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Revista Española De Ciencia Política N Revista española de ciencia política n. 33 (nov. 2013) Artículos In memóriam: Juan J. Linz, un maestro irrepetible................................................... p. 7-8 José Ramón Montero Selecting the leader in Italy and Spain...................................................….............p. 11-30 Giulia Vicentini La movilización ciudadana en España en los albores del siglo XXI: una contextualización para el debate ....................................................................p. 31-55 Pablo Oñate ¿Liderazgo, organización o ideología? Las diferentes vías de adaptación partidaria de los movimientos guerrilleros. Los casos de Nicaragua, El Salvador y Uruguay . p. 57-79 Salvador Martí i Puig, Adolfo Garcé, Alberto Martín ¿Es posible gobernar los teatros de ópera? Análisis del caso del Gran Teatro del Liceu de Barcelona .................................................................................................p. 81-104 Joaquim Rius Lecciones desde la experiencia evaluativa de una política de formación para el empleo: itinerarios de inserción laboral y pactos territoriales ................p. 105-129 Margarita Pérez, Antonio Trinidad, Nieves Ortega Notas de investigación Representación política y democracia. Aportaciones desde la Teoría de la Representación en los últimos diez años ...................................................p. 133-147 Pedro Abellán Artacho Recensiones Elementos para el análisis comparado de los sistemas y procesos políticos .......p. 151-155 Javier Redondo Los Estados de bienestar en la encrucijada. Políticas sociales en perspectiva comparada ........................................................................................................p. 157-160 Alessandro Gentile El pensamiento de Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda. Vida activa, humanismo y guerra en el Renacimiento ..............................................................................p. 161-165 Mateo Ballester Las fronteras del cuidado. Agenda, derechos e infraestructura ..........................p. 167-170 Giuseppe Messina In memóriam Juan J. Linz, un maestro irrepetible Juan José Linz Storch de Gracia falleció el pasado día 1 de octubre en el Yale-New Haven Hospital, en Estados Unidos. Tenía 87 años, y durante toda su vida siempre quiso hacer lo que ha hecho: enseñar, investigar, conocer, tratar de comprender los problemas básicos de las sociedades complejas y de las democracias contemporáneas. Nacido en Bonn (Alemania) en 1926, de padre alemán y madre española, vivió como niño o ado- lescente la crisis económica de la República de Weimar, la represión nazi, la quiebra de la Segunda República y los conflictos entre los distintos grupos del bando franquista en la Salamanca de la Guerra Civil. Estudió Derecho y Ciencias Políticas en la entonces Universidad de Madrid y en 1950 se desplazó a Estados Unidos tras conseguir una beca del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores. Linz se doctoró en Sociología en la neoyorkina Universidad de Columbia, y en 1968 se trasladó a la Universidad de Yale, en la que ha permanecido hasta su falleci- miento como profesor de Sociología y Ciencia Política. Moviéndose entre la ciencia política, la sociología y la historia, sus obras abarcan una extraordinaria variedad de temas, desde el fascismo, los sistemas totalitarios y los regímenes autoritarios hasta las transiciones democráticas, las élites políticas y empresariales, los partidos y las elecciones, los dilemas de la tradición y la modernización. En todos estos campos, el caso de España ha estado presente de una forma u otra, como una auténtica pasión inte- lectual. Una buena parte de sus trabajos está disponible en castellano en los siete volúmenes de sus Obras Escogidas, editadas por el autor de esta nota y por Thomas Jeffrey Miley gracias a la generosa iniciativa del Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, Revista Española de Ciencia Política. Núm. 33, Noviembre 2013, pp. 7-8 8 José Ramón Montero que las ha publicado entre 2008 y 2013. Es el mejor tributo intelectual que se le ha podido ofrecer. Linz ha sido el académico español más internacional, el más citado y sin duda uno de los más relevantes. En la inmensa lista de reconocimientos que ha recibido se encuentran muchos doctorados honoris causa, el premio Príncipe de Asturias en 1987 o el Johan Skyt- te de la Universidad de Upsala en 1996, una especie de premio Nobel de la Ciencia Polí- tica. Sus alumnos han sido legión, y se han repartido por los cinco continentes durante varias generaciones. Dirigió más de sesenta tesis doctorales a quienes fueron después académicos punteros en muchos países. Su casa en Hamden, cerca de la Universidad de Yale, en Connecticut, era un auténtico centro de peregrinación para multitud de visitantes de todos los colores, con