Cartea Neagra a Zydokomuna: Cazul Romaniei

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Cartea Neagra a Zydokomuna: Cazul Romaniei “ŻYDOKOMUNA” Evreii şi comunismul - Cazul României (1944-1965) - noiembrie 2011 Iulian Apostu [email protected] În loc de motto: “Americanii joacă acum cartea evreilor şi într-o ţară unde avem 400.000 de evrei, cu câteva zeci de mii infiltraţi în aparatul nostru de stat, economic, politic şi cultural, nu este greu de jucat această carte. Nu vă faceţi iluzii că îi puteţi schimba. Negustorii de ieri, fabricanţii de ieri, jucătorii de la bursa neagră nu-i puteţi transforma, chiar dacă vin şi vă demonstrează că l-au citit pe Marx şi că-l studiază pe Lenin […] Plin de evrei, peste tot evrei […] Sioniştii sunt foarte bune elemente pentru coloana a cincea [în România.] […] Noi nu dăm muncă inginerului al cărui tată este declarat chiabur, dar primim şi încredinţăm posturi de comandă colanei a cincea sioniste, pentru simplul fapt că ştiu să se lipească de partid.” (Petru Groza într-o discuţie cu Emil Bodnăraş, 23 iunie 19491) “În 1945, o mare parte a aparatului de stat şi de partid era în mîinile evreilor, aşa încît, în 1950, se ajunsese la o situaţie penibilă, în care poate 2% din populaţia ţării deţinea peste 25% din posturile cheie ale regimului. În această perioadă se povestea că singura deosebire între Comitetul de Stat al Planificării şi Ministerul Economiei din Israel consta în faptul că în ministerul israelian se puteau găsi şi cîţiva arabi.” (din raportul de uz intern “Evreii din Romania: o minoritate care dispare” al Ambasadei S.U.A. la Bucureşti, datat 26 febr. 1964, sustras de Securitate din clădirea ambasadei, reprodus în versiunea tradusă de Securitate în Marius Oprea 2002b şi Solomovici 2004: 509-13) “Tov. Gh. Gheorghiu-Dej: „[…] Eu te-aş ruga să-mi spui de ce la CSP [Consiliul de Stat al Planificării] peste 80% sunt elemente de origine evreiască […] Tov. [Leonte] Răutu: „În sistemul editorial erau peste 40% evrei.‟ […] Tov. Gh. Gheorghiu-Dej: „S-ar putea aduce nenumărate exemple. Am întrebat de ce la Consiliul de Miniştri sunt peste 60% elemente evreieşti, cine i-a adus acolo, au venit singuri?‟” (din stenograma şedinţei Biroului Politic din 19 febr. 1960, apud Andreescu, Nastasă şi Varga 2003a: 641, 644 (pp. 625-646)) “În primii ani de domnie ai tovarăşului Gheorghiu-Dej, evreii comunişti ocupaseră fotolii în toate etajele superioare ale politicii, culturii şi ale administraţiei de stat […] Este adevărat, comuniştii evrei erau peste tot, în Biroul Politic şi înaltul aparat de partid, […] în Armată, Securitate, Procuratură şi în Miliţie, […] în organismele de stat, economice şi culturale […].” (Teşu Solomovici 2001 II: 42) 1 Pentru citarea selectivă a unor pasaje diferite din aceeaşi declaraţie (reprodusă iniţial de prof. Gheorghe Buzatu în Dosarele Istoriei), vezi de pildă un autor etichetat „antisemit” – Cornel Dan Niculae (2004: 50-52), respectiv trei autori evrei – Radu Ioanid (2005: 78), Robert Levy (2002: 146), respectiv Teşu Solomovici (2001 II: 87-8; 2003: 188-192). Pentru versiunea integrală a stenogramei prelevate de Sulamita Bloch-Constantinescu, v. Buzatu şi Cîrstea (2010: 328-338). 2 În loc de introducere Iniţiat imediat după decembrie 1989, segmentul publicistic (academic şi jurnalistic deopotrivă) consacrat analizei relaţiei dintre evreii din România pe de o parte şi instaurea şi consolidarea sistemului comunist în primii ani postbelici pe de altă parte, pare să confirme în mod nefericit butada “decât puţin şi prost, mai bine mult şi fără rost”. Tema acestei relaţii, complexă fie şi numai în dimensiunea ei pur istoric-factuală, fără a mai aduce în discuţie distorsiunile consecutive frecventei ei instrumentalizări politice, a fost abordată pe parcursul ultimelor două decenii de o mulţime de autori, pe cât de spectaculoasă numeric, pe atât de eclectică din punctele de vedere ale pregătirii teoretice şi practice a autorilor, spaţiului, anvergurii şi profunzimii acordate cercetării, abordării şi metodologiei alese, stilului şi profilului editorial, obiectivelor asumate explicit sau implicit, etc.: de la Vladimir Tismăneanu şi Florin Constantiniu la Cristian Troncotă, Ioan Scurtu şi Gheorghe Buzatu, de la categoria autorilor etichetaţi aprioric şi in corpore ca “antisemiţi (ex. Paul Goma, Cornel Dan Niculae, Neagu Cosma sau Gheorghe Gavrilă Copil) la seria autorilor evrei (ex. Leon Volovici, Harry Kuller, Teşu Solomovici, Jean Ancel, Leon Rotman, etc.), de la istorici de profesie la foşti militari şi ofiţeri ai Securităţii, de la antropologi şi filosofi la simpli jurnalişti, ingineri şi alte profesii, literatura dedicată explicaţiei şi/sau înţelegerii relaţiei multifaţetare dintre evrei şi comunismul României postbelice pare marcată în ansamblul ei de o inversă proporţionalitate între cantitate şi calitate, ranforsată de o pronunţată polarizare a mulţimii