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The Regenerative Efficacy of Native Earthworm, Drawida Pellucida Pallida and Exotic Earthworm, Eudrilus Eugeniae

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The Regenerative Efficacy of Native Earthworm, Drawida Pellucida Pallida and Exotic Earthworm, Eudrilus Eugeniae International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, Volume 4 Issue 7, July 2019 www.ijasrm.com ISSN 2455-6378 The regenerative efficacy of native earthworm, Drawida pellucida pallida and exotic earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae Akila Moorthy K1, Rini Joseph1, Deepthi M P1, Kathireswari P1* and Saminathan K2* 1Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu- 641029, India 2*Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu- 641029, India Abstract Regeneration behavior was extensively observed Many organisms have the potential to regenerate its within the phylum with some enchytraeid lost tissues to some extent from the healing of oligochaetes can able to regenerate into complete wounds to replace the whole organs. Epigeic or organisms from fragments comprised of a few surface dwelling earthworms are mostly subjected to segments [3], other taxa amongst the oligochetes and predator attacks or by soil cultivators during polychetes possessing different degrees of ability to ploughing. Hence, the nature has blessed them with regenerate anterior and posterior segments, with the power of regeneration. The regenerated tissue, posterior regeneration particularly prevalently forms wound healing to replace the entire organs. observed and Hirudinea apparently incapable of any Our present study was aimed to observe the segment replacement [4]. regenerative efficacy of native and exotic epigeic The regenerative capacity can also be influenced by earthworms Drawida pellucida pallida and Eudrilus environmental factors such as temperature and eugeniae respectively. The amputation, were done on nutrition. [5] reported that the earthworms cultured at earthworms at anterior and posterior regions, 25 0C regenerated faster than those kept at 30 0C organogenesis at the time of regeneration were and 20 0C and the sexual activity can also influence studied in Eudrilus eugeniae and Drawida pellucida rates of regeneration. pallida. It was observed that the earthworm There are several reasons that the earthworm regenerates its functional parts mouth and anus provides a unique valuable model to investigate the within five to six days. The regenerative potential mechanism of regeneration. Firstly, the earthworms rate was observed higher for exotic earthworm can able to regenerate rapidly. Secondly, the Eudrilus eugeniae when compared to native complete regeneration of head and tail requires earthworm Drawida pellucida pallida. The exotic reformation of various tissues and organs, including species Eudrilus eugeniae have high growth, survival a central nervous system, heart, clitellum, blood- capacity and high regenerative potential than the vascular system, testis, ovary, intestine, nephridia native species Drawida pellucida pallida. and setae. Thirdly, earthworm regeneration is Keywords: Regeneration, earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae, bidirectional [6] Drawida pellucida pallida, organogenesis, amputation. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the phenomenon of the regeneration of the mouth and 1. Introduction anus in the earthworm, exotic Eudrilus eugeniae and native Drawida pllucida pallida. Uniquely, the Regeneration is a remarkable phenomenon entailing earthworm regenerated its functional mouth and anus re-growth of a detached or lost body part. by the 6th day and during the process of Earthworms are morphologically more complex than organogenesis, the earthworm resorted to starvation hydra and planarians, which shows variable degree behavior for the first 5 days. This adaptive behaviour of regeneration [1]. Tissue regeneration, or the of starvation triggered the gut microflora to produce restoration of lost body parts defined by [2], and it is riboflavin, which is the key factor in inducing commonly seen in members of the Annelida. regeneration[7]. 12 International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, Volume 4 Issue 7, July 2019 www.ijasrm.com ISSN 2455-6378 2. Materials and Methods regeneration, therefore annelids would be more suitable than hydras or planarians as an experimental material for exploring base to enhance the (1) Collection and identification of regeneration ability of vertebrates [12]. earthworms Earthworms are segmented annelids with anterior The earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and Drawida segmental region starts with a ventrally situated pellucida pallida were collected from vermicompost mouth called prostomium, followed by a long unit of Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and digestive canal called intestinal region connected to Science College and cultured according to the several