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Earthworm Resources and Soil Parameters of Chittur, Palakkad and Kanuvai, Coimbatore, India

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(4): 1860-1866 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 4 (2017) pp. 1860-1866 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.604.221 Earthworm Resources and Soil Parameters of Chittur, Palakkad and Kanuvai, Coimbatore, India K. Sreelakshmi, T. Sandra Rajan, P. Danny Jacob and P. Kathireswari* Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding author: ABSTRACT K eyw or ds Earthworm diversity and distribution patterns are generally governed by a Earthworm, variety of biotic and abiotic factors such as soil properties, surface litter, diversity, vegetation type and, land use pattern, local or regional climate and Soil, Chittur, anthropogenic activities. In the present study we have analysed the Kanuvai . earthworm diversity and soil analysis of Chittur, Palakkad, Kerala and Article Info Kanuvai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The results revealed that four different Accepted: species of earthworms belonging to three families found in two sampling 15 March 2017 stations and also analysed the influences of the soil parameters includes Available Online: macro and micro nutrients on the earthworm diversity. 10 April 2017 Introduction Soil needs energy for the growth of the of earthworm belonging to 67 genera and 10 biological organisms. Most of this energy families have been identified from India comes indirectly from sun via the primary (Kathireshwari, 2016). Oligochaetes are often producers. This deliver energy rich organic divided into two convenient groups Microdrili compound into soil either in the form of litter and Megadrili. During the last Decade or by direct absorption through roots. Besides (Ismail, 1997) much Taxnomic work on microbes earthworms are highly involved in Indian earthworms has been carried out by energy and carbon cycling in soils. Julka, 1975, 1988 and Easton, 1982. Earthworms belong to the phylum Annelida; Earthworms are among the most important class Oligochaeta, evolved in past components of soil biota in terms of soil Precambrian period. They have the formation, maintenance of soil structure and applications in both agro-ecosystem and fertility (Bhadauria and Saxena, 2010). therapeutic areas and also used for the solid waste management. India is one of the major Earthworms have been called “ecosystem earthworm diversity countries and has 11.1% engineers”, because they change structure of available out of total earthworm diversity in the soil environments. Different types of the world. Totally 505 species and sub-species earthworms can make both horizontal and 1860 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(4): 1860-1866 vertical burrows, some of which can be very Chittur, Palakkad. Collection was done during deep in soils. This burrow creates pores the month of July 2016. Adult earthworms through which oxygen and water can enter were sorted and taken it to college laboratory and carbon dioxide can leave the soil. along with their native soil. Then washed with Earthworm casts are also very important in distilled water and preserved in 60%formalin soils and are responsible for some of the fine solution for identification. The collected crump structure of soils. Earthworms play an specimens were identified by Dr. P. important role in breaking down dead organic Kathireswari. matter in a process known as decomposition. Decomposition releases nutrients locked up in Determination of Macro and Micro dead plants and animals and makes them Nutrients available for use by living plants. Earthworms do this by eating organic matter and breaking The determination of macro and micro it down into smaller pieces allowing bacteria nutrients of soil inhabited by earthworms and fungi to feed on it and releases the were done in soil analysis centre, RS puram, nutrients. Earthworms are also responsible for Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Macro nutrients mixing soil layers and incorporating organic like N, P, K and Micro nutrients like Fe, Mn, matter into the soil. Zn, Cu, and sulphur were analysed by titration method (Van Reeuwijk, 2002). The present study of earthworm diversity and soil analysis was done in the Chittur, Kerala Results and Discussion and Kanuvai, Tamil Nadu regions. Chittur village is located in Palakkad district of In the present study we have identified four Kerala. It is a forest area composed of dense different types of earthworms from Chittur, plants. The main agriculture plantation of Palakkad and Kanuvai, Coimbatore, Kanuvai includes paddy and coconut belonging to three different family Eudrilidae, plantations. Lumbricidae, Megascolicidae. The earthworms identified were Lampito mauritii, Materials and Methods Eudrilus