DOCSLIB.ORG

SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION R.J. Bednarz

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION R.J. Bednarz SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION R.J. Bednarz CYFRONET, Swierk, Poland 0. Introduction 1. Hardware Overview The System Performance Optimization In this Chapter I would like to has become and important and difficult present the examples of hardware used for field for large scientific computer centres. the large scale scientific computations Important because the centres must satisfy /batch and interactive/. The examples will increasing user demands at the lowest be taken from CERN and INR computer centres, possible cost. Difficult because the which use IBM and CDC equipment. It is well System Performance Optimization requires known, that scientific computations are a deep understanding of hardware, software almost monopolized by these two and workload. The optimization is a manufacturers especially in the field of dynamic process depending on the changes physics. Assuming the elementary knowledge in hardware configuration, current level of computer structure, I will concentrate of the operating system and user generated on the hardware aspects, which are crucial workload. With the increasing complication for performance and programming. Since the of the computer system and software, the IBM and CDC computers differ very much in field for the optimization manoeuvres the organization, it is necessary to broadens. describe them separately. In the three hour lecture it is of course difficult to cover all aspects of 1.1. IBM Hardware the System Performance Optimization. First of all it was necessary to talk in the Figure i shows IBM 370/168-3 computer, Chapter i about the hardware of only two which is installed at CERN. The central manufacturers IBM and CDC. Chapter 2 processing unit is equiped with 3 megabytes contains the description of four IBM and memory, byte and block multiplexer channels, two operating system. The description controllers and devices. Up to 16 concentrates on the organization of the controllers can be linked to a shared operating systems, the job scheduling and channel, and therefore the reconfiguration I/O handling. The performance definitions, of the controllers linked to block workload specification and tools for the multiplexer channels can be easily done system stimulation are presented in the manually. The 3333 and 3350 disk storage Chapter 3. Chapter 4 is devoted to the can be accessed from two independent description of the measurement tools for storage controllers. Such feature is the System Performance Optimization. called dual access, and it causes a In this Chapter I am going to present complicated routing of disk requests software, hardware and hybrid monitors. through the system. The results of the measurement and various The central processing units of methods used for the operating system higher models from IBM 370 line include tuning will be discussed in the Chapter 5. a buffer storage. The buffer storage can Unfortunately it was not possible to sharply reduce the time required for cover during the lectures theoretical fetching currently used sections of main aspects related to the System Performance storage. On the Model 165, for example, Optimization. Therefore the author intends the CPU can obtain eight bytes from the to cover the subject of the computer buffer in two cycles /1G0 nanoseconds/, models and simulation in the separate and a request can be initiated every cycle. publication. This compares with 18 cycles /1440 nano- - 144 - seconds/ required to obtain eight bytes First, DAT obtains the address of the directly from main storage. On average, appropriate segment table from a system the high-speed buffer storage operates control register. To this segment table to make the effective system storage cycle address, DAT adds the segment address bits time one-third to one-quarter of the to obtain the segment table entry. Next actual main-storage cycle time. Buffer DAT obtains the page table address from operation is handled entirely by hardware the segment table entry and adds the page and it is transparent to the programmer, address bits to it in order to obtain the who doesn*t need to adhere to any page table entry. Finally, DAT forms the particular program structure in order to 24 bit real storage address by appending achieve close-to-optimum use of the buffer. the displacement to the page frame address. Very important hardware feature of To reduce the amount of