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Two original images by BA LTIC Riber Hansson Fifteen thousand women were active in the Arrow S Cross movement. Nobody thought that women could commit WORLDA quarterly scholarly journal and news magazine. Dec. 2009. Vol II:3-4 From the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) such evil acts. Södertörn University, Stockholm FASCIST WOMEN AND FEMALE Democratic development in the Baltic States has been divergent – partly INFORMANTS. because of different István Rév shares his views patterns of resistance. on how Hungary is managing its freedom, 20 years after the bloodless revolution. Morality, honor, populism. LI BENNICH- Where are we headed? BJORKMAN. INTERVIEWS WITH istvÁN RÉV AND JOachiM GAUck. East-MINORitY When, at the age of 50, he was able to vote for the first time, Gauck wept with joy at being a free citizen of the new Is there room for queer Federal Republic. and ethnical rights in REPORTS. the New Europe? features, reviews & commentaries TRAFFICKING / FINANCIAL CRISES / NORD STREAM / PEASANTS AND BOLSHEVIKS / THE CAUCASUS / SPORT 2short takes Dual nature Lindgren. Finnish inspiration With the periphery at the center solidified for the Swedish Emil? TWO THEMES – the forms At the intersection between different portunity to learn how taken by the Euro- political, economic, and religious sys- well-suited the Baltic Sea pean regime changes of tems, interesting and fruitful interchang- area is for such studies. twenty years ago, and es are not uncommon. People living in Janis Kreslins, principal the situation of minorities the borderland may be the last ones to librarian, cooperated in the new Europe – are be affected by changes and newfan- with Florian Siegl of Tartu highlighted in this issue gled ideas emanating from a distant University and Jason of BW, which completes hegemonic center, but they must, on Lavery of Oklahoma the second year of the the other hand, be prepared to com- State University in a magazine’s existence. municate under the conditions that hold series of public lectures Its dual nature is thus for both sides of the existing border- which demonstrated solidified: an academic line. Accordingly, they are forced to the extraordinarily rich journal with articles by re- show greater flexibility than the “inland research flora that the searchers, and a feature population”. When such milieux are region offers. magazine with articles allowed to develop on their own terms, These public lectures by renowned journalists. characteristics such as multilingualism, were part of a larger At the beginning of next accessibility, and exchangeability are international conference, year, BW will also launch stimulated. arranged for the purpose a website. of founding a cross- IT IS WELL KNOWN that the 19th century disciplinary network for THE SCIENTIFIC essays expansion of the American Frontier Baltic Sea research. It are thoroughly peer- towards the West had decisive impor- was an experience of cul- reviewed in accordance Emil of Lönneberga was a prankster, were never at a loss as to tance in the emergence of a national tural exchange in itself to with the customary phenomenal at thinking out all manner what to do next. ethos. European history has been char- hear a Latvian-Swedish referee system, with two of mischief. However, he ended up a The hypothesis that acterized by many borderland cultures, librarian demonstrate the autonomous reviewers. respected man in his community out in Emil was based on Finn- static as well as dynamic. Those around early-modern Baltic Sea The quality of this work the country, and got as far being chair- ish anecdotes has been the Roman limes, Hapsburg’s Militär- coast towns’ exchange- is guaranteed by BW’s man of the municipality council. presented for the first grenze, and the Iron Curtain are ex- ability and ellipticity (right editorial advisory board. There has been some speculation time by the Helsinki his- amples of the former, while the border angles were perceived as Henceforth we will about what earlier literary or historical torian Henrik Meinander regions between Denmark and Sweden an alien – Dutch – char- make space for Letters figure from Swedish children’s author in his latest book, Finland and between France and Germany acteristic), in impeccable to the Editor. Astrid Lindgren’s home tract of Små- 1944. ≈ are examples of the latter. However, American English; an The editorial team land might have been the inspiration for these peripheries have not left equally Estonian linguist special- welcomes new literature this paragon of pranks. Now we know discernable traces in Europe’s general izing in German, English, for review. ≈ better. The inspiration was probably – consciousness, probably because they and Swedish present a Finnish. have not been described as diligently text on pidgin languages in literature and film (perhaps with the in the Baltic Sea region CORRECTION ASTRID LIndgren’s brother, Gunnar exception of the “Iron Curtain”). and the presence of The