de autori în două categorii antagonice: evrei (categorie care îşi subsumează şi grupul celor catalogaţi “filosemiţi”) vs. “antisemiţi”. Angajate ireconciliabil într-un veritabil conflict de uzură pentru poziţia dominantă în modelarea percepţiei opiniei publice asupra temei cercetate, cele două grupări informale perpetuează o “gâlceavă” extrem de sonoră marcată de eroarea de logică tertium non datur. În tiparul acestui raţionament viciat, agravat dintr-o direcţie de o formă de anti-evreism visceral, iar din cealaltă de imperativul imbecilizant al “corectitudinii politice” şi de eticheta-“sperietoare” a antisemitismului, orice aserţiune în materie a lui V. Tismăneanu ar putea fi respinsă [fie şi numai] pentru că autorul este evreu (şi – circumstanţă agravantă – fiu de nomenklaturişti), la fel cum, opozabil, orice “listă” de evrei comunişti întocmită de un “antisemit” este respinsă aprioric şi în integralitatea sa, chiar şi atunci când, de pildă, 17 din cei 20 de “evrei comunişti” indicaţi sunt confirmaţi ca atare chiar şi de către autori evrei. Mai grav însă, acestei erori de logică a aşa-zisei gândiri binar-adversative (şi multor altora, la fel de nătângi), calate pe principiul “cine nu e cu noi, e împotriva noastră”, i-au căzut victime în timp şi rarisimele încercări de abordare ştiinţifică, neutră, obiectivă, sine ira et studio2; într-o primă direcţie, istoricul Florin Constantiniu i-a “contrariat” spre exemplu pe autorii evrei Harry Kuller, Leon Rotman, Leon Volovici şi Radu Bogdan prin “îndrăzneala” afirmaţiei “[o]bstacole [în cercetarea obiectivă a temei, n.n., I.A] vin atât dinspre români, cât şi dinspre evrei […] Obstacole vin şi din partea evreilor. Este refuzul de a investiga faptul că […] între conducătorii PCR s-au aflat numeroşi evrei. Explicaţia că, odată cu intrarea în rândurile partidului comunist, ei şi-au renegat evreitatea nu poate fi considerată – cel puţin după părerea noastră – satisfăcătoare.” Ca reacţie, firească în lumina antagonismului sus-menţionat, prof. Constantiniu a fost prompt acuzat că “a căzut într-un clişeu al retoricii” (Solomovici 2003: 35, 39 ş.u.; 2001 II: 2 Categorie căreia i se înscriu între primii exponenţi Gheorghe Buzatu şi Florian Banu. 3 18, 1-22). În aceeaşi direcţie, cartea Situaţia evreilor din România, 1939-1941, elaborată de 13 autori sub coordonarea lt.-col. Alesandru Duţu şi dr. Constantin Botoran, a fost, conform autorilor, interzisă şi “trimisă la topit” în 19943, aceasta deşi ea se mărginea în mod exclusiv să reproducă o serie de documente ale autorităţilor statului din perioada analizată, necomentate în vreun fel, documente aflate în Arhiva Ministerului Apărării. În direcţia opusă, ca exemplu deja amintit (tributar categoriei argumentum ad hominem circumstantiae) reţeaua World Wide Web abundă în repudieri în bloc ale “raportului Tismăneanu” a căror singură justificare aparentă este tocmai identitatea etno-religioasă a preşedintelui comisiei prezidenţiale. Explicabil în consecinţă, în afara conflictului există şi o minoritate statistică a acelor persoane şi mai ales instituţii, care dispun atât de informaţiile, cât şi pregătirea necesare în abordarea profesionistă a temei, însă preferă să o evite, ghidându-se probabil după canonul “de ce să mă leg la cap dacă nu mă doare?” şi aleg cel mult să trateze tema comunismului în genere, fără izolarea ca obiect de cercetare a relaţiei evrei-comunism. Bune exemplificări ale acestei categorii ar fi istoricul Marius Oprea bunăoară, sau raportul C.P.A.D.C.R., care, inexplicabil, alege să precizeze numele de naştere / identitatea etnică doar în câteva cazuri de evrei comunişti, chiar dacă multiple alte exemple au fost menţionate în alte lucrări ale (chiar) unor membri ai aceleiaşi comisii). Într-un asemenea context conflictual aparent nesoluţionabil, demersul de faţă este elaborat cu asumarea conştientă a riscului etichetării şi încadrării în oricare din cele două “tabere”, probabil în amândouă în funcţie de identitatea şi interesele opinentului. Nu mai puţin adevărat, dincolo de subiectivismul oricărui conflict, fie el şi de idei, erorile demonstrabile obiectiv comise din direcţia ambelor părţi disputante sunt adesea atât de numeroase, şi uneori atât de grave, încât fac inevitabilă catalogarea ca “maculatură” a unei părţi cantitativ importante din literatura în materie; spre exemplu, spaţiul Internet abundă încă în “liste de evrei comunişti” care îl includ de pildă pe fostul demnitar Gheorghe Apostol (cu prezumptivul nume de naştere Aaron Gerschwin), deşi proponenţii acestei încadrări eşuează în continuare, chiar şi după câteva decenii, să ofere fie şi o singură probă în argumentarea identităţii evreieşti a lui Apostol (care bunăoară – chiar dacă aceasta, e adevărat, nu exclude posibilitatea unei convertiri - a fost înmormântat în 2010 într-un cimitir ortodox).
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