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A Study of the Effect of Interactive Whiteboard on Achievement of Elementary School Science Students By Ayesha Sheikh Registration No: DPE01141004 Doctor of Philosophy in Education DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE i A Study of the Effect of Interactive Whiteboard on Achievement of Elementary School Science Students Submitted to The University of Lahore In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education By Student Name:Ayesha Sheikh Registration No: DPE01141004 Session: 2014 to 2017 Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad Baig DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE ii Forwarding Sheet The thesis titled “A Study of the Effect of Interactive Whiteboard on Achievement of Elementary School Science Students”submitted by Ayesha Sheikh (DPE01141004) D/O Ghulam Hussain in partial fulfillment of Doctor of Philosophy in Education has been completed under my guidance and supervision. I am satisfied with the quality of her research work and recommend it for evaluation. 14-10-2017 Dated DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE iii Supervisory Committee We the Supervisory Committee, certify that the content and the form of thesis titled “A Study of the Effect of Interactive Whiteboard on Achievement of Elementary School Science Students” submitted by Ayesha Sheikh (DPE01141004) submitted to the Faculty of Social Sciences. The Department of Education of the University of Lahore has been found satisfactory and recommends it for the evaluation of the External Examiner for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in Education. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE iv Approval Sheet The thesis viva of Ayesha Sheikh (DPE01141004) was held on __/__/20__ at the Department of Education, The University of Lahore. The Supervisory and Examination committee gave satisfactory remarks on the thesis and viva and approved for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE v Declaration I, Ayesha Sheikh (DPE01141004) student of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Education Session 2014 to 2017, hereby declare that the matter presented in the thesis titled “A Study of the Effect of Interactive Whiteboard on Achievement of Elementary School Science Students” is my own work and the results used in this thesis are true and purely based on the work that I have done for completion of this thesis. There is nothing that is copied in the results. _____________________ Ayesha Sheikh DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE vi Research Completion Certificate This is to certify that the research work contained in this thesis titled “A Study of the Effect of Interactive Whiteboard on Achievement of Elementary School Science Students” has been carried out and completed by Ayesha Sheikh (DPE01141004) under my supervision. 14-10-2017 Dated DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE vii Plagiarism Evaluation Report This is to certify that I have examined the Turnitin report of the thesis entitled “A Study of the Effect of Interactive Whiteboard on Achievement of Elementary School Science Students” The thesis contains no text that can be regarded as plagiarism. The overall similarity index obtained from the Turnitin softwar is________ 14-10-2017 Dated DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE viii Acknowledgement In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. This section is a token of my gratitude for all those who at any stage and in possible way helped me make this research a reality. First of all thanks toAlmighty Allah— The Merciful who enable me not only to complete this research work but also blessed me in countless ways throughout my life. I wish to express profound gratitude and deep appreciation to Prof. Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad Baig, Head Department of Education, The University of Lahore, supervisor of my research for his consistent, gracious and untiring guidance for completion of this research work. It is a matter of great honour for me to work under his able supervision for which I will be grateful. His patience, guidance and knowledge gave me the strength to complete this thesis. I have no words to pay thanks to my mother Naseem Akhtar whose heartily prayers and guidance brought every success in my life. A study like this could only be accomplished with the assistance of many people. My special gratitude is due to my family, brothers, sister and friends and especially thanks to my beloved husband Dr. Imran Gulzar whose love always takes me to zenith of glory and transforms my dreams into reality. Thank you all! AYESHA SHEIKH ix Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCATION ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1 Statement of the Problem .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2 Objectives of the Study ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Hypotheses of the Study ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.4 Significance of the Study .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5 Research Methodology .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5.1 Research Design ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.6 Population...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.7 Sample ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.8 Variables........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.9 Research Instrument ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.9.1 Pattern of the Pre-test and Post-test ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.10 Data Analysis ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.11 Operational Definitions ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.11.1 Interactive whiteboard ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.11.2 Interactive learning .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.11.3 Pedagogy ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.11.4 Academic Achievement ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.1 Education ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2 Elements of educational process ................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2.1 Teacher ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2.2 Learner ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2.3 Learning: .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2.4 Curriculum ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3 Formal Education .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4 System of Education in Pakistan ................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4.1 Early Childhood Education ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4.2 Elementary Education: Grade (1-8) ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4.3 Secondary Education ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5 Major Methods of teaching Science .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.1 Lecture Method .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.2 Heuristic Method ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. x 2.5.3 Inductive Method ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.4 Deductive Method ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.5 Analytical Method ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.6 Synthetic Method ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.7 Problem Solving Method ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.8 Demonstration Method .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.9 Topical Method.......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.10 Concentric method ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.11 Genetic Method ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.12 Project Method .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.13 Laboratory Method .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5.14 Traditional Teaching Method .................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.6 Use of Boards in Classroom .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.7 Teaching Learning Strategies ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.7.1 Thinking-Skills Strategies ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.7.2 Multiple Intelligences ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.7.3 Bloom’s Taxonomy ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.7.4 Habits of Mind (16 Intelligences) - Art CostaError! Bookmark not defined. 2.7.5 Cooperative Strategies ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.7.6 Brain-Based Strategies .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.7.7 Discussion Strategies ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.7.8 Lecture Strategies .....................................