photographs that Eriksson, of Näs Manor, outside the Political-military “barrier cultures” Sámi in Central Sweden accompanied Unn town of Vimmerby, was a member of may seem to be more grateful, simple in prehistoric times (the Gustafsson’s feature parliament for the Farmers’ League subjects for research than cultures of latter unclear for linguistic article in the previous (Bondeförbundet) – the Swedish agrar- the more porous sort. Still, academic reasons); or, finally, an issue of BW were shot ian party – in the 1940s and 1950s. He efforts are being dedicated to the American historian offer by Hanna Sjöberg. traveled great distances, and came to peripheral and heterogeneous cul- an account of the Refor- espouse the idea of a Nordic commu- tures that developed in Europe in early mation’s (extremely slow) nity, and for this reason learned Finnish modernity, before the culmination of advancement in 16th and often went to Finland. the development of the nation-state, century Finland. ≈ There he should have encountered when the construction of permanent the anecdote collections of archaeolo- structures checked international cultural pontus reimers gist Sakari Pälsi from the 1940s, on exchange. Archaeologist and editor boyish pranks and life in rural Tavastia. On November 5, 2009, Stockholm’s (Stockholm) Pälsi’s favorite theme was precisely National Library of Sweden (Kungliga imaginative mischief of striplings who biblioteket) offered the public an op- To a Swede there is always a Finnish connection. To the world Astrid Lindgren is the Swedish connection. BALTIC editorial 3 W O R L D S Sponsored by the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies In the age of gray areas contents essays 17 Responses to the fall of the Wall 29 New elites in the Baltic States 48 Arrow Cross female criminals WRETMAN Editor-in-chief features Anders Björnsson arvid : Editor Ninna Mörner 10 Trafficking and NGOs Responsible publisher Anu Mai Kõll 40 Nord Stream and its critics illustration Editorial advisory board Rebecka Lettevall, interviews n Im Raume lesen wir die Zeit, Karl Schlögel, in- self-contradiction. How those who pre- Board Chair, CBEES, terviewed in the previous issue of Baltic Worlds, vailed would deal with their disappoint- Sari Autio–Sarasmo, 14 Reflections on the apostrophizes real-socialist city architecture as ment quickly became a recurring theme Aleksanteri Institute, revolution in Hungary I the expression of a garrison or siege mentality. — highlighted in particular during Ole Elgström, Lund The class struggle that was decreed put society in a times of economic crisis and decline. University, Michael Gilek, 24 Nordrhein-Westfalen: state of war. And the broad, fashionable streets be- After liberation, states that had lived CBEES, Ann-Cathrine A paradise to wake up in came infinitely wider than Haussman’s boulevards in under Communist leadership suffered Jungar, CBEES, Anu Paris after the Communards adventure in 1871, when unequally. This raises the question of Mai Kõll, CBEES, Tho- reviews the entire bourgeois social order was at stake. how deeply the dictatorship was able mas Lundén, CBEES, It was a major effort just to get from one sidewalk to to leave its mark on their subordinate Jens E. Olesen, 56 Sport in Norway the other. So much trouble for nothing! Collective neu- collectives. University of Greifswald rasthenia. Monumentalism that was so shocking. Did it too become a victim of its own Editorial staff 58 Culture and cybernetics There was an element of boredom, as well, as Gud- lack of imagination, its own lack of crea- In this issue: Arne run Persson notes in an essay which will be published in tivity? Bengtsson, Andras story the next issue of BW. The unexpected, almost by defini- Freedom does not consist in being Bozoki, Helene Carl- tion, could not occur. The future was dictated in advan- able to do anything. Freedom is reali- bäck, Max Engman, 37 A 1952 journey in the ce. The laws that were applicable to the development of zing what must be done. It seems that Anders Hellner, Olof Baltic Sea society were objective. Marxism as a state ideology was the realization that the regulation of sta- Kleberg, Kevin Krause, called “scientific socialism”. There was a positive side to te power has a civilizing function has be- Anders Mellbourn, misc. such an inflated worship of reason: among those things gun to take root where the free market Katarin Miklossy, that unquestionably worked better in the East than in experiments lie in ruins. Real socialism Lucette Nobell, Conor 44 A look at Baltic Rim the West was the educational system. With indoctrina- was of course a party dictatorship that O’Dwyer, Pontus Economies tion there followed education, with literacy, one recei- existed at the cost of the legality of the Reimers, Tove Sten- ved a cultural life worthy of the name. state. Party dictatorship, as demonstra- qvist, Marielle Viruteau ted almost too explicitly by the People’s Translators The next issue of BW is scheduled IN THE CASE OF MORALITY, things were worse.