time required for IBM 370 is the dynamic address translation address translation, DAT retains up to 128 /DAT/. This feature is essential for previously translated addresses in a virtual storage operating systems. The CPU translation lookaside buffer /TBL/. Prior can operate with their virtual storage to performing a translation using segment features disabled /Basic Control mode/ or and page tables, DAT searches the TBL for enabled /Extended Control mode/. For ease required address. in storage management, virtual storage, A program interruption occurs during real storage, and direct access storage address translation, if DAT attempts to used to contain virtual contents, are translate a virtual storage address to devided into contiguous fixed-length a real storage address and the required sections of equal size. Virtual storage is page is not in real storage. This devided into 64K-byte segments. A maximum interruption, called a page fault, alerts virtual storage of 16, 777, 216 bytes, the control program that the page must be therefore contains 256 segments. Each loaded from external page storage into a segment of virtual storage is devided into page frame of real storage. The transfer of 4K - byte pages. A page frame is a 4K-byte a page into real storage is a page-in. The block of real storage, that can obtain one page-in process is shown in Figure 3. First, page at a time. An equivalent of frame on when a needed page is not in real storage the direct access storage is called a slot. /indicated by a bit in page table entry/, In a virtual storage system, storage management automatically goes to a mechanism is required to associate the corresponding entry in a external page virtual storage addresses of data and table. The external page table entry gives instruction with their actual location in the slot location for page. real storage. This function is performed Next, storage management selects by DAT. To translate the addresses, DAT a frame in real storage to hold the uses tables in real storage. These tables, required page. To do so, it refers to the which are maintained by the control page frame table, which indicates, which program, are the segment table and the frames are allocated. Storage management page tables. One segment table and finds an available frame and brings in the a corresponding set of page tables exist required page from its slot in external for each address space in the system page storage. To complete the page-in /see Figure 2/. There is one page table process, storage management updates the for each segment in the address space. appropriate page frame table entry and The page table indicates which pages are page table entry. currently in real storage and the real In order to keep a supply of frames storage location of those pages. DAT available for page-in, the control program translates the virtual storage addresses removes pages from real storage that have contained in a instruction during execution not been recently referenced. Prior to of the instruction. removing a page from a frame, the control - 145 - program determines whether the page million instruction per second, 96K central contents were modified during processing. memory /60 bit words/ and fourteen If so, storage management performs a peripheral processors with 4K memory page-out. Otherwise an exact copy of the /12 bit words/. The peripheral equipment page already exists in external page may be attached to 24 channels with the storage. A page-out copies the modified maximum transfer rate 2 millions page from its real storage to a slot. The characters per second. Two types of disks slot need not be the one that contains the are used at INR. old version of the page. Storage The characteristics of the disk are the management need only update the external following : page table entry to designate the new slot. Disk CD 841 CD 844 At the end of this section I would Number of units 7 2 like to qoute some characteristics of the Unit capacity in Model 165. The Central Processing Unit millions of characters 36 118 has Basic Machine Time of SO nanoseconds. Transfer rate in Storage Cycle Time is 2 microseconds with thousands of characters 179 461 the 8 byte Storage Access Width and Access Time /miliseconds/: four-way interleaving. High-Speed Buffer Maximum 135 55 Storage can have 8192 bytes or 16384 bytes. Average 75 30 Block Multiplexor Channels are Minimum 25 S buffered to a width of 16 bytes for Average Rotational communication with storage. The maximum Latency 12.5 8.3 data rates for Block Multiplexor