INFORMATION TO USERS

This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted.

The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction.

1.The sign or “ target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity.

2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame.

3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo* graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. I f necessary, sectioning Is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.

4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department.

5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy.

University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD. ANN ARBOR. Ml 43106 18 BEDFORD ROW. LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8115120

Kennedy, Jo h n R obinson

A HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COACHING CERTIFICATION PROGRAMME IN CANADA

The Ohio State University PH.D. 1981

University Microfilms International 300 N.Zeeb Road. Ann Alter, M I 48106 A HISTORY OP THE DEVELOPMENT OP THE COACHING

CERTIFICATION PROGRAMME IN CANADA

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Req.uiremen ts for

the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Gradua1 e

School of The Ohio State University

By

John R* Kennedy, B.P.H.E., B.A., M.Ed.

The Ohio State University

1980

Reading Committee: Approved By

Dr. Bruce L. Bennett, Chairman

Dr. Levis Hess

Dr. Darvin Semotiuk Advijser Dr. Charles Simonian School oif Health, Physical Education and Recreation Copyright by

JOHN R. KENNEDY To Madge ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express his appreciation to his Committee members, Dr. Levis HeBS, Dr. Darwin Semotiuk and Chairman,

Dr. Bruce Bennett. Dr. Bennett's guidance over the years has helped this writer so very much, but of paramount importance has been the formation of a friendship that will not be forgotten.

Appreciation is extended to the many government agencies and individuals who assisted in providing information and documentation for the study.

In particular, the encouragement provided by Dr. A. J. Smith, of McMaster University, is warmly remembered.

Last but not least, the efforts of Miss Joyce Wignall, who spent so much time typing and editing the manuscript, have been singularly significant in bringing the dissertation to its final

form.

ill VITA

August 13, 1921 ...... Born, Toronto, Ontario

1950 ...... B.P..H.E., University of Toronto

1930-1961 ...... Faculty, School of Physical and Health Education, University of Toronto

1 9 6 1 -1 9 6 3 . Director of Athletics, Loyola College, Montreal, Quebec

1963-1960 ...... Associate Professor, School of Physical Education and Athletics, Me Master University, Hamilton, Ontario

1 9 7 1 ...... M.Ed., State University of Hew York at Buffalo

1973.I97U ...... Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

FIELDS OF STUDY

Major Field: Physical Education

Studies in History and Comparative Physical Education. Dr. Bruce L. Bennett

Studies in Administration of Athletics. Dr. Levis Hess

Minor Field: Educational Administration

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION...... ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...... iii

VITA ...... iv

LIST OF T A B L E S ...... viii

LIST OF C H A R T S ...... ix

Chapter

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1

Statement of the Problem...... T Justification of the Stud/ ...... 7 Methods and Procedures ...... 9 Limitations of the Study...... 10

2. COACHING CERTIFICATION METHODS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES ...... 11

U.S.S.R...... 11 The Federal Republic of Ge r m a n y ...... 1? Great Britain ...... 18 United States of America ...... 2U S u m m a r y ...... 27

3. THE ROOTS OF CERTIFICATION IN CANADA...... 29

The National Physical Fitness A c t ...... 32 Bill C-131...... 39 The Munro and Lalonde Ministries ^5 The Coaching Association of Canada...... 30 Programmes and G r o v t h ...... 33 A time for Reorganization ...... 60 Related Concerns...... 63 The Continuing Sport Scene...... 69 S u m m a r y ...... 76

v 1*. the development o p certification IN C A N A D A ...... 80

The International Symposium on the Art and Science of Co a c h i n g ...... 81 The Quebec Conference...... 6? The Position Paper...... 90 The National M o d e l ...... 9^ The Couchlchlng Conference...... 99 Identification and D e s i g n ...... 103 Design of Technical Areas ...... 107 Practlcum and Evaluation...... 109 S u m m a r y ...... 11**

