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Francis Drakes and Dragons Hdt What? Index SIR FRANCIS DRAKES AND DRAGONS HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE 1540 It was in about this year1 that Francis Drake was born at Crowndale near Tavistock in Devonshire, along the river Tavy which eventually empties into the sea near Plymouth. His grandparents held a lease there on about 180 acres of farmland and were making what likely was a reasonable living as farmers, and his father Edmund Drake and mother Xxxxxxx Mylwaye Drake (given name unknown) were staying with them. The couple would have a dozen sons of whom Francis was eldest. Francis’s father was possibly a sailor but most likely also a farmer, and possibly also a petty criminal, and had been born on this property. The family was Protestant and while Francis was still a youth, they would move to the port of Kent to live in the hulk of an old ship while the father eked out a living ministering to the Chatham sailors. 1. The date of birth is established primarily on the basis of a dated portrait said to represent Drake at a particular age. That’s not a whole lot to go on, and the years 1538-1542 are possible. HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE 1550 It would be during the 1550s that Francis Drake would first be going to sea, as a lad apprenticed to the elderly master of a small coastal freighter engaged in the Thames trade. He would apparently do well both nautically and personally, as this old captain, without a family of his own, would will his little ship to his young helper. Chronological observations of America to the year of Christ 1673. The sweating sickness in England. From the year of World BY John Josselyn Gent. HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE 1560 At the age of 20, Francis Drake had his own wornout ship, left to him in the will of the man to whom he had been apprenticed. At least three times during this decade, Drake, under the leadership of his cousin John Hawkins of Plymouth, would assist in the selling of captives from the west coast of Africa into human chattel bondage in the Caribbean and elsewhere on the Spanish Main. SLAVERY THE TRAFFIC IN MAN-BODY HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE 1561 Francis Drake’s cousin Sir John Hawkins (1532-1595) was doing illegal slaving in South America and the West Indies. This 1st English participation in the slave trade came about because he was able to hijack a Portuguese ship that was conveying a cargo of 105 to 300 African slaves to Brazil. He would trade these slaves in 1562 at Hispaniola for sugar, pearls, and ginger and make a huge profit. Drake would subsequently sell the worn-out ship he had inherited from his old master and join his cousin in Plymouth. INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE 1562 Santiago de los Caballeros in the eastern half of the large Caribbean island of Hispaniola, destroyed by earthquake, was rebuilt. Francis Drake’s cousin Sir John Hawkins (1532-1595) was doing illegal slavetrading in South America and the West Indies. In the previous year this privateer had hijacked a Portuguese ship carrying African slaves to Brazil, and in this year having captured 5 Portuguese ships bearing slaves bound to Brazil he was trading these 105 to 300 slaves at Hispaniola for hides, sugar, pearls, and ginger and making a huge profit. In the process he made himself Britain’s first famous slaver. His eyes were opened and he saw: black people aren’t like you and me, who aren’t worth money wholesale! Drake would subsequently sell the wornout ship he had inherited from his old master and join his cousin in Plymouth. INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE Chronological observations of America to the year of Christ 1673. Sir John Hawkin’s first voyage to the West-Indies. The first expedition of the French into Florida, undertaken by John Ribald. From the year of World BY John Josselyn Gent. W.E. Burghardt Du Bois: Sir John Hawkins’s celebrated voyage took place in 1562, but probably not until 16312 did a regular chartered company undertake to carry on the trade.3 This company was unsuccessful,4 and was eventually succeeded by the “Company of Royal Adventurers trading to Africa,” chartered by Charles II. in 1662, and including the Queen Dowager and the Duke of York.5 The company contracted to supply the West Indies with three thousand slaves annually; but contraband trade, misconduct, and war so reduced it that in 1672 it surrendered its charter to another company for £34,000.6 This new corporation, chartered by Charles II. as the “Royal African Company,” proved more successful than its predecessors, and 2. African trading-companies had previously been erected (e.g. by Elizabeth in 1585 and 1588, and by James I in 1618); but slaves are not specifically mentioned in their charters, and they probably did not trade in slaves. Cf. Bandinel, ACCOUNT OF THE SLAVE TRADE (1842), pages 38-44. 