Channels Dual access is provided for CD 841 disks. is 3 million bytes a second. Five Low Speed Batch Terminals and Byte Multiplexor Channels are not buffered seven TTY are connected to Local and they are used for slow peripheral Communications Controller through modems. devices. Finally, the 3300 disk has the Four PDP-11/45 minicomputers are linked average access time 30 ms, the average to 6671 Multiplexer. Slow peripheral latency 8.4 ms and the data transfer rate devices include two printers, Card Reader 806 Kbyte per seconds. and Punch Paper Tape Reader/Punch, and Plotter. The devices form two separate 1.2. CDC Hardware lines linked to channels by means of controllers. Four 659 Magnetic Tape Units In this section I will describe the /9 track/ and one 657 Magnetic Tape Unit architecture of CD 6000, CD 7000, CYBER 70 /7 track/ are served by one controller and CYBER 170 computers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1.Operating Systems Overview
    OPERATING SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Contents O.S.Functions The Evolution of O.S. Characteristics of O.S. Basic hardware elements 1 Contents O.S.Components System calls O.S.Structure USER 1 USER 2 USER 3 USER n compiler text interpreter database editor system operating system computer hardware 2 Programming system components compilers loader linker comand interpreter (shell) … O.S. purposes to make a computer more convenient and easier to use to allow more efficient operations of the whole computer system 3 To simplify the program development The O.S. masks the details of the hardware from the programmer and provides the programmer with a convenient interface for using system resources (system calls) To simplify the program development Definition of an extended (virtual) machine 4 VIRTUAL MACHINE ES: DISK CONTROLLER commands: read, write, head motion, ecc… parameters: sector address, number of sectors for each track, ecc… state and error conditions 5 Hardware resource allocation Access to system resources must be controlled and conflicts for resource contention resolved Hardware resource allocation Any user should be provided with required resources, by following suitable policies 6 The details for the management of hardware resources must be hidden to users System calls provide the interface between the application programs and the O.S. 7 THE EVOLUTION OF O.S. Serial processing No O.S. Control by console Scheduling Setup time 8 Simple batch systems Monitor Resident in main memory Control of the program execution “batch” solution
    [Show full text]
  • ••••It•• G981 &911651, Elateferyl
    DOC~D:j 4009J726 TOP SICRIT WaJUOl!JWaJl1 t?l!CBl!JrnVU~ £iJl]l!WIB~ (r(!JllJU ~(51]Uj~(5 ~" W15allDl5 f WaJUJ~l1wrnlD J / P . L . 86-36 . WHEN CENSORSHIP BACKFIRES ....... ; .. ;~ .... James Killough .. ,/. , 0 ••••• 1 IDESKPAD: A PROGRAMMER' s TOOL •••• _1:: :\ :: ,_,------!: <:; ·::::: ~ ,________ __, ,; .••••• 9 IN PRAISE OF SOLITS ..................... Louis C. Grant .... •...... 12 NOTES ON BLUE RUSSIAN .................. ~ f ...... 12 NATIONAL CRYPTOLOGIC SCHOOL OFFERS COURSE-EQUIVALENCY TESTS ..................................... 13 'f'lllS B00tiM~N'f eoN'FAtlNS CJOBIW9RB MAt'l'IRIAtL et J2 J t.1 BlltN8A/elle88 (N81'/e88M 111-1) ••••It•• G981 &911651, Elateferyl .TOP SECRET Bedawif) tfpou Nuliluiliw b1 tile 81 .... eclassified and Approved for Release by NSA on -10--1-1-20'1.2 pursuant to E.O. '13526. vlDR Case# 54778 DOCID: 4009726 TOP SECRET Published Monthly by Pl, Techniques and Standards, for the Personnel of Operations VOL . II , No • 11 NOVEMBER 1975 PUBLISHER WILLIAM LUTWINIAK BOARD OF EDITORS Editor in Chief ............ Arthur J. Salenune (5642s) Cryptanalysis ...•.......... .__ ______.ltlW25s} · · P.L. 86- 36 Language .•.....••.......... Emery W. Tetrault (5236s) Machine Support. ......... · I t33zl.~) Special Research ........... Vera R. Filby (7119s) Traffic Analysis .•.••..•••• Frederic 0. Mason, Jr. (4142s) For individual subscriptions send name and organizational designator to: CRYPTOLOG, Pl TOP SECRET DOCID: 4009726 'fOP SECRET t:rl'.4RRA Jiitt;J. GIZll!ll bww. 86-36 Theodore Shabad is one of the preeminent Ameri­ "director of a-plant," and another was a per­ can experts on Soviet physical and economic geogra­ son identified as First Secretary of "a City phy. He is the author of Geogruphy of the USSR Committee of the Communist Party." Both were (1951), Basia Industr>ial Resources of the USSR members of the Central Committee of the Tadzhik (1969), and China's Changing Map (1972).
