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University of Groningen Le Mobilier En Pierre De Bouqras. Utilisation De La University of Groningen Le mobilier en pierre de Bouqras. Utilisation de la pierre dans un site néolithique sur le Moyen Euphrate (Syrie) Roodenberg, Jacobus Johannes IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 1986 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Roodenberg, J. J. (1986). Le mobilier en pierre de Bouqras. Utilisation de la pierre dans un site néolithique sur le Moyen Euphrate (Syrie). s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 04-10-2021 ENGLISH SUMMARY This work givesthe resultsoÍ a studyon artiÍactsof diÍferentstone materials,recovered Írom the Vllth millenniumPre-Pottery Neolithic B settlementTell Bouqrasduring the 1976-1 978 excavationseasons. Bouqrasis situatedon a remnantoÍ a Late Pleistoceneterrace on the rightbank oÍ the SyrianEuphrates, close to the roadbetween the townsof Deirez-Zor and Meyadin. lts locationon the edgeoÍ two ecologicalzones, the steppeand the rivervalley, is reÍlected by plant and animal remainsÍrom the neolithicdeposits, which representspecies characterizingboth the arid, almosttreeless steppe environment and the well watered and woodedvalley at that period. ln 1965a soudingwas madeon thistell by H. de Contensonand W. van Liere,providing an outline for its cultural assemblage. A decade later, a team Írom the Biologisch-Archaeologisch lnstituut of the UniversityoÍ Groningenand the Instituut voor Pre- en Protohistorie oÍ the University oÍ Amsterdam started excavationsin the southernarea of lhe 2.75 ha largemound. Duringthe threeseasons of work some 25 buildingswere clearednear the surfaceand a row oÍ Íive 7.50 by 7.50 m trencheswere dug downto virginsoil on the highestpart oÍ the tell (Íig.2). Herea stratigraphyoÍ 10 buildingphases, together c.5 m thick,provided a chonological sequencefrom 6 400to 5 900 BC. The majorityoÍ the stoneartiÍacts - especiallyoÍ Ílintand obsidian- werecollected in the above mentionedÍive "deep trenches",while materialÍrom 19 "shallowtrenches" exposingseveral of the four last buildingphases, was occasionalyadded to enlarge smalltool type samples Írom the deeptrenches. The studycomprises a sampleoÍ the chippedstone industry(Ílint and obsidian),ground stone choppingand splitting implements,stone vessels and smallgrinding and poudingtools. According to the artiÍactcategory and tool type, the analysistakes morphological,metrical features and (macro)tracesoÍ wear into account,leading in somecases to interpretationsof Íunction. Moreovera chronologicaland geographicalsurvey is given on projectilepoints, choppingand splittingtools and stonevessels in the NearEast. Raw materialsof the chippedstone industryare Íine grainedtabular flint, probably carriedto the site over some distance,river-pebbles or coarserÍlint from the .nearby Euphratesriver-bed, and obsidianÍrom easternAnatolian sources. Groundstone implementsand stonevessels are madeof regionallimestone and oÍ variouskinds of exotichard rocks,most likely imported Írom the Taurusmountain range. For grinding and poundingtools Ílint river-pebbles were usual. The analysisoÍ the Ílint and obsídiandebitage is basedon c. I 900 artifactscollected fromthree deep trenches,while the tool sample(c. 4 900) was collectedÍrom all five deeptrenches and occasionallyÍrom shallow trenches. Chipped implements make up 202 1B'/"of the industry,and when unworkedblades, bladelets and flakeswith edgewear are included,flint and obsidianartiÍacts used as tools reach 30"/"ol the industry. Obsidiannumbers 1O% and 25"/ointhe toolkit andthe debitagerespectively and 'l8o/oin the wholeindustry. According to the massof unworkedÍlakes (many with cortex), Ílint working- Írom core preparationto tool trimming- took placeon or nearthe site. ln additionto unworkedflakes (1 544),an equalnumber of bladelets(width equals or is lessthan 12 mm),oÍ which66'/" are of obsidian,were Íound. Unworkedblades are less numerous(790). The Íew coresare mainlyprismatic and to a lesserextent irregular, naviformor conical;crests occur on prismaticand naviformcores. Percussionas well as presurewas usedÍor the removaloÍ bladesand bladelets from the cores. Bouqras'tool kit comprisesprojectile points, scrapers, burins, drills/perforators, sickle