Bridge Final March 2020

Remember this* Cause & effect 1- despite + noun 2- in spite of 3- because of + verb + ing 4- due to + the fact that 5- owing to Cause: 6- thanks to • ………………………………lead(s) to………………………… • …………………….…………..cause(s)…………………………………. • …………………….…………….result(s) in……………………………. Example: Smoking leads to lung cancer/ Smoking causes lung cancer/ Smoking results in lung cancer. Exercise Join these parts of sentences using the words given. 1. Pollution. The smoke of cars. (lead to) 2. High speed. Road accidents. (cause) 3. The flood in the region. The heavy rain. (result in) Effect: • ………………………be due to………………...… …….….….. Therefore,…….…. • ……………………..be caused by………………. ………….. Consequently,….. • …………………….result(s) from…………..……… ………….... Accordingly,……. Example: Cancer is due to smoking/ Cancer is caused ……… …. As a result,………. by smoking/ Cancer results from smoking. …….…...…. So,……….….…. Exercise Join these parts of sentences using the words given. 1. Pollution. The smoke of cars. ( due to ) 2. High speed. Road accidents. (caused by) 3. The flood in the region. The heavy rain. (result from) Exercise Re-write this sentences as suggested. 1. His car broke down. Mark came late to school. (because) 2. He got a good mark. He studied hard. (Therefore) 3. He left school as he was poor. (because of) 4. The death of animals and trees. The destruction of the forest. (due to) 5. She made efforts. She could read and write. (thanks to) 35 BRIDGE Prepositions Remember this* EXERCISE 1 Fill in the blanks with the right preposition. A preposition is a word that relates a noun or a noun phrase to some parts of the sentence. to – for – in – of – at - from - by The most common prepositions are: 1. He is interested learning foreign languages. 2. I am proud my son’s performance. at It‘s used to point out specific time, for example, 3. Marrakesh is well known Jamaa Lafna square. – We have a meeting at 7 a.m. 4. She is good speaking English. – The train will leave at 6.30 p.m. 5. My friend is addicted smoking. It’s used to indicate a place, for example, EXERCISE 2 Fill in the blanks with the right preposition. – The party will take place at the conference room. – They organized the festival at the royal park. in – about –from - to – on – with – of - It’s used to indicate an E-mail address. 1. I agree him on that point. – You can send it to me at [email protected] 2. Dropping out of school results illiteracy. 3. I want to complain your noise. in It’s used for days, months, seasons and years. 4. He always relies his brother. 5. She belongs a rich family. – I always drink coffee in the morning. – In winter, it usually rains. EXERCISE 3 Tick the right preposition. – The spring semester will start in March. 1. My friends are all Scotland. – I was born in 1986. from through at 2. I dropped my pen the carpet. on It’s used to express a surface of something. on in at – You can put the flower on the desk. 3. We’ll meet 6 O’clock. – Your jacket is on the table on at from It’s used for specific days and dates. 4. My brother isn’t here the moment. in at on – We go to the club on Sundays. 5. You have English 6 7 a.m today. – He died on the 6th day of August in 2000. from …on from ..at from…to It’s used to indicate a device or machine. 6. My birthday is the sixth of July. – Hold on! He is on the phone now. in through on – You can store data on the computer. 7. We usually watch TV the afternoon. on in from Adjectives with prepositions: 8. We play sport Saturdays. from on across interested in – surprised by - keen on – good at – afraid of 9. He used to tell me stories bed time. – bad at – aware of – conscious of – proud of – famous in at on for – fed up with – attracted to – addicted to – shocked 10. I found a coin the ground. by – happy about... from on in 11. He is afraid telling the truth. Verbs with prepositions: from of by agree with – lead to –result in – result from – apologize 12. Leila is keen reading books. in on about for – complain about – wait for – graduate from – suffer from – congratulate on – insist on think about – compare with – accuse of- believe in – belong to – rely on- comment on... 36 BRIDGE FUNCTIONS 1 Opinion Asking for opinion Giving opinion – What is your opinion about.............? – In my opinion,........................ – What do you think about..................? – In my view,..................... – What is your view about....................? – For me,.......................... – In your opinion, ...................................? – To my mind,..................... – From my point of view,.............. – I think that.../ I believe that....... – As far as I am concerned,........ Example Give your opinion about using Moroccan Arabic in course books. • In my opinion , using Moroccan Arabic may make students neglect their classic language. • In my view , using Moroccan Arabic in textbooks may help students understand the lessons better. Exercise What would you say in the following situations? 1. Some Egyptian channels are a waste of time, don’t you think so? You: (give your opinion) 2. What do you think of the Moroccan football team’s last performance? You: (give your opinion) 3. Jane: I dyed my hair pink. (ask for opinion) Jack: (give your opinion) 2 Express agreement & disagreement Expressing agreement Expressing disagreement – I agree. ............... – I disagree. – Of course. – I don’t agree with you. – I think so. – Of course, not. – You are right. – I don’t think so. – Absolutely. – You are wrong. – Exactly. – I ‘m afraid. I disagree. – I couldn’t agree more. – That’s not always true. Example English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. • I agree. English is one of the most spoken languages all over the world. • You are right. Millions of people speak English worldwide. Example Dinner is the most important meal of the day. • I don’t agree with you. Dinner is not the most important meal of the day. • You are wrong. Lunch is the most important meal of the day. 37 BRIDGE Exercise What would you say in the following situations? 1. Exercising regularly keeps you fit and healthy. You: (express agreement) 2. Tutors should do the homework to their students. You: (express disagreement) 3. Some new married couples prefer to live with their parents after marriage. You: (Do you agree or disagree and why) 3 Making a request Making a request Accepting the request Declining the request / refusing – Can you..........................., please? – Yes, I can. – Sorry, I can’t. – Could you please,........................? – Of course. – I am afraid, not. – Will you........................................? – Yes, sure. – I am sorry, no. – Would you.....................................? – With pleasure. – I wish I could but........... – Would you mind + v+ ing – Not at all. – Yes, I mind. Example You need some money to pay the rent. Ask your friend, Manuel, to lend you some. • Manuel, could you lend me some money, please ? I need to pay the rent. • Manuel, would you mind lend ing me some money? I need to pay the rent. Exercise What would you say in the following situations? 1. Ask your teacher to clarify more the meaning of a word. You: (make a request) 2. Could you switch on the TV, please? You: (accept the request) 3. Can you help me carry this baggage to the train station, please? Mark: (decline and give a reason) 4 Lack of understanding & asking for clarification Lack of understanding Asking for clarication – I beg your pardon. – Could you repeat, please? – I don’t understand. – What do you mean by “.........”? – I am not quite sure I follow you. – Could you be more specific? – I am sorry. I didn’t hear what you said. – Could you possibly explain more? – I didn’t get your point. – Would you elaborate on that, please? Example • Interviewer: I am afraid we accept only polyglots in our hotel. • Interviewee: I beg your pardon. What do you mean by a “polyglot”? • Interviewer: I mean we just accept those who speak many languages. Exercise What would you say in the following situations? 1. The doctor: If you want to keep fit, you need to exercise regularly and eat healthy food. You: (express lack of understanding) 2. The police officer: Sorry, Sir, your driving license expired a couple of days ago. You: (express lack of understanding and ask for clarification) 38 BRIDGE 5 Asking for and giving advice Asking for advice Giving advice Accepting advice – What should I do? – I advise (not) to.............. – That’s a good idea, thanks. – How can you advise me? – You should (not)............. – It sounds a good idea. – What’s your advice for me? – You ought (not) to........... – I don’t know what to do. Can you – You’d better (not) ......... help me? – If I were you, I would......... Example I have a terrible headache. What should I do? • You should see a doctor now. • You’d better have some rest. Exercise What would you say in the following situations? 1. Your friend: It’s my best friend’s birthday and I don’t know what to bring him as a gift. You: (give him a piece of advice) 2. I have an English test next week but I didn’t understand some lessons. You: (ask your friend for advice) You: (give him a piece of advice) 6 Expressing a complaint Express complaint Positive answer Negative answer – I am sorry, but................ – I’m so sorry. I didn’t realize – Well, there’s nothing I can do about it. – I am sorry. I have a complaint that. – I can’t do anything about it. about.......

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