    [Show full text]
  • Mi!!Lxlosalamos SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY
    LA=8902-MS C3b ClC-l 4 REPORT COLLECTION REPRODUCTION COPY VAXNMS Benchmarking 1-’ > .— u) 9 g .— mi!!lxLOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY Post Office Box 1663 Los Alamos. New Mexico 87545 — wAifiimative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer b . l)lS(”L,\l\ll K “Thisreport wm prcpmd J, an xcttunt ,,1”wurk ,pmwrd by an dgmcy d the tlnitwl SIdtcs (kvcm. mm:. Ncit her t hc llniml SIJIL.. ( Lwcrnmcm nor any .gcncy tlhmd. nor my 08”Ihcif cmployccs. makci my wur,nly. mprcss w mphd. or JwImL.s m> lcg.d Iululity ur rcspmuhdily ltw Ilw w.cur- acy. .vmplctcncs. w uscftthtc>. ttt”any ml’ormdt ml. dpprdl us. prudu.i. w proccw didowd. or rep. resent%Ihd IIS us wuukl not mfrm$e priwtcly mvnd rqdtts. Itcl”crmcti herein 10 my sp.xi!l tom. mrcial ptotlucr. prtxcm. or S.rvskc hy tdc mmw. Irdcnmrl.. nmu(a.lurm. or dwrwi~.. does nut mmwsuily mnstitutc or reply its mdursmwnt. rccummcnddton. or favorin: by the llniwd States (“mvcmment ormy qxncy thctcd. rhc V!C$VSmd opinmm d .mthor% qmxd herein do nut net’. UMrily r;~lt or died lhow. ol”the llnttcd SIJIL.S( ;ovwnnwnt or my ugcncy lhure of. UNITED STATES .. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACT W-7405 -ENG. 36 . ... LA-8902-MS UC-32 Issued: July 1981 G- . VAX/VMS Benchmarking Larry Creel —. I . .._- -- ----- ,. .- .-. .: .- ,.. .. ., ..,..: , .. .., . ... ..... - .-, ..:. .. *._–: - . VAX/VMS BENCHMARKING by Larry Creel ABSTRACT Primary emphasis in this report is on the perform- ance of three Digital Equipment Corporation VAX-11/780 computers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Programs used in the study are part of the Laboratory’s set of benchmark programs.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Introduction
    Network Operating Systems Partha Dasgupta Department of Computer Science and Engineering Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287-5406 USA [email protected] [Note: Written in 1997, Appeared in Encyclopedia of Electrical Engineering] 1. Introduction Network Operating Systems extend the facilities and services provided by computer operating systems to support a set of computers, connected by a network. The environment managed by a network operating system consists of an interconnected group of machines that are loosely connected. By loosely connected, we mean that such computers possess no hardware connections at the CPU – memory bus level, but are connected by external interfaces that run under the control of software. Each computer in this group run an autonomous operating system, yet cooperate with each other to allow a variety of facilities including file sharing, data sharing, peripheral sharing, remote execution and cooperative computation. Network operating systems are autonomous operating systems that support such cooperation. The group of machines comprising the management domain of the network operating system is called a distributed system. A close cousin of the network operating system is the distributed operating system. A distributed operating system is an extension of the network operating system that supports even higher levels of cooperation and integration of the machines on the network (features include task migration, dynamic resource location, and so on) (1,2). An operating system is low-level software controlling the inner workings of a machine. Typical functions performed by an operating system include managing the CPU among many concurrently executing tasks, managing memory allocation to the tasks, handling of input and output and controlling all the peripherals.
    [Show full text]
  • NWG/RFC# 752 MRC 2-Jan-79 01:22 Nnnnn a Universal Host Table
    NWG/RFC# 752 MRC 2-Jan-79 01:22 nnnnn A Universal Host Table Network Working Group Mark Crispin Request for Comments 752 SU-AI NIC nnnnn 2 January 1979 A Universal Host Table ABSTRACT: The network host table in use at MIT and Stanford is described. This host table is superior to the NIC and Tenex host tables in several ways. A binary file, compiled from this host table, is also described. This file is used by subsystems on MIT's ITS and Stanford's WAITS timesharing systems for efficiency in host and network lookups. HISTORY: As with many other sites on the Arpanet, we found the NIC's host table unsuited to our needs. Part of the problem was because the NIC host table was often inaccurate and all too often failed to include several nicknames in common usage in our communities. In addition, the NIC host table's format was awkward for user programs to use, especially those which wanted to have the host table mapped into memory in some sort of structured binary form for efficient lookups. Finally, the NIC host table neglects to include some essential information. The ITS host table was originally designed to be compiled along with a network handling program (MIDAS, the PDP-10 assembler used, has a pseudo-op to insert a file into an assembly). In order to make the host table palatable to the assembler, every comment line began with a semicolon, and every actual data line began with the word HOST. Each program which used the host table defined HOST as an assembly macro before inserting the host table into the assembly.