3. Chartered by Charles I. Cf. Sainsbury, CAL. STATE PAPERS, COL. SER., AMERICA AND W. INDIES, 1574-1660, page 135. 4. In 1651, during the Protectorate, the privileges of the African trade were granted anew to this same company for fourteen years. Cf. Sainsbury, CAL. STATE PAPERS, COL. SER., AMERICA AND W. INDIES, 1574-1660, pages 342, 355. 5. Sainsbury, CAL. STATE PAPERS, COL. SER., AMERICA AND W. INDIES, 1661-1668, § 408. 6. Sainsbury, CAL. STATE PAPERS, COL. SER., AMERICA AND W. INDIES, 1669-1674, §§ 934, 1095. HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE carried on a growing trade for a quarter of a century. HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE 1566 Francis Drake voyaged to the west coast of Africa with John Lovell. They crossed the Atlantic to Central America carrying slaves to sell in Spanish towns, only to find that the Spanish refused to purchase slaves from them. HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE 1567 On his cousin John Hawkins of Plymouth’s 3d slave-trading voyage, Francis Drake was given command of the 50-ton Judith. This voyage was not a financial success because the whites of San Juan de Ulloa treacherously attacked them on the coast of Mexico while they were merely peaceably attempting to vend their black cargo. Only Drake’s ship and the ship commanded by Hawkins would return safely to England. (It seems that this surprise attack by Spanish Catholics would grant to the English Protestant the opportunity to become a lifelong hater both of all those who were by nation Spanish and of all those who were by religion Catholic. Dragon Drake wasn’t ever going to be the kind of gent you wouldn’t be afraid to meet up with in a dark alley!) HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE 1569 Francis Drake got married with Mary Newman, who was not from any well-connected or wealthy family. They would not have children and 12 years later, shortly after her husband was knighted, he would be left a widower. In this year he made a 2d attempt to sell a cargo of enslaved Africans to the Spanish in the New World: THE TRAFFIC IN MAN-BODY This time he made an agreement for peace with Don Martin, Viceroy of Mexico, but the next morning Don Martin attacked, killing a number of English sailors and sinking 2 of the 4 ships in the expedition of Hawkins and Francis Drake. HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE 1572 The Dutch Sea Beggars took Brill. HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE Chronological observations of America to the year of Christ 1673. Private Presbyteries now first erected in England. Sir Francis Drake’s first voyage to the West- Indies. From the year of World BY John Josselyn Gent. FRANCIS DRAKE HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE 1573 Sir Francis Drake came home from the Americas with what was being termed by that time Nicotina tobacum. “Willim Honesse” was entered in the Booke of Stoppes of the Company of Grocers of London as having paid his 2 shillings, dues for the year. WILLIAM HUNNIS Clusius became court gardener to Maximilian II in Vienna (he would remain in that position until 1587, later becoming a professor at the University of Leiden in Holland, where he would introduce and popularize the tulip). PLANTS HDT WHAT? INDEX SIR FRANCIS DRAKE FRANCIS DRAKE 1576 During this year and the next, Francis Drake would be coasting north to approximately 48° north latitude in the Pacific Ocean. He may have sighted Vancouver Island. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a favorite of Queen Elizabeth, published DISCOURSE to suggest a passage by the northwest to Cathay and the East Indies. Such ideas got the Queen’s support. She got the court to back a voyage by Martin Frobisher. (An infamous pirate and privateer, Frobisher was turning to exploring after having committed the understandable lapse in judgment of taking an English ship as booty in the name of the Queen.) Frobisher would reach Baffin Island and return with some rocks he supposed inaccurately to contain an ore of gold. With three small ships he would continue mapping the south-east coast of Baffin Island that now bears his name, Frobisher Bay, in search for the hoped-for “Northwest Passage” into the Pacific Ocean. CARTOGRAPHY THE FROZEN NORTH Chronological observations of America to the year of Christ 1673. Sir Humphrey Gilbert a Devonshire Knight attempted to discover Virginia, but without success.
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