organs and ends up with a dorsally located protocol of [8]. The sexually matured fully clitellated anus. The earthworm regeneration mainly occurs by earthworms were selected from the vermibed. The de-differentiation and re- differentiation of cells, earthworms were cultured in cowdung medium and without any contribution of totipotent stem cells [11]. with leaf litters as substrate. The regenerative potential rate were analyzed and Drawida pellucida pallida were obtained from compared between two different species of epigeic kitchen waste deposition in Forest College and earthworms, an exotic earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae Research Institute (Longitude of 11.19’ N and [E] and native earthworm Drawida pellucida pallida latitude of 77.56’ E) Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu. [D] belongs to the family Eudrilidae and The samples were collected with the soil and they Moniligastridae. Both the samples were collected were maintained in a vermibed prepared in college. and maintained in the vermibed with cowdung. In order to compare the regeneration potential of (2) Wound healing and regeneration earthworm, healthy adult earthworms were selected analysis from both the species maintained from vermibed. For In order to observe the wound healing and experimentation the body segments of these regeneration processes, in exotic and native earthworms were classified into two regions based earthworms Eudrilus eugeniae and Drawida on the reproductive region clitellum, namely (1) Pre- pellucida pallida were amputated at pre-clitellum clitellar (before clitellum) and (2) Post-clitellar and post-clitellum part and observed the segment (after clitellum). The pre-clitellum segments development of head and tail regions. Before in both Eudrilus eugeniae and Drawida pellucida amputation the, earthworms were rinsed with de- pallida consist of all vital organs such as prostomium, ionized water. Amputations were done using a sterile mouth, brain and the post-clitellum region has blade. The amputated earthworms were kept in a intestine and anus. In first group two earthworm clean sterile beaker provided with wet filter paper to species were amputed at pre-clitellar region of 3rd maintain moisture content for the survival of and 5th segments of Eudrilus eugeniae [E1] and earthworms. The amputated regions of earthworm Drawida pellucida pallida [D1] and they were segments were analyzed regularly using Stereo studied by Pre clitellar head development and pre Zoom microscope attached with camera and clitellar tail development. In second group were observed regions were photographed. classified into post- clitellar region of 30th and 68th sements of Eudrilus eugeniae [E2] and Drawida pellucida pallida [D2] and they were studied by Post (3) Analyzing the functional part Mouth clitellar head development and post clitellar tail and Anus after amputation development. The worms were surface sterilized The amputated earthworms were kept in a beaker using distilled water and amputated worms were with wet tissue paper according to the protocol [7]. maintained in a rearing bed with sterile wet tissue The feeding behavior were observed by the colour paper and the regeneration ability was regularly changes along the sides of the tissue paper, if examined using stereo zoom microscope, earthworm starts feeding the colour of the filter photographed and documented. paper changes from white to pale brown and the Soon, after amputation coagulation was noticed tissue paper moving through their gut can be easily within 1 to 2 minutes at the wounded sites of all analyzed using the stereo zoom microscope amputated earthworms. Then the wound closures (Magnus) and excretion analysis done by the occurred in anterior and posterior within 24 h in both presence of brown fecal pellet formation. the species. After amputation the complex process of regeneration starts with the wound healing process, 3. Results and Discussion which incorporates the formation of blastema Annelids exhibit a wide-range of variations in explained by [10], then successful development of regenerative ability [9] which has much higher organogenesis of lost organs [7]. The wound healing phylogenetic and metameric structure than the lower happens by the superficial epiblasts originating from organism’s hydra and planarians. Annelid’s undifferentiated epidermal cells [12] and skin regeneration was mainly achieved by epithelium has a main role in wound healing [13]. dedifferentiation and cell activation as vertebrate’s The blastema formation during regeneration was 13 International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, Volume 4 Issue 7, July 2019 www.ijasrm.com ISSN 2455-6378 achieved by the proliferation of longitudinal cell But the survival rate and regeneration capacity were layer [14]. observed more in exotic Eudrilus eugeniae when On the 3rd day the regenerated blastema was found in compared with native Drawida pellucida pallida.
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