    [Show full text]
  • Multics Extended I Mail System . User's Guide
    HONEYWELL MULTICS EXTENDED I MAIL SYSTEM . USER'S GUIDE SOFTWARE MULTICS EXTENDED MAIL SYSTEM USER'S GUIDE SUBJECT Tutorial Introduction to the Multics Extended Electronic Mail System SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS Refer to the Preface for ttSignificant Changes". This document supersedes Order No. CH23, Revision 0, dated September 1981. The manual has been extensively revised. Change bars in the margins indicate technical changes and additions; asterisks denote deletions. This manual assumes basic knowledge of the Multics system provided by the 2-volume set, New Users' Introduction to Multics - Part I Order No. CH24 and Part II Order No. CH25. SOFTWARE SUPPORTED Multics Software Release 10.1 ORDER NUMBER CH23-01 February 1983 Honeywell PREFACE The purpose of this manual is to help you become familiar with the Multics extended electronic mail system. This manual provides you with an illustrated discussion of the print mail and read mail commands for receiving mail, the send mail command for creating and sending mail, and a large variety of useful requests and control arguments to aid you in utilizing the full capacity of the extended mail system. Readers are expected to know the Multics concepts and terms described in the 2-volume set, New Users' Introduction to Multics (Order Nos. CH24 and CH25). These two manuals are referred to throughout this manual as the New Users' Intro - Part I and Part II. Also very useful is the Qedx Text Editor Users' Guide (Order No. CG40) which is referred to as the Qedx Users' Guide. Section 1 of this manual introduces the Multics extended mail system. Section 2 reviews the print_mail command.
    [Show full text]
  • Langley Vedit for Nos/Ve Usage Manual
    NASA Technical Memorandum 100499 LANGLEY VEDIT FOR NOS/VE USAGE MANUAL M. A. HEANEY SEPTEMBER 1987 {NASil-T@-700499) LANGLEY VLDIT FOR NOS;/VE N87-38098 USAGE MANUAL [NASA) 40 p Avail: NTLS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 1)gd Uncla s i;3/61 0103541 National Aeronautics and Space Administration LMlgleyResestchCecllW Hampton. Virginia 23665 RELATED MANUALS XEDIT Version 3 Reference Manual. Control Data Corporation Publication Number 60455730, 1984. Langley XEDIT Reference Manual. Central Scientific Computer Complex Documentation N-7a, 1984. SCL Language Definitionflsage. Control Data Corporation Publication Number 60464013, 1986. SCL System Interfaceflsage. Control Data Corporation Publication Number 60464014, 1986. SCL Quick Reference. Control Data Corporation Publication Number 60464018, 1986. SCL Advanced File Managementflsage. Control Data Corporation Publication Number 60486413, 1986. i CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................ 1 AUDIENCE ....................... 1 VEDITFEATURES .................... 1 REFERENCE MANUALS CONVENTIONS ............. 1 CALLINGVEDIT ....................... 3 INITIATING VEDIT ................... 3 INTERACTIVE USAGE OF VEDIT .............. 3 VED IT CONVENTI ONS ..................... 4 VEDIT COMMAND SYNTAX ................. 4 ENTERING EDITING DATA ................. 4 POSITIONING THE FILE POINTER ................ 5 LOCATING LINES VIA SPECIFIED STRINGS ......... 5 ADVANCING AND REVERSING THE POINTER .......... 5 POSITIONING POINTER AT TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE FILE ... 5 POSITIONING POINTER BY LISTING LINES ......... 6 STRINGEDITING
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report and Recommendation on New
    CERN LIBRARIES, GENEVA CERN/FC/661 Original: English 5 December, 1963 CM-P00085196 ORGANISATION EUROPĒENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLĒAIRE CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH FINANCE COMMITTEE Fifty-sixth Meeting Geneva - 16 December, 1963 FINAL REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION ON NEW COMPUTERS FOR CERN This paper contains the results of the enquiries and studies unfinished at the time of the meeting of the Finance Committee, on 13 November, together with the Director-General's conclusions and request to the Finance Committee to authorize CERN to purchase a CDC 6600 computer for delivery early in 1965. 