The Impact of Drought: a Study Based on Anuradhapra District in Sri Lanka Kaleel.MIM1, Nijamir.K2
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Genesis of Stupas
Genesis of Stupas Shubham Jaiswal1, Avlokita Agrawal2 and Geethanjali Raman3 1, 2 Indian Institue of Technology, Roorkee, India {[email protected]} {[email protected]} 3 Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad, India {[email protected]} Abstract: Architecturally speaking, the earliest and most basic interpretation of stupa is nothing but a dust burial mound. However, the historic significance of this built form has evolved through time, as has its rudimentary structure. The massive dome-shaped “anda” form which has now become synonymous with the idea of this Buddhist shrine, is the result of years of cultural, social and geographical influences. The beauty of this typology of architecture lies in its intricate details, interesting motifs and immense symbolism, reflected and adapted in various local contexts across the world. Today, the word “stupa” is used interchangeably while referring to monuments such as pagodas, wat, etc. This paper is, therefore, an attempt to understand the ideology and the concept of a stupa, with a focus on tracing its history and transition over time. The main objective of the research is not just to understand the essence of the architectural and theological aspects of the traditional stupa but also to understand how geographical factors, advances in material, and local socio-cultural norms have given way to a much broader definition of this word, encompassing all forms, from a simplistic mound to grand, elaborate sanctums of great value to architecture and society -
A Study About the Cognomens That Were Adopted by the Kings During Anuradhapura Era
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2020 153 ISSN 2250-3153 A Study about the cognomens that were adopted by the kings during Anuradhapura Era Professor Anurin Indika Diwakara Department of Sinhala, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.10.01.2020.p9723 http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.10.01.2020.p9723 Abstract: During the Anuradhapura Era the King was the head of the state. When studying inscription stones enlisted in this regard, what is clearly visible is the fact that, a reign based on heritance has been functioning. The kingship was deserved by those who hail from the Kshathriya dynasty. The amateur prince becomes a proper king after the coronation ceremony. In the absence of such coronation, the prince is not considered as the king of the state. In Mahavamsa Teeka, this is discussed at length. The one who commanded the entire governance system was the King, thus since the inception, a governance based on dynastic line was existed in ancient Sri Lanka. (Journal of the Royal Artistic Society of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1936, p.443.) Corpus Sri Lanka was so closely and intimately connected with India that every great change that took place in the main continent whether political, social, economic or religious influenced considerably the life of the people of Sri Lanka (Amaratunga G & Gunawardana N, 2019, Volume-3-issue6, 203-206). The king needs to be a secular, orderly person in his governance due to certain factors; those were to receive rain at apt time in favor of successful cultivation, to obtain prosperity and blessing for both citizens and the state, and for the smooth function of his governance with the help of citizens. -
The Effect of Water Bodies As a Determinant Force in Generating Urban Form
The Effect of Water Bodies as a Determinant Force in Generating Urban Form. A Study on Creating a Symbiosis between the two with a case study of the Beira Lake, City of Colombo. K. Pradeep S. S. Fernando. 139404R Degree of Masters in Urban Design 2016 Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa Sri Lanka The Effect of Water Bodies as a Determinant Force in Generating Urban Form. A Study on Creating a Symbiosis between the two with a case study of the Beira Lake, City of Colombo. K. Pradeep S. S. Fernando. 139404R Degree of Masters in Urban Design 2016 Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa Sri Lanka THE EFFECT OF WATER BODIES AS A DETERMINANT FORCE IN GENERATING URBAN FORM - WITH A STUDY ON CREATING A SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN THE TWO WITH A CASE STUDY OF THE BEIRA LAKE, CITY OF COLOMBO. Water bodies present in Urban Contexts has been a primary determinant force in the urban formation and settlement patterns. With the evolutionary patterns governing the cities, the presence of water bodies has been a primary generator bias, thus being a primary contributor to the character of the city and the urban morphology. Urban form can be perceived as the pattern in which the city is formed where the street patterns and nodes are created, and the 03 dimensional built forms, which holistically forms the urban landscape. The perception of urban form has also been a key factor in the human response to the built massing, and fabric whereby the activity pattern is derived, with the sociological implications. DECLARATION I declare that this my own work and this dissertation does not incorporate without acknowledgment any material previously submitted for a Degree or Diploma in any University or any Institute of Higher Learning and to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain any materials previously published or written by another person except where acknowledgement is made in the text. -