quienes desplegaba una generosa hospitalidad al hilo de discu- siones interminables. Todos ellos —estudiantes, colegas, investigadores— podrán recono- cerse en esa especie de colegio invisible en el que se integran y que ha tenido como maestro a Linz, un español ya universal, un intelectual ejemplar y una persona buena en todos los sentidos de la palabra. José Ramón Montero Catedrático de Ciencia Política Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Revista Española de Ciencia Política. Núm. 33, Noviembre 2013, pp. 7-8 Selecting the leader in Italy and Spain La selección del líder en Italia y España Dr. Giulia Vicentini Universidad de Siena [email protected] Resumen El objetivo preliminar del artículo es ilustrar los procedimientos de selección del liderazgo en Italia y Espa- ña, que desde este punto de vista se han desarrollado de manera muy diferente. El objetivo principal es, sin embargo, evaluar si las elecciones primarias abiertas tienen más probabilidades de dar lugar a carreras divisivas hacia el liderazgo en comparación con los procedimientos menos inclusivos de selección, como las primarias cerradas o los Congresos de partido. Por esta razón comparo seis carreras para elegir el presi- dente del partido y/o el candidato a jefe del ejecutivo promovido por el Partido Demócrata italiano y el Partido Socialista Obrero Español durante los últimos años. El análisis empírico no proporciona evidencias de una relación positiva entre inclusividad y divisividad, ya que los candidatos que se enfrentan en las pri- marias abiertas generalmente mantienen actitudes moderadas durante la campaña, mientras que el principal candidato apoyado por la élite es capaz de ganar con una ventaja significativa sobre los otros contendientes. Palabras clave: elecciones primarias, selección del liderazgo, Partido Socialista Obrero Español, Partido Demócrata italiano. Abstract The preliminary aim of the article is illustrating the procedures of leadership selection in Italy and Spain, which have faced quite different paths of evolution from this point of view. The main object is nonethe- less trying to assess whether open primary elections are more likely to give rise to divisive leadership races compared to less inclusive procedures of selection such as closed primaries or party Congresses. To this end I compare six races to select the party chairman and/or the chief executive candidate pro- moted by the Italian Democratic Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party during the last years. The empirical analysis does not provide evidences of a positive relationship between inclusiveness and divisiveness, since the candidates who run in open primaries generally maintain moderate attitudes dur- ing the campaign, while the front-runner supported by the elite is able to succeed with a significant advantage over the other contenders. Keywords: primary elections, leadership selection, Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party, Italian Democratic Party. Revista Española de Ciencia Política. Núm. 33, Noviembre 2013, pp. 11-30 12 Giulia Vicentini INTRODUCTION In the last decades most Western European countries experienced the phenomenon defined by Pogutke and Webb (2005) as “presidentialization of politics”, meaning the leader is becoming more central and powerful but also increasingly dependent on successful appeal to the mass public. As a consequence the attention towards political leadership has increased significantly (Natera and Vanaclocha, 2005; Elgie, 19 95) and also the evolution of the proce- dures by which leaders are selected acquired visibility. Many Western parties have recently faced a process of internal democratization intended to involve a larger number of people in the procedures of leader (and candidate) selection (Caul Kittilson and Scarrow, 2006; Hazan, 2006; Astudillo, 2012). This phenomenon stimulated academic attention and produced dia- tribes between those underlining the importance of grassroots’ participation in the selection process (Valbruzzi, 2005; Pasquino, 2006; Fusaro, 2006) and those stressing the risk of a populist drift that could destroy the internal balance of the parties (Hopkin, 2001; Melchionda, 2005; Rahat and Hazan, 2007). The risk is indeed pushing for an “Americanization of poli- tics”, intended as a “candidate-centred politics” where parties become empty vessels (Katz and Colodny, 1994) deprived of specificity and coherence during the elaboration of programs or the congressional votes, only serving as mediators between candidates and interest groups. On the one hand some scholars state the democratization could represent an advantage also to the goal of party cohesion, making intra-party conflict more transparent and more eas- ily governing (Floridia, 2008: 102-103). On the other hand other scholars highlight that very open procedures
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