7752/e CERN/FC/661 FINAL REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION ON NEW COMPUTERS FOR CERN 1. Introduction The Finance Committee, at its meeting, on 13 November, discussed an interim report on CERN's computing needs (CERN/FC/653), which accompanied the Report of the European Committee on the Future Computing Needs of CERN, CERN/516 (hereinafter referred to as "the Report"). Since then, the final offers from manufacturers have been received and evaluated, and the outstanding technical studies referred to in the conclusion of the Interim Report (section 5) have been carried out. This paper contains: - a short report on the results of these technical studies, - the evaluation of the final offers, technically and financially, - a proposal for financing the purchase of the new computer, - the implications on the CERN budget and programme of a new computer, - the conclusion, with a request that the Finance Committee authorize CERN to purchase a CDC 6600 computer and to raise a loan for the necessary amount, - an annex containing prices and other material from the offers.
    [Show full text]
  • The UNIX Time- Sharing System
    1. Introduction There have been three versions of UNIX. The earliest version (circa 1969–70) ran on the Digital Equipment Cor- poration PDP-7 and -9 computers. The second version ran on the unprotected PDP-11/20 computer. This paper describes only the PDP-11/40 and /45 [l] system since it is The UNIX Time- more modern and many of the differences between it and older UNIX systems result from redesign of features found Sharing System to be deficient or lacking. Since PDP-11 UNIX became operational in February Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson 1971, about 40 installations have been put into service; they Bell Laboratories are generally smaller than the system described here. Most of them are engaged in applications such as the preparation and formatting of patent applications and other textual material, the collection and processing of trouble data from various switching machines within the Bell System, and recording and checking telephone service orders. Our own installation is used mainly for research in operating sys- tems, languages, computer networks, and other topics in computer science, and also for document preparation. UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user, interactive Perhaps the most important achievement of UNIX is to operating system for the Digital Equipment Corpora- demonstrate that a powerful operating system for interac- tion PDP-11/40 and 11/45 computers. It offers a number tive use need not be expensive either in equipment or in of features seldom found even in larger operating sys- human effort: UNIX can run on hardware costing as little as tems, including: (1) a hierarchical file system incorpo- $40,000, and less than two man years were spent on the rating demountable volumes; (2) compatible file, device, main system software.
    [Show full text]
  • Sistemas Operacionais
    Sistemas Operacionais Introdução Informações Gerais Site http://www.inf.ufes.br/~rgomes/so.htm Email [email protected] Sistemas Operacionais Objetivo do Curso Apresentar os fundamentos teóricos dos sistemas operacionais modernos, enfatizando os seus aspectos de organização interna (arquitetura conceitual) e de estruturas e mecanismos de implementação. Sistemas Operacionais Sistema de Computação Hardware Provê os recursos básicos de computação (UCP, memória, dispositivos de E/S). Programas de aplicação Definem as maneiras pelas quais os recursos do sistema são usados para resolver os problemas computacionais dos usuários (compiladores, sistemas de banco de dados, video games, programas financeiros, etc.). Usuários Pessoas, máquinas, outros computadores. Sistemas Operacionais Visão Abstrata (1) Visão Abstrata (2) Fato O hardware de um computador, sozinho, não fornece um ambiente simples, flexível e adequado para o desenvolvimento e uso dos programas de aplicação dos usuários. Sistemas Operacionais Um Sistema Operacional... ... possibilita o uso eficiente e controlado dos diversos componentes de hardware do computador (unidade central de processamento, memória, dispositivos de entrada e saída). ... implementa políticas e estruturas de software de modo a assegurar um melhor desempenho do sistema de computação como um todo. Sistemas Operacionais Definição (1) Nome dado a um conjunto de programas que trabalham de modo cooperativo com o objetivo de prover uma máquina mais flexível e adequada ao programador do que aquela apresentada pelo hardware sozinho. Interface de programação Gerenciamento de recursos Sistemas Operacionais Definição (2) “A program that controls the execution of application programs.” “An interface between applications and hardware.” “Programa que age como um intermediário entre o usuário de um computador e o hardware deste computador”.
