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NASA's SPACE EXPLORATION PLANNING: the ASTEROID 65th International Astronautical Congress, Toronto, Canada, Copyright 2014 by the International Astronautical Federation. All rights reserved. NASA’s SPACE EXPLORATION PLANNING: THE ASTEROID MISSION AND THE STEP-WISE PATH TO MARS Kathleen C. Laurini NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA, [email protected] Michele M. Gates NASA, Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA, [email protected] Within the U.S. space policy framework, NASA continues to advance its space exploration programs and plans to remain a world leader and valuable partner in space exploration. NASA’s programs reflect the importance of human space exploration in the U.S. by focusing on the foundational capabilities and technologies which will ensure government investments continue to drive innovation and enable exciting missions as part of a step-wise path to Mars. NASA is focusing on developing these initial capabilities while collaboratively working with international partners to define a technically feasible and programmatically implementable strategy for deep space exploration. This paper summarizes this work and how NASA’s approach to capability development enables a step-wise path to human exploration of Mars, with missions along the way providing the opportunity to infuse new technologies, advance capabilities, learn to manage the risks of operations in deep space while using the presence of the crew to explore, discover and inspire. NASA is laying the groundwork for the partnerships necessary to explore beyond low-Earth orbit (LEO). In addition to the International Space Station enabling important learning related to long duration mission human health and performance, the heavy lift launcher Space Launch System (SLS) and the Orion crew vehicle are foundational capabilities under development for human missions beyond LEO. Initial Orion and SLS vehicles will enable near-term missions in the lunar vicinity and demonstrate capabilities and operations necessary for exploration missions further away from the relative safety of LEO. These missions also enable exploration of a near-Earth asteroid and the Moon, allowing the presence of the crew to engage the public in ways that further increase value to people on Earth. International and public-private partnerships will enable these early missions and ensure that human space exploration proceeds in a sustainable manner. This paper describes how the Asteroid Redirect Mission fits into the long term international context described in the Global Exploration Roadmap, released by space agencies participating in the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (August 2013). NASA welcomed the contribution of the January 2014 International Space Exploration Forum. The meeting of government representatives demonstrated the importance of international partnerships in exploring space and welcomed the work of space agencies on the Global Exploration Roadmap. INTRODUCTION central to NASA’s space exploration strategy. The NASA continues to advance its space exploration long-term goal of human exploration of Mars informs programs and plans to remain a world leader and robotic mission planning, technology development valuable partner in space exploration. NASA’s priorities, requirements for near-term human programs reflect the U.S. commitment to human spaceflight capabilities, and activities onboard the space exploration by focusing on the foundational International Space Station (ISS). Orion and Space capabilities and technologies which will ensure Launch System (SLS) are currently under government investments continue to drive innovation development, with Orion Exploration Flight Test-1 and enable exciting missions as part of a step-wise scheduled for this December. Technology path to Mars. As evidenced by the Global advancements in high power, long life solar electric Exploration Roadmap, Mars is the collective propulsion open new approaches for human international horizon destination (Ref 1). Meeting the exploration. These investments will enable humans challenges associated with human missions to Mars is 65th International Astronautical Congress, Toronto, Canada, Copyright 2014 by the International Astronautical Federation. All rights reserved. to leave low-Earth orbit (LEO) for the first time since discussions, a common understanding of the value Apollo and begin our sustainable path to Mars. and opportunity provided by crew in cis-lunar space was established and reflected in the updated Global The journey to Mars has begun. A number of robotic Exploration Roadmap. spacecraft by several nations are gathering data or en- route to the red planet. These spacecraft are PIONEERING SPACE: NASA’S EXPLORATION discovering knowledge that will prepare for future STRATEGY human missions. NASA’s Mars 2020 mission has Exploration and pioneering have inspired people and just completed instrument selection. The influenced human prosperity significantly over the international science team is now gathering to discuss last 2000 years. Nations that have explored, have critical elements which inform development of the benefitted significantly; both economically and rover and its mission. Included in the science culturally. Initial explorers bring back knowledge complement is the first investigation targeting in-situ and opportunities which enable people who follow to resource utilization, which will contribute important best prepare to capitalize on subsequent journeys. It knowledge preparing for future demonstrations of is this pioneering spirit – the journey into the technologies to extract CO2 from the Mars unknown in search of benefits – which drives atmosphere for use in a human architecture. NASA’s exploration planning. Some benefits can be anticipated, such as innovative new technologies, By 2021, Orion and SLS will be ready for missions in scientific knowledge and inspiration. History has cis-lunar space and allow NASA and our partners to shown that other benefits, just as important, cannot begin demonstrating capabilities and operations be imagined at the start. Discoveries can be expected concepts for managing the risks of exploration which lead to tangible and intangible benefits to missions further away from the relative safety of humanity (Ref 2). The pioneering spirit embodies LEO. The Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) will our motivation to explore the solar system in a use a robotic spacecraft with an advanced solar manner that is sustainable over time and leads to electric propulsion system to retrieve a small asteroid long-term human presence on the surface of Mars. or a boulder from a larger asteroid and return it to a NASA’s exploration strategy is captured in the recent stable orbit in cis-lunar space. Human exploration of publication Pioneering Space, NASA’s Next Steps on the asteroid will follow, with astronauts collecting the Path to Mars (Ref 3) and summarized here. select samples real time, demonstrating sample containment, and returning the samples with them in Why are NASA and its international partners so the Orion spacecraft. Astronauts will also assess the interested in sending humans to Mars? Agency potential for this asteroid to provide resources in-situ. investments in human space exploration capabilities will continue to drive technologies and innovations NASA is collaboratively working with international which have application to other uses, both on Earth partners to define a technically feasible and and in space. Sustainable missions to Mars will programmatically implementable global strategy for require technologies and capabilities we don’t have deep space exploration. This is important because today. Mars has a history, geology and climate—as sustainable journeys to Mars will only be possible well as accessibility—that make it an ideal location with the contributions and capabilities of many on which to study the most pressing questions of nations working together. Asteroid Redirect Mission solar system origins, including those involving the formulation work and related work has been shared search for life beyond Earth and comparative with the international space agencies participating in planetology. It also contains resources that could the International Space Exploration Coordination sustain human presence over the long term. Group (ISECG)1. Through these collaborative ISRO (India), JAXA (Japan), KARI (Republic of 1 In alphabetical order: ASI (Italy), CNES (France), Korea), NASA (United States of America), NSAU CNSA (China), CSA (Canada), CSIRO (Australia), (Ukraine), Roscosmos (Russia), UKSA (United DLR (Germany), ESA (European Space Agency), Kingdom) 65th International Astronautical Congress, Toronto, Canada, Copyright 2014 by the International Astronautical Federation. All rights reserved. The foundation for human exploration is the ISS. communication with the ground for planning and Space agencies are conducting many types of managing day to day activities. There is no activities onboard the ISS that are essential for possibility to quickly return an ill or injured understanding and limiting the risks associated with crewmember for medical care. These challenges are long duration human missions beyond LEO. Having in addition to well-known technical challenges the ISS available until at least 2024 would ensure the mentioned above, such as radiation protection and highest priority research and other activities can be advanced in-space propulsion. Approaches to performed, as well as enable a solid rationale for addressing all of these challenges and risks must be commercial
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