Conservation of Spot Billed Pelican in North Central and Central
id23306625 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com Conservation of Spot Billed Pelican in North Central and Central provinces of Sri Lanka Kanchana Weerakoon and Harsha Athukorala Eco Friendly Volunteers (ECO-V) Sri Lanka Conservation of Spot Billed Pelican in North Central and Central provinces of Sri Lanka Final Report of project Pelecanus 2003 Kanchana Weerakoon & Harsha Athukorala Eco Friendly Volunteers (ECO-V) 93/5 Jambugasmulla Mawatha, Nugegoda Sri Lanka Email: [email protected] Tel: 0094112 646361 Web: www.eco-v.org With the Support of: Project Pelecanus 2003 ________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents ________________________________________________________________________ i Executive Summery 5 ii Conclusions and Recommendations 7 ii Organisational Profile - Eco Friendly Volunteers (ECO-V) 8 iv Acknowledgements 10 v Abbreviations 12 1 Introduction 13 2 Objectives 18 3 Methodology 19 4 Study Area 22 5 Results 25 6 Discussion 35 7 References 42 8 Budget 45 Executive Summery (English) Spot-billed Pelican became a candidate for the IUCN Red Data list in 1988 and it is the second pelican of the world to become threatened. The Known breeding populations of SBP are now confined to India (c.2000 birds) Sri Lanka (500-3000 birds) and Cambodia (more than 5000 birds around Tonle Sap Lake). However the situation of Spot-billed Pelicans in Sri Lanka is more poorly documented. There were no systematic studies carried out in Sri Lanka on this globally threatened bird species. The present study is the first ever systematic field study and awareness programme carried out on the Spot Billed Pelicans in Sri Lanka. -
World Archaeology., 50 (2)
Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 13 July 2018 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Davis, C.E. and Coningham, R.A.E. (2018) 'Pilgrimage and procession : temporary gatherings and journeys between the tangible and intangible through the archaeology of South Asia.', World archaeology., 50 (2). pp. 347-363. Further information on publisher's website: https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2018.1490199 Publisher's copyright statement: c 2018 The Author(s). Published by Taylor Francis. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk -
Local Government Enhancement Sector Project | 42459-014
Initial Environment Examination Report Project Number 42459-014 March 2020 Sri Lanka: Local Government Enhancement Sector Project Additional Financing (LGESP-AF) ̶ Extension of pipe network for Sewagama canal-3 area and Pipeline extension from Kaduruwela to Sewagama water supply scheme (NCP-AF-WS-CKD-07) Prepared by LGESP (Pura Neguma) Project Management Unit for the Ministry of Public Administration, Home Affairs, Provincial Councils & Local Government (Formerly named as “Ministry of Provincial Councils, and Local Government and Sports”), Colombo, Sri Lanka and the Asian Development Bank. This initial environment examination report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgements as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of January 2017) Currency unit – Sri Lankan Rupee (Rs) Rs1.00 = $ 0.0067 $1.00 = Rs 150 ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank AF - Additional Financing BPL - below poverty line CEA - Central Environmental Authority CKD - Chronic Kidney Disease Department of Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource DCCCRM - Management DSC - Design and Supervision Consultants EDP - Economically Displaced Person EDP - Economically -
North-Central Province Biodiversity Profile and Conservation Action Plan
