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Etude Des Relations Lumbricidae – Éléments Traces Métalliques En Conditions Naturelles.² Et Contrôlées

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Etude Des Relations Lumbricidae – Éléments Traces Métalliques En Conditions Naturelles.² Et Contrôlées République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université des Frère Mentouri - Constantine Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Département de Biologie Végétale et Ecologie Laboratoire de Biologie et Environnement N° d’ordre : ……117 / D5 / 2016 N° de Série : …… 07 / ECO / 2016 Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du diplôme de Doctorat en Sciences Filière : Ecologie Option : Pollution et Ecotoxicologie Présentée par : Mohamed EL-HADEF EL-OKKI Etude des relations Lumbricidae – éléments traces métalliques .² en conditions naturelles et contrôlées. Cas de l’espèce Aporrectodea trapezoides Soutenue le 24 novembre 2016, devant le jury composé de : Mr Harrat A. Prof. Univ. Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1 Président Mme Rached O. Prof. Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Directrice de Thèse Mme Berchi S. Prof. Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Examinatrice Mme Afri-Mehennaoui F-Z. MCA. Univ. Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1 Examinatrice Mlle Sahli L. MCA. Univ. Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1 Examinatrice Mr Chafaa S. MCA. Univ. Batna 2 Examinateur Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à exprimer toute ma gratitude à Mme Oualida RACHED, Professeur à l’Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie (Constantine), pour avoir dirigée cette thèse et m’avoir permis de la réaliser dans les meilleures conditions. Je tiens particulièrement à la remercier de la liberté d’action qu’elle m’a donné à chaque étape de cette aventure. J’espère avoir été digne de la confiance qu’elle m’a accordé et que ce travail est finalement à la hauteur de ses espérances. Je la remercie également pour sa grande disponibilité et pour le temps qu’elle a consacré à la critique de mes résultats en me faisant bénéficier de sa grande expérience. En plus, sa relecture finale méticuleuse de chacun des chapitres a été très appréciable. Cette thèse lui doit beaucoup. Quoi qu’il en soit, j’ai beaucoup appris à ses côtés et je suis très honoré de l’avoir eu pour encadrant. Pour tout cela Merci. Mes sincères remerciements vont également aux membres du jury qui ont consacré une part importante de leurs temps à la lecture et à l’évaluation de ce travail : Mr Aboud HARRAT, Professeur à l’université des Frères Mentouri (Constantine 1), qui m’a fait l’honneur de présider ce jury. Je tiens à lui exprimer mes remerciements pour l’honneur qu’il me fait en participant à ce jury. Mme Salima BERCHI, Professeur à l’Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie, qui a accepté de juger ce travail en tant qu'examinatrice. Je lui adresse mes sentiments les plus respectueux. Mme Fatima-Zohra AFRI-MEHENNAOUI, Maitre de Conférence A à l’université des Frères Mentouri (Constantine 1), pour l’intérêt qu’elle a manifesté à l’égard de mes travaux de recherche en acceptant d’examiner ce manuscrit et pour l’honneur qu’elle me fait en participant à ce jury. Melle Leila SAHLI, Maitre de Conférence A à l’université des Frères Mentouri (Constantine 1), d’avoir accepté d’examiner ce travail. Je la remercie également pour son dévouement, pour m’avoir fait partager ses compétences professionnelles, et aussi pour toutes les remarques et discussions constructives que l’on a pu avoir. Mr Smail CHAFAA, Maitre de Conférence A et Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie (Université Batna 2) pour avoir accepté d’examiner ce travail. Je le remercie pour l’intérêt qu’il portait toujours à mes travaux de recherche. Ce travail de thèse a été réalisé au niveau du laboratoire "Biologie et Environnement" de l’université des Frères Mentouri (Constantine 1), qui était sous la direction du prof. Oualida Rached. Je tiens à souligner l’ensemble des facilités qui m’ont été accordés. Pour cela, je tiens à remercier tous les membres et en particulier l’équipe "Perturbations physicochimiques et interactions sol-végétation-pédofaune". Une partie de ce travail a été effectuée au niveau du Laboratoire "Ecochem" (Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry, Ghent University, Belgium). Pour cela, je tiens à remercier les professeurs Gijs Du Laing, Filip M.G. Tack et Marc G. Verloo pour m’avoir bien accueilli lors de mon séjour à Gand et pour les facilités accordées pour les dosages métalliques par ICP/OES et ICP/MS. C’est le moment d’exprimer ma gratitude à celles et ceux qui ont contribué à ce travail, qui m’ont aidé ou soutenu pendant toutes ces années qui sont passées si rapidement : En premier lieu, mes plus profonds remerciements vont à mes chers parents qui ont su croire en moi et qui m’ont apporté toute leur aide quand