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Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan

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Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Regional Workshop in Lhasa, P.R. China Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in the Context of Climate and Global Change Bonn 2011 21-25 October 2010 Regional Workshop in Lhasa, P.R. China Pastoralism and Rangeland Management on the Tibetan Plateau in the Context of Climate and Global Change Edited by Hermann Kreutzmann, Yang Yong, Jürgen Richter Contents Preface ............................................................................................................ 5 Welcome Speech by Yanqing Zhang, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal husbandry Science, P.R. China ................................................... 7 Welcome Address by Madhav Karki, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Nepal .....................................................................10 Welcome Address by Jürgen Richter, Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbH, Germany ............................................................12 Welcome Speech by Gopi Nath Mainali, National Planning Commission, Nepal .......................................................................................15 Welcome Speech by Ding Ye Xian, Vice Governor Tibet Autonomous Region .....................................................16 Abbreviations and Acronyms .........................................................................19 Map: The Distribution of Yak in the Inner Asian Mountain Ranges ........... 22 1 Objectives and Structure of the Conference Nyima Tashi ................................................................................................. 23 2 Eco-Shelter Concept for the Tibetan Plateau ........................................ 27 2.1 To build the Tibetan Plateau as Eco-Shelter: from Policymaking to Designation, Action and Reconsideration Fu Yao, Tu Yan-li , Yang Yong Ping ............................................. 27 2.2 Building the Eco-shelter of the Tibetan Plateau Zhang Yong Ze ................................................................... 36 2.3 The Impact of Rangeland Ecological Shelter on Xinjiang’s Ecosystem Zhang Jianli, Sun Qiang, Tao Meng, Ji Guangnan ............................. 50 2 3 Eco-tourism and Nature Protection in Relation to Pastoralism and Rangeland Management .............................................................................. 66 3.1 From Pastoral Economy to Rangeland Economy: Capturing the Multi-functionalities of Rangeland Resources Yi Shaoliang and Ismail Muhammad ............................................................. 66 3.2 Rangeland Management and Eco-tourism Narendra Lama ............................................................................................. 87 3.3 Balancing Protection and Development to achieve Sustainable Tourism Growth in Pastoral Communities. A Case Study on Namtso Scenic Area Guge Qimeiduoiji, Tenzin Zhuoga, Tudeng Kechu ............................ 102 3.4 Sustainable Cross-border Eco-tourism Strategy in the Tibetan Plateau Region Dinesh Devkota ................................................................. 123 4 Niche Production as an Additional Asset for Pastoralism and Rangeland Management .............................................................................142 4.1 Pastoralism as a Contributor to Niche Production and Services Madhav Karki and Nirmal Bhattarai ...........................................................142 4.2 Contribution of Cordyceps sinensis to Tibetan Pastoralist Income and Problems in its Sustainable Use Wang Mu, Kampot Tashi, Zhuoga, Dan Ba ................................... 165 4.3 Production and Marketing of Livestock Products in the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalaya Inam-Ur-Rahim and Ghulam Amin Beg .......................................................177 5 Pastoral Practices and their Transformations .................................... 200 5.1 Pastoral Practices on the Move – Recent Transformations in Mountain Pastoralism on the Tibetan Plateau Hermann Kreutzmann .......................................................... 200 5.2 Integrating Agricultural and Pastoral Resources for Poverty Alleviation and Reducing Eco-pressure on Rangelands Wang Jian ....................................................................... 225 3 5.3 Socio-economic Changes in Pastoral Systems on the Tibetan Plateau Long Rui Jun, Liu Xingyuan, Cui Guangxin and Zhang Weimin ............. 239 5.4 Recent Changes in Pastoral Systems in Tajikistan Yodgor Qonunov ................................................................ 256 6 Achievements and Visions of Agricultural and Pastoral Development in the Tibet Autonomous Region Zhang Younian .............................................................................................265 7 Panel and Group Discussions ................................................................281 7.1 Summary of Panel Discussion on Functions and Values of Pastoralism and Rangeland Management Wang Li........................................................................................................281 7.2 Summary of Group Discussion Yi Shaoliang and Wang Li ...........................................................................284 8 Recommendations formulated by the Workshop Participants ........... 286 9 Summary of Workshop and Closing Remarks Hermann Kreutzmann ............................................................................... 289 10 Annexes ................................................................................................ 296 10.1 Conference and Fieldwork Programme .................................296 10.2 List of Participants ...................................................... 300 4 Preface The regional workshops within the mountain development programme of InWEnt1 aim at addressing pressing problems of mutual interest among the participating partners by focusing on a specific topic. In 2010 two conferences on pastoralism were held in the framework of the mountain development pro- gramme. Complementing the series that started with the Khorog and Kashgar workshops in July the Lhasa gathering happened to be the final part with a spe- cial focus on pastoralism and rangeland management on the Tibetan Plateau. It seems to have been the appropriate timing to emphasize upon a pressing issue that is generating increased and rejuvenated interest in the debates on biodiversity, climate and global change. Planners are challenged by designing concepts for nature protection and resource management in order to implement “green policies”. Decision-makers keep in mind the dual challenges between livelihood improvement and natural resource management by translating and transferring it into modernisation programmes. Far-reaching policies that aim at a reconciliation between ecological necessities and economic demands are tested and implemented in a grand design. Especially the Tibetan Plateau is an arena where the term eco-shelter has become a specific meaning that is affecting the reconciliation between nature and society as well as leading to far-reaching transformations in settlement structures and economic strategies. Recent interventions have changed and modified pastoral practices, terminated and extinguished certain traditions and opened-up new hitherto unknown and unexpected opportunities for pastoralists on the Tibetan Plateau. Lhasa provided the appropriate and sophisticated venue for a workshop high- lighting recent developments in pastoralism and its linkages to agriculture and other economic sectors. On the vast Tibetan Plateau pastoralism and rangeland management are not only challenges for regional planning, both sectors offer a tremendous economic potential and are proof for the adaptive properties and re- silience of pastoralists exposed to harsh environmental conditions and all kinds of changes. Lhasa is the centre for most institutions that are involved in evaluating, 1 On 1 January 2011, InWEnt became part of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. 5 planning and implementing programmes and packages. The workshop profited from the local and neighbouring expertise. Academic institutions from pastoral and agro-based research were as well represented as delegates of implementing agencies in the wider field of poverty alleviation and rural development. The spec- ificities of the Tibetan Plateau were discussed in relation to neighbouring regions that are part of InWEnt’s mountain development programme. Consequently, the gathering of scientists, decision-makers and representatives from implementing agencies fulfilled once again the goal to enable a fruitful exchange of ideas and to create a platform for mutual debate in a community of learning. The proceedings volume is assembling the keynotes and case studies that were presented in the plenary sessions. Some of the presented insights are meant to stimulate further debates on a significant intervention in the pastoral sector. With this proceedings volume we attempt to reach a wider readership that has an interest in the changes, challenges and transformations in pastoralism and rangeland management. Some of the key concepts, designs for modernisation and aims for the immediate future in the rural areas of the Tibetan Plateau are presented here in a concise and easily approachable manner by leading experts in the respective fields. The book informs a community of practice for whom in addition to the keynotes the results of group work and dis cussions are secured for future reference. The workshop participants
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