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The Influence of Female Leaders' Perceptions of Peace and Globality

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The Influence of Female Leaders' Perceptions of Peace and Globality The Influence of Female Leaders’ Perceptions of Peace and Globality on Leadership Styles and Organizational Development Practices in Voluntary Organizations: A Qualitative Case Study of YWCA-Japan and YWCA-Tokyo A dissertation presented to the faculty of The Patton College of Education of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education Aki Tanaka August 2017 © 2017 Aki Tanaka. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled The Influence of Female Leaders’ Perceptions of Peace and Globality on Leadership Styles and Organizational Development Practices in Voluntary Organizations: A Qualitative Case Study of YWCA-Japan and YWCA-Tokyo by AKI TANAKA has been approved for the Department of Educational Studies and The Patton College of Education by Emmanuel Jean Francois Associate Professor of Educational Studies Mary Barbara Trube Professor of Education Renée A. Middleton Dean, The Patton College of Education 3 Abstract TANAKA, AKI, Ed.D., August 2017, Educational Administration, Comparative and International Educational Leadership The Influence of Female Leaders’ Perceptions of Peace and Globality on Leadership Styles and Organizational Development Practices in Voluntary Organizations: A Qualitative Case Study of YWCA-Japan and YWCA-Tokyo Directors of Dissertation: Emmanuel Jean Francois and Mary Barbara Trube This qualitative phenomenological case study examined the influence of female leaders’ perceptions of peace and globality on leadership styles and organizational development practices in two voluntary organizations. They are Young Women's Christian Association of Tokyo (YWCA-Tokyo) and Young Women's Christian Association of Japan (YWCA-Japan), affiliated to the World Young Women's Christian Association (World YWCA). Three methods were used: interview, observation, and document analysis. Outlined by YWCA-Japan’s experiences of World War II, the interviewed leaders first highlighted the essentiality of sincere apology. Their perceptions of peace stressed committed reconciliation based on multiangled learning, the voice of civil societies, kyousei or co-living based on diversity, collaboration and trust, and the development of belonging and worth. Peace goes beyond an absence of war. Their perspectives on globality included philosophy that goes beyond national boundaries, the local-global dualism, and the objective look of the Earth and human behaviors. Findings revealed the influence of peace and globality perceptions on lived experience, leadership styles, and organizational practices: structure, system, culture and climate. 4 Dedication For peacebuilders of diverse nature in the past, present, and future. 5 Acknowledgments My foremost gratitude goes to Dr. Emmanuel Jean Francois and Dr. Mary Barbara Trube, who co-chaired this dissertation. The completion of this journey was not possible without their outstanding leaderships. I am touched by the remarkable women at YWCAs in Japan who contributed much to this research. My sincere appreciation also goes to Dr. Diane Ciekawy who has been by my side since my master’s thesis and watched over my growth. I would like to thank Dr. Dwan Robinson for her academic contribution and for the support, and Dr. Krisanna Machtmes for working with me while the program was short-staffed. I am grateful to Dr. Fransis Godwyll who discovered me. His charismatic guidance is forever remembered. My appreciation extends to Dr. William Larson, Dr. Frans Doppen, Dr. Craig Howley, and Dr. Jerry Johnson, who taught me one point during the program and greatly influenced my thinking. I am thankful to Dr. Ann Paulins, Dr. Peter Mather, and Ms. Ramona Mott for their professional and administrative provisions. I am grateful to Patricia Black for being a committed, reliable editor for years. My deepest gratitude goes to my father and mother in Japan: Mamoru Tanaka and Fujiko Tanaka. I would not be here standing without their unconditional love, encouragement, inspiration, and support! They are the very foundations of my being and strength. I am grateful to my fiancé, Augustine, for being next to me every day of this journey, and emotionally guide me through. Thank you, Auntie Grace and Doreen, for being the most wonderful classmates one can ever wish for. My best friends, who I met at Ohio University and beyond bring great meanings to this work, so as my extended family members –my uncle, my aunt, and my cousin, and my late grandparents. 6 Table of Contents Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ........................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 18 List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 19 List of Acronyms .............................................................................................................. 20 Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................ 21 Background of the Study .............................................................................................. 24 Peace and globality in non-governmental organizations. ......................................... 28 Global context of voluntary organizations. ........................................................... 28 National context of voluntary organizations. ........................................................ 33 Japanese women and volunteerism. ...................................................................... 37 Summary and Preview of Research .............................................................................. 39 Site selection. ............................................................................................................ 40 World YWCA. ...................................................................................................... 40 Vision and mission. ........................................................................................... 42 The 2015 United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals. ........................... 42 Vision 2035. ...................................................................................................... 43 YWCA-Japan. ....................................................................................................... 43 Vision and mission. ........................................................................................... 44 YWCA-Japan and peace. .................................................................................. 46 YWCA-Japan and globality. ............................................................................. 47 YWCA-Tokyo....................................................................................................... 48 Mission and vision. ........................................................................................... 49 YWCA-Tokyo and peace. ................................................................................. 50 YWCA-Tokyo and globality. ........................................................................... 51 YWCA-Japan’s programs. ........................................................................................ 51 Women’s empowerment. ...................................................................................... 52 Growth and leadership of children and youth. ...................................................... 55 End trafficking. ................................................................................................. 55 7 School YWCA. ................................................................................................. 57 Peace movement. .................................................................................................. 58 Protect the Peace Constitution of Japan. ........................................................... 59 Military base. .................................................................................................... 60 Pilgrimage to Hiroshima. .................................................................................. 61 Pilgrimage to Nanking. ..................................................................................... 63 Japan and South Korean Youth Conference. .................................................... 64 Japan and South Korea Senior Conference. ...................................................... 66 Think about nuclear energy. ............................................................................. 68 International cooperation and humanitarian aid. .................................................. 69 Disaster and conflict emergency humanitarian aid. .......................................... 70 Olive Tree Campaign -Palestine. ...................................................................... 71 Connecting with returnees from China. ............................................................ 73 Supporting China YWCA’s welfare training team. .......................................... 74 Support for Great East Japan Earthquake survivors. ............................................ 75 Bazaar. .............................................................................................................
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