eugeniae, Eisenia fetida and Megascolex konkenensis. The results of soil Study site analysis reveals that nitrogen and potassium are higher in Chittur soil than Kanuvai, and Chittur is located at 10.700N, 76.750E. It has micro nutrients viz., Zn, Cu are also higher in an average elevation of 131m (430ft) and the Chittur, due to the presence of earthworm cast total area is 1155.10km2. Chittur is located and organic compounds, leaf litters. about 15km from Palakkad town. Sokanashini Chitturarea composed of dense trees and high River flows through Chittur, the average humid condition and has high decomposition temperature ranges from 250c to 280c. by microbes. Kanuvai is mainly an agricultural land and hence have high Earthworm collection and preservation phosphorous content. The phosphate provides plants with a means of using the energy The presence of earthworm was located based hardness by photosynthesis to drive its on availability of worm caste on surface soil metabolism. Earthworm survey conducted in and colour and humidity of soil. Adult Chittur and Kanuvai revealed that the earthworms were collected by digging and occurrence of four species of earthworms hand sorting method (Julka, 1993) from namely Eudrilus eugeniae, Esinea foetida, 1861 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(4): 1860-1866 Megascolex konkenensis, Lampitto mauritii. Megascolex konkenensis The earthworm species family and ecological categories are given in table 1. Taxonomy: It is included in the phylum Annelida, class; Oligochaeta, order: Lampito mauritii Haplotaxida, and family: Megascolecidae. Taxonamy: It is included in the Phylum: Distribution: Megascolocidae are largest Annelida, class: Oligochaeta, order: family of earthworms which has native Haplotaxida, suborder: Lumbricina and representatives in Australia, New-Zealand, family: Megascolecidae. South-East Asia and North America. These are widely distributed in the tropical and Diagnosis: Average length 9-13.5cm, average temperate zones diameter, 0.29-0.32cm, total number of segment 168-195; prostomium –prolobus. Among the four identified species two earthworms were native and two were exotic. Distribution: It is a peregrine species, The epigeic and exotic species are Eudrilus distributed all over the world. Its habitat eugeniae and Eisenia fetida. The endogeic include garden, manure, heaps, fields etc. species is Megascolex konkanensis and the anecic species is Lampito mauritii. Among Eudrilus eugeniae these four species Eudrilus euginiae were present in abundant. It may be due to its Taxonomy: It includes in the phylum: innate immune mechanism to withstand in Annelida, class: Oligochaeta, Order: various disturbed and undisturbed soil habitat, Opisthopora, Family: Eudrilidae because it is an exotic peregrine species found in all over the world. Distribution: This species of earthworm native to tropical West Africa and now Results of Soil Analysis widespread in warm regions, both wild and under vermicompost, and also called the The result of soil analysis showed that the African night crawler. earthworms rich in soil have high macro and micro nutrients. In the present study nitrates Eisenia fetida and potassium level are higher in Chittur than Kanuvai, this is due the presence of more leaf Taxonomy: It is included in the phylum: litters. In the present study Kanuvai soil Annelid, class-Oligochaeta, order- contain high amount of iron and manganese Haplotaxida, family: Lumbricidae. and Chittur contain high level of zinc and copper in soil. Successful colonization of Diagnosis: It is smaller in size 3-4 inches almost all agro-climatic zones in India by the long and they have altering bands of darker exotic species is mainly due to their inherent and lighter colour often with a yellow tip. ability to withstand disturbances and This coloration comes and goes depending interference (Julka, 1988) and some widely upon the feeding material. distributed native peregrine species are able to tolerate disturbed conditions. There are three Distribution: They are native to Europe, but ecological types of earthworm have been have been introduced to every other continent recognized epigeic, endogeic, anecic. except Antartica. 1862 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(4): 1860-1866 Table.1 Ecological categories of sampled earthworm Sl no FAMILY SPECIES ECOLOGICAL NATIVE/ CATEGORY EXOTIC 1 Megascolecidae Lampitomauritii Anecic Native 2 Eudrilidae Eudriluseugeniae Epigeic Exotic 3 Lumbricidae Eiseniafetida Epigeic Exotic 4 Megascolecidae Megascolexkonkenensis Endogeic Native Graph.1 Macro nutrients in the surrounding soil of earthworm in percentage per hectare Graph.2 the micro nutrient present in the surrounding soil of earthworm in percentage per hectare 1863 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci
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