. t NORTH-CENTRALPROVINCE BIODIVERSITY PROFILE AND CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN ------ -~~ - , --------- 11 ' ;" ' 'Jl '-~ ~- ; i. ~, ' 'c· P,f • ' , ,, '''"~ I ~;i.tf·, , ~1.t.t .·, e _. .,,. ~~ '.', 1ll ,. .. .... .e ,.... ~ • • . Ar.-,a. ,,.. ~' " • , -. ... E,. .... " .. "I .. ... • _,. ·••' f0 l ~-~,.t~" . '. a~· .. ,, ,, ... .········ \ ' . \ ! _:'._;:<·*'"':, ;' ·. ,- ,• ·' ...• .... ····· \ ·'I ~~ .... • .-. ........ ,..., A Publication of Biodiversity Secretariat Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources Sri Lanka The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources acknowledge the ADB/GEF The Government of Netherlands Fm1ded Protected Area Management and Wildlife Conservation Project (Component "C") for providing financial assistance. Copyright © Ministry of Environmental Publisher Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Sri Lanka. Citation Sumithraarachchi, D. B. (2008) North Central Province: Biodiversity Profile and Conservation Action Plan. Prepared by D. B. Sumithraarachchi ISBN 978 - 955 0033 - 00 - 3 First Print December, 2008 Coordinated by T.M.Anuruddha Tennakoon Environment Management Officer Printed by Karunarathne & Sons (Pvt) Ltd. 67, UDA Industrial Estate, Katuwana Road, Homagama. II Message from the Hon. Minister Sri Lanka is a small island with rich biological diversity and high level of endemism. Biodiversity of the country is unique and hence it has universal value. Nevertheless, it is currently under threat from ever increasing human interferences. Due to this extraordinary endemism and also high level of threat the country is considered as one of the global biodiversity hotspots. Biodiversity Conservation is not a new phenomenon to Sri Lanka. From ancient times Sri Lankans have had close relations with flora and fauna and they were very much concerned about their conservation and protection for the benefit of future generation. As we all know the world's first recorded sanctuary, 'Mihintale' is located in Sri Lanka. -
Ancient Water Management and Governance in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka Until Abandonment, and the Influence of Colonial Politics During Reclamation
water Article Ancient Water Management and Governance in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka Until Abandonment, and the Influence of Colonial Politics during Reclamation Nuwan Abeywardana * , Wiebke Bebermeier * and Brigitta Schütt Department of Earth Sciences, Physical Geography, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (N.A.), [email protected] (W.B.) Received: 30 October 2018; Accepted: 21 November 2018; Published: 27 November 2018 Abstract: The dry-zone water-harvesting and management system in Sri Lanka is one of the oldest historically recorded systems in the world. A substantial number of ancient sources mention the management and governance structure of this system suggesting it was initiated in the 4th century BCE (Before Common Era) and abandoned in the middle of the 13th century CE (Common Era). In the 19th century CE, it was reused under the British colonial government. This research aims to identify the ancient water management and governance structure in the dry zone of Sri Lanka through a systematic analysis of ancient sources. Furthermore, colonial politics and interventions during reclamation have been critically analyzed. Information was captured from 222 text passages containing 560 different records. 201 of these text passages were captured from lithic inscriptions and 21 text passages originate from the chronicles. The spatial and temporal distribution of the records and the qualitative information they contain reflect the evolution of the water management and governance systems in Sri Lanka. Vast multitudes of small tanks were developed and managed by the local communities. Due to the sustainable management structure set up within society, the small tank systems have remained intact for more than two millennia. -
Sri Lanka About This Guide
US Forces Pacific Culture Guide Jaffna Makassar Kandy Colombo Sri Lanka About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for success (Photo: USAF dental Sri Lankan Sri technician teaches local children to properly brush their teeth in Jaffna, Sri Guide Culture India Lanka). The guide consists of 2 parts: Part 1 “Culture General” introduces the foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any global environment with a focus on South Asia. Culture Part 2 “Culture Specific” describes unique cultural features of Sri Lankan society. It applies culture-general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment location. This section is designed to complement other pre- deployment training (Photo: US Sailor tours Sri Lankan Naval cadets on the Guide amphibious transport USS Somerset). For further information, visit the Air Force Culture and Language Center (AFCLC) website at http://culture.af.mil/ or contact the AFCLC Region Team at [email protected]. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the expressed permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources. GENERAL CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments. -
12 Manogaran.Pdf
Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka National Capilal District Boundarl3S * Province Boundaries Q 10 20 30 010;1)304050 Sri Lanka • Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka CHELVADURAIMANOGARAN MW~1 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII PRESS • HONOLULU - © 1987 University ofHawaii Press All Rights Reserved Manufactured in the United States ofAmerica Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data Manogaran, Chelvadurai, 1935- Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Sri Lanka-Politics and government. 2. Sri Lanka -Ethnic relations. 3. Tamils-Sri Lanka-Politics and government. I. Title. DS489.8.M36 1987 954.9'303 87-16247 ISBN 0-8248-1116-X • The prosperity ofa nation does not descend from the sky. Nor does it emerge from its own accord from the earth. It depends upon the conduct ofthe people that constitute the nation. We must recognize that the country does not mean just the lifeless soil around us. The country consists ofa conglomeration ofpeople and it is what they make ofit. To rectify the world and put it on proper path, we have to first rec tify ourselves and our conduct.... At the present time, when we see all over the country confusion, fear and anxiety, each one in every home must con ., tribute his share ofcool, calm love to suppress the anger and fury. No governmental authority can sup press it as effectively and as quickly as you can by love and brotherliness. SATHYA SAl BABA - • Contents List ofTables IX List ofFigures Xl Preface X111 Introduction 1 CHAPTER I Sinhalese-Tamil -
The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Geography Faculty Publications Geography Program (SNR) 2010 The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia Robert Stoddard University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geographyfacpub Part of the Geography Commons Stoddard, Robert, "The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia" (2010). Geography Faculty Publications. 27. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geographyfacpub/27 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Geography Program (SNR) at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geography Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Pilgrimage and Buddhist Art, ed. Adriana Proser (New Haven & London: Asia Society/Yale University Press, 2010), pp. 2-4, 178. Copyright © 2010 Robert H. Stoddard. The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia Robert H. Stoddard A pilgrimage is a journey to a sacred place motivated by reli- where a religious leader was born, delivered spiritual guid- gious devotion. Although the term may be applied to a med- ance, or died. Pilgrimages may also occur at locations sancti- itative search for new spiritual experiences, prolonged wan- fied—according to the worldview of devotees—by miracles derings, or travel to a place of nostalgic meaning for an and similar divine phenomena. In some religions, the impor- individual, here the word refers to the physical journey to a tance of particular places is enhanced by doctrines that obli- distant site regarded as holy. As defined in this essay, pilgrim- gate adherents to make pilgrimages to designated sites. -
Buddhism and the Global Bazaar in Bodh Gaya, Bihar
DESTINATION ENLIGHTENMENT: BUDDHISM AND THE GLOBAL BAZAAR IN BODH GAYA, BIHAR by David Geary B.A., Simon Fraser University, 1999 M.A., Carleton University, 2003 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Anthropology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) December 2009 © David Geary, 2009 ABSTRACT This dissertation is a historical ethnography that examines the social transformation of Bodh Gaya into a World Heritage site. On June 26, 2002, the Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya was formally inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As a place of cultural heritage and a monument of “outstanding universal value” this inclusion has reinforced the ancient significance of Bodh Gaya as the place of Buddha's enlightenment. In this dissertation, I take this recent event as a framing device for my historical and ethnographic analysis that details the varying ways in which Bodh Gaya is constructed out of a particular set of social relations. How do different groups attach meaning to Bodh Gaya's space and negotiate the multiple claims and memories embedded in place? How is Bodh Gaya socially constructed as a global site of memory and how do contests over its spatiality im- plicate divergent histories, narratives and events? In order to delineate the various historical and spatial meanings that place holds for different groups I examine a set of interrelated transnational processes that are the focus of this dissertation: 1) the emergence of Buddhist monasteries, temples and/or guest houses tied to international pilgrimage; 2) the role of tourism and pilgrimage as a source of economic livelihood for local residents; and 3) the role of state tourism development and urban planning.