribution to the research has already started to benefit their lives, which is rarely the case when research sees people merely as the object of study. The challenge now is to ensure the long-term sustainability of these interventions. In testing the hypotheses the study adopted a 'gendered social processes' perspective. Specifically it was concerned with processes relating to livelihoods, resources, knowledge and rights that can be perceived either to enhance or constrain energy use for men and women. It examines micro-level evidence about the use of energy and the energy decision making process and compares the situation in poor and non- poor male and female headed households. The fieldwork was undertaken in six streets, three in each of two urban wards, Daraja Mbili and Kaloleni in Arusha, Tanzania. The study sampled 60 households in each ward in order to compare the energy role, responsibilities and rights of women in poor and less poor households. Daraja Mbili is generally poorer compared to Kaloleni, both in the overall level of public services and the situation of individual households. The study was participatory and primarily qualitative in approach, although it also proved possible to collect quantitative data. It incorporates inputs from a variety of stakeholders including the residents of the wards and the research team and uses a range of tools including, semi-structured interviews, case-studies, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and four groups of workshops. vi Development Planning Unit, UCL London Dr. Sheilah Meikle and Patrice North The impact of energy on poor urban livelihoods, Arusha, Tanzania Findings Of the three ‘modern’ fuels – electricity, LPG, and kerosene – used, electricity is the fuel aspired to by all four categories of households (male and female headed, poor and non-poor). However, its expense, and the quality of supply means that poor households either cannot afford to use it or, where they can, have to severely limit its use and even non-poor households, nearly all of whom are connected to electricity, use it relatively sparingly. Households are often not willing to use gas which they perceive as unsafe because of past accidents. Kerosene, the most easily available fuel, is popular for cooking and lighting amongst all the household groups. Charcoal is the most popular ‘traditional’ fuel. It is used by nearly all households for some cooking and, in poorer households, for ironing. The study found that households, poor or non-poor, do not make exclusive use of one fuel, nor is only one fuel type used for only one activity. Instead, for a mixture of practical and cultural reasons, households use a mixture of modern and traditional fuels. There is evidence that women, in so far as they can, mix their use of fuels in order to save cooking time, although using a variety of fuels is only one of four time saving strategies. The other three are; cooking in larger quantities, buying fuel in larger quantities, and changing to a different type, or number, of cooking stoves. However, the shorter time spent on daily activities in non-poor households (where there is greater use of modern fuels) compared with poor households suggests that the time saved each day would often be relatively short, unless all households could have access to reliable and affordable electricity for all activities. In view of Tanzania’s current electricity supply situation and the relative poverty of the households this is unlikely in the short to medium term. Less than a third of women in Kaloleni, and a fifth in Daraja Mbili, expressed a desire to take-up an education or education related activity (including girls having more time for homework or mothers helping children with homework), with any time saved as a result of using modern fuel.
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