    [Show full text]
  • Tops-10 Monitor Calls Manual, Vol. 1
    TOPS-10 Monitor Calls Manual Volume 1 AA-097 4G-TB October 1988 This manual describes the functions that the monitor performs to service monitor calls from assembly language programs. The TOPS-10 Monitor Calls Manual Is divided Into two volumes: Volume 1 covers the facilities and functions of the monitor; Volume 2 describes the- monitor calls, calling sequences, symbols, and GETTAB tables. This manual supe-rsedes the previous manual of the same name, SOC order number AA-0974F-TB. Operating System: . TOPS-10 Version 7.04 Software: GALAXY Version 5.1 digital equipment corporation maynard, massachusetts First Printing, November 1975 Revised, May 1977 Revised, January 1978 Revised, August 1980 Revised, February 1984 Revised, April 1986 Revised, October 1988 The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is not supplied by Digital Equipment Corporation or its affiliated companies. Copyright © 1975, 1984, 1988 Digital Equipment Corporation All Rights Reserved. Printed in U.S.A. The Reader's Comments form on the last page of this document requests the user's critical evaluation to assist in preparing future documentation. The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation: CI DECtape LA50 SITGO-10 DDCMP DECUS LN01 TOPS-10 DEC DECwriter LN03 TOPS-20 DECmail DELNI MASSBUS TOPS-20AN DECnet DELUA PDP UNIBUS DECnet-VAX HSC PDP-11/24 UETP DECserver HSC-50 PrintServer VAX DECserver 100 KA10 PrintServer 40 VAXNMS DECserver 200 KI Q-bus VT50 DECsystem-10 KL10 AeGIS DECSYSTEM-20 KS10 RSX ~BmBDmDTM CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MONITOR CALLS 1.1 MONITOR CALL SYMBOLS .
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 14 Data Level Parallelism (2) EEC 171 Parallel Architectures John Owens UC Davis Credits • © John Owens / UC Davis 2007–9
    Lecture 14 Data Level Parallelism (2) EEC 171 Parallel Architectures John Owens UC Davis Credits • © John Owens / UC Davis 2007–9. • Thanks to many sources for slide material: Computer Organization and Design (Patterson & Hennessy) © 2005, Computer Architecture (Hennessy & Patterson) © 2007, Inside the Machine (Jon Stokes) © 2007, © Dan Connors / University of Colorado 2007, © Kathy Yelick / UCB 2007, © Wen-Mei Hwu/David Kirk, University of Illinois 2007, © David Patterson / UCB 2003–7, © John Lazzaro / UCB 2006, © Mary Jane Irwin / Penn State 2005, © John Kubiatowicz / UCB 2002, © Krste Asinovic/Arvind / MIT 2002, © Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 1998. Outline • Vector machines (Cray 1) • Vector complexities • Massively parallel machines (Thinking Machines CM-2) • Parallel algorithms Vector Processing • Appendix F & slides by Krste Asanovic, MIT Supercomputers • Definition of a supercomputer: • Fastest machine in world at given task • A device to turn a compute-bound problem into an I/O bound problem • Any machine costing $30M+ • Any machine designed by Seymour Cray • CDC 6600 (Cray, 1964) regarded as first supercomputer Seymour Cray • “Anyone can build a fast CPU. The trick is to build a fast system.” • When asked what kind of CAD tools he used for the Cray-1, Cray said that he liked “#3 pencils with quadrille pads”. Cray recommended using the backs of the pages so that the lines were not so dominant. • When he was told that Apple Computer had just bought a Cray to help design the next Apple Macintosh, Cray commented that he had just bought
    [Show full text]