blades,various retouched blades, bladelets and flakes;given percentages bear on the total numberoÍ tools recoveredin the deeptrenches. According to the breakagepattern on the tips,a groupof morphologicallysimilar implements were designated as projectile points(4.6%). Except for a few singleshouldered and leaf-shapedpoints, the projectile pointsare characterizedby a centralstem. The mainÍorm has pronouncedrounded or angularshoulders, ventral retouch on the tip anda stemtrimmed by a semi-abruptor flat invasiveretouch (Byblos points). A largetype with Ílat parallel retouch on the shoulders and a slim stem, a varietyof the Byblostype, has been calledthe Bouqraspoint. Furthermore,some Amuq 1 pointswere present;Amuq 2 pointswere only recordedin the shallowtrenches. On the principalthat the maximumweight Íor arrowheadsis 7 to I gr.,a divisionhas beenmade between arrowheads and spearheads. Scrapers(9.7%) mainly consist oÍ the endoÍ bladetype; other types are double scrapers, Ílakescrapers, carinated, circular and burin-scrapers.Almost all havea convexworking edge. The amountof specimenswith transversefractures opposite to the scraperedge is high (60%);edge damageon some of the toolssuggests that they were used in a scraping,not in a planingmotion. Burinsare numerousin the assemblage(22.8%), especially burins on Íracturesand dehidralburins. Burinson truncations,natural pans and lateralretouch also occur. Severalkinds oÍ perÍoratorsand drillingtools (1.7%) should be mentioned:shoulderéd types,some with double points, beaks, reamers, matchlike perforators (rare in the deep trenches,but numerouselsewhere) and drill-bits.Drilling and perforatinghave been observedÍrequently on all kindsof objectsfrom the site. ln comparisonto manyneolithic settlements, sickle elements are (are in Bouqras(1.9%). Thereare two shapes:parallel sided blades and bladesor Ílakes.with divergent sides, suggestingdifÍerent ways of haftingon the site. Parallelsided specimens are reportedto havebeen mounted in linewith the sickleshaft, whereas the specimenswith divergent sideswere obliquelymounted. Worked as wellas unworkededges were Íound, but no serratededges. Of the variousretouched blades (37.9%) and bladelets(8.8%) it shouldbe said that chippingoÍ the edgesoften occurs; truncation however is seldommet. Specialmention mustbe madeof bladeswith natural pointed ends and a marginallyretouched base 203 I ï I a whichshows on itsventral side the removalby burinblow oÍ oneoÍ the edges.Several doublebacked obsidian blades (strangulated blades), reported on settlementsnorth and north-eastoÍ Bouqras,were also collected. Flakes (10.7%) bear occasional retouch on theedges. Choppingand splitting tools, which number c. 100specimens including Íragments, were manuÍacturedÍrom diÍferent kinds oÍ stoneby pecking,grinding, sawing and polishing. Mostof theseartifacts were recoveredin a burnthouse which yielded an extensive inventoryoÍ objectcategories comprising white ware, stone ware, grinding and pounding tools, Ílint and obsidianimplements, matting, basketry and differentkinds of anthropomorphicand animalÍigurines. On the basisoÍ the kindsof weartraces on cuttingedges, traces left by hafting,percussion marks on buttseÍc. , Íunctionalgroups havebeen distinguished. There are axes and azdes, r.e. haftedimplements used with directpercussion, and chisels, which are used with indirect percussion. With the helpoÍ wearpatterns, another distinction could be madebetween (Íalling)axes and adzes:the cuttingedge oÍ theÍirst shows diagonal striations, the cutting edge oÍ the latter,striations paralleltothe lengthaxis. Longslender blades with percussion marks on thebutt and a striationpattern parallel to the tool'saxis, hàve been deÍined as chisels.A varietyof thesetools, smaller in size,without percussion damage on the butt andmade of sotter stone,have been called paring chisels. The prehistoricvillage yielded an importantnumber oÍ completestone vessels (c. 50) andvessel Íragments (c. 1 750). Thecomplete ones were found for the mostpart in the debrisoÍ the so-calledburnt house, while Írom all levelsof thedeep trenches fragments wererecovered (c. 270in total). Like the chopping and splitting tools, regional limestone togetherwith imported hard
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