j’en ai eu besoin, je ne vous remercierais jamais assez. Je remercie également mes beaux-parents pour leurs encouragements et leur soutien qui m’ont été bien utiles durant toutes ces années. Je remercie ma chère épouse Amel pour son soutien quotidien indéfectible et son enthousiasme à l’égard de mes travaux. Notre couple a grandi en même temps que mon projet scientifique, le premier servant de socle solide à l'épanouissement du second. Je remercie mes premiers fans et supporters, mes enfants : Ahmed Yacine, Yasmine, Raid Salah et Manel. Leur présence, leurs éclats de joie et les beaux moments de folie qu’on passe ensemble sont pour moi les piliers fondateurs de ce que je suis et de ce que je fais. Ma reconnaissance va à ceux qui ont plus particulièrement assuré le soutien affectif : mes sœurs (Fatiha, Sakina et Touria), mes frères (Sofiane, Rabah, Brahim, Fayçal et Nabil), mes beaux frères (Mehdi et Chafik) ainsi que tous les membres des familles : El-Hadef El-Okki, Berriche, Ait Kaki et Lakehal, avec cette question récurrente : «Quand est-ce que tu la soutiens cette thèse ?», bien qu’angoissante en période fréquente de doutes, m’ont permis de ne jamais dévier de mon objectif. De nombreuses autres personnes ont participé à l’aboutissement de ce travail de recherche. Je crois qu’il serait illusoire de penser n’oublier personne, alors je prie, par avance, les personnes qui ne sont pas citées ici, comme il se devrait, de bien vouloir m’excuser. J’adresse mes très sincères remerciements à tous mes amis et collègues du Laboratoire de Biologie et Environnement : Leila Sahli, Radia Azzoug, Alima Bentellis, Jihane Zekri, Amel Soltani, Abderrezak Krika et Fayçal Kerboua. Je les remercie tous pour avoir rendu plus agréables les années que nous avons partagées au sein du laboratoire. Je les remercie également pour les bons moments que nous avons passés ensemble sur le terrain durant les différentes campagnes de prélèvement. Nos chemins ont divergé mais cela ne nous a pas empêché de conserver le même plaisir à nous retrouver, à partager de nouvelles expériences ou à nous remémorer le bon vieux temps au labo. Je ne peux pas oublier de remercier tous le staff de l’Institut de la Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-Alimentaires (Université des Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1) qui m’ont accueilli à bras ouvert, en particulier : prof. A. Boudjelal (Directeur de l’institut), prof. M. Barkat, Dr. S. Becila, Prof. K. Kharoub, Dr. D. Trad, Prof. A. Agli, Prof M.N. Zidoune, Prof. H. Namoune, Dr. D. Mekhancha, Dr. M. Gagaoua, Dr. A. Chikhoune, … Et, je n’oublie pas non plus de remercier mes anciens collègues avec qui j’ai enseigné au Département de Biologie (Université Hadj Lakhdar, Batna) : Dr. L. Nouri, M. Alloui, F. Khelfaoui, C. Belkhiri, prof. A. Si Bachir, L. Cherak, A. Medjadba, Dr. S. Meradi, …, sans oublier Mounir et Habib. "At last but not at least", un grand merci pour tous mes amis qui m’ont soutenu moralement pendant de longues années : Mokhtar Benziada, Rabah Maazi, … Votre soutien a été une aide précieuse. Bien entendu, cette liste n’est pas exhaustive. J’ai fait tout mon possible pour n’oublier personne dans ces remerciements. Si je n’ai pas réussi dans cette tâche, que les absents ne m’en veuillent pas et qu’ils sachent que ma reconnaissance va bien au-delà de ces remerciements, et que le plaisir que j’ai eu à les rencontrer et à les connaître était réel et sincère. Mohamed El-Hadef El-Okki Sommaire Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapitre 1 : Synthèse bibliographique 1- Les éléments traces métalliques dans le sol ....................................................................... 5 1-1- Généralités sur les éléments traces métalliques .............................................................. 5 1-2- Sources des ETMs dans le sol ......................................................................................... 6 1-2-1- Sources naturelles ..................................................................................................... 6 1-2-2- Sources anthropiques................................................................................................ 7 1-3- Devenir des ETM dans le sol .......................................................................................... 8 1-3-1- La localisation .......................................................................................................... 8 1-3-2- Les formes ................................................................................................................ 9 1-3-3- La spéciation ............................................................................................................ 9 1-3-4- La biodisponibilité des ETMs dans le sol .............................................................. 11 1-3-5- La toxicité des ETMs ............................................................................................
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