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Study Guide

Exam 4 will have 55 points worth of multiple choice questions and 45 points worth of free response questions. There is however a large amount of overlap with section 3 reactions of . Also included from section 3 are name/draw cyclic structures, aromatic structure, and ordering structures by increasing boiling points along with reasoning. Pages 7-9 and pages 20-21 of course guide and the corresponding topics in the text. Please review the 2 sample exams I am including on my website. Also review the mock test #4 available in your course guide.

You may carry with you a 3 x 5 index card with handwritten information on both sides. Cards must be turned in with your name on it when you turn in your test.

STUDY INSTRUCTIONS:

Start by working on course guide problems we did in class and keep doing them till you know the different sequences, synthesis steps, and mechanisms of dehydration really well! Then look at the sample tests and answer questions. Use your text book/OWL wherever necessary for more information.

Please review each one of these topics in detail, write down example problems of each kind on a separate piece of paper, and turn in for extra 5 points. Examples can be from course guide, workshop, text, internet, or sample tests provided. You should thoroughly understand what you write down or you will get your 5 points but will not do well on the test.

Alcohols:

 Distinguish primary, secondary, and tertiary and name or draw their structures  Physical properties of alcohols  REACTIONS: o Dehydration: Major and minor products with mechanism. All three alcohols (primary, secondary, and tertiary) undergo dehydration! Aromatic : no dehydration! o Oxidation: Which ones undergo oxidation and which alcohol does not? What are the products? What are the used for oxidation (list of reagents is given on the test. See sample exam for the list. You have to pick the correct ) o Reaction of alcohols with or to form hemiacetals and acetals. No mechanism needed here! (see practice 2 for a sample) . Should be able to predict the product and say whether it came from an or a . . What is the structure of the alcohol that is used in the reaction? . If given the structure of the acetal or hemiacetal you should be able to indicate if ONE or TWO molecules of alcohol were used in the reaction.

Aldehydes and Ketones:

 Primary difference in structure between an aldehyde and ketone  REACTIONS: o Oxidation: What are the reagents used to oxidize an aldehyde and what is the product of oxidation? Can a ketone get oxidized? o Tests to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone: Tollens and Benedicts o Reduction: what are the products of reduction of an aldehyde and a ketone? What are the reagents used for reduction? Study the two types of reagents used and which groups they affect? o Reaction of aldehydes or ketones with alcohol to form hemiacetals and acetals. No mechanism needed here! (see practice 2 for a sample) . Should be able to predict the product and say whether it came from an aldehyde or a ketone. . What is the structure of the alcohol that is used in the reaction? . If given the structure of the acetal or hemiacetal you should be able to indicate if ONE or TWO molecules of alcohol was used in the reaction.

Carboxylic acid:

. Function group . Physical properties . All characteristics of fatty acids: o Know what is a saturated fatty acid (FA) and what is unsaturated FA

o Melting point comparison between the two

o Cis vs. trans fat

o Which is solid at room temp.

o Fatty acids are usually how many carbons long? Odd or even # of carbons? Cis or trans isomers?

o Harmful effects of trans fat

Amines:

. Primary, secondary, and tertiary : be able to distinguish between the three types of amines. . Reaction of amines with

Identification of hydrocarbons lab: (bromine test, permanganate test, test)

. Tests done and what are the results obtained with an , , and aromatic. See course guide section 3 and section 4 for reactions with halogens, hydration and hydro halogenation. Section 3 pages 7-9 and 20-21

 Name/Draw cyclic structures and aromatic structures  Arrange structures in the order of increasing boiling point and know the reason why they are ordered this way  Reactions of and including mechanisms for hydro halogenation and hydration

Identification of hydrocarbons lab EXPT 12: (bromine test, permanganate test, sulfuric acid test)

 Tests done and what are the results obtained with an alkene, alkane, and aromatic. See course guide section 3 and section 4 for reactions with halogens, hydration and hydro halogenation.