5. CONTINUING PR O B L E M S ...... 115

A Question of Money and Rights...... 122 The National Coaching Certification Council ...... 128 Quebec, In or O u t ? ...... 129 A Working Model is Selected...... 133 Summary 138

6 . THE PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES...... 138

The Northwest Territories ...... 138 The Y u k o n ...... lUU British Columbia...... 1U6 A l b e r t a ...... 1U9 Saskatchewan...... 150 Manitoba...... 152 Newfoundland...... 158 Nova S c o t i a ...... 157 New Brunswick...... 159 Prince Edward Island...... l8l Quebec...... 163 O n t a r i o ...... 16U S u m m a r y ...... 165

7. OTHER SELECTED FORMS OF CERTIFICATION...... 167

Hockey...... 167 Track and F i e l d ...... 172 Volleyball...... 173 Field Hockey (Women)...... 17^ Ringette...... 175 Water Skiing...... 176 Diving...... 178 Skiing...... 179 Team Ha n d b a l l ...... l8l Tennis...... 182

vi Soccer...... 183 Coaching Certification and the Secondary S c h o o l s ...... 183 S u m m a r y ...... 186

8. THE SPORT GOVERNING BODIES...... 109

The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association...... 191 The Canadian Amateur Volleyball Association...... 198 The Canadian Amateur Basketball Association...... 202 The Canadian Amateur Football Association...... 209 Other Sport Governing Bodies...... 209 Summary ...... • 211

9. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 213

Recommendations ...... 218

APPENDIXES

A. The Fitness and Amateur Sport A c t ...... 221

B. Highlights of the Vhite Paper on Sport ...... 226

C. The Feasibility of Canadian Universities Becoming Involved in Coaching Certification Programmes ...... 229

D. An Examination of Why Participants "Drop-Out" of the Coaching Development Programme ...... 2U9

E. National Coaching Certification Programme Approved Technical Programmes...... 2$U

F. A Chart Illustrating the Organizations Involved in the National Coaching Certification Programme...... 296

G. Organization Chart: The Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch, The Department of National Health and Welfare...... 298

H. Highlights of Purnell Questionnaire, National Sport Governing Bodies, 1978 260

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 267

vii LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Expenditures on Physical Fitness and Sport 1961-68...... 62

2. Important Dates...... TT

3. Composition of Master Coaches Review B o a r d ...... 201

U. Member Federations of the Aquatic Federation of Canada ...... 209

viii LIST OF CHARTS

Chart Page

1. Coaching Association of Canada, Organization Chart: 1976-77 52

2. A Chart Illustrating the Organizations Involved in the National Coaching Certification Programme...... 25b

3. Chart Illustrating Work Accomplished to Date Through Various ModelB and Upcoming Conferences ...... 256

U. The Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch Organization Chart ...... 258

ix Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Amateur sport in Canada has traditionally been an involvement of the volunteer worker whose efforts were enthusiastic and spontaneous.

The formal training of this dedicated group, however, has often been lacking and so it has not been uncommon to see fathers and mothers acting

in the capacity of coach, trainer and manager of many minor sport groups.

In recent years international sport has become a very serious involve­ ment for the athlete, the coach and indeed the governments of the

competing nations, but the development and preparation of coaches in

Canada has been much slower than in other countries. European countries,

in particular, have been developing coaches for some time and much of the

success of their athletic teamB may be traced to this fact. David

Chambers, a Professor of Physical Education at York University in

Toronto, has recently returned frcm a trip to the Soviet Union and

reminds us that "It has been long recognized that the Soviet Union has

one of the most highly specialized training programmes for coaches in

the world.Chambers, an experienced and successful hockey coach in

Canada, recognizes as well, that few coaches in Canada and in North 2 America would be qualified as coaches according to Soviet standards.

*

^David Chambers, "The Training of Coaches in the Soviet Union," Professional Circle, II (May, 1976), 5.

2IbId. 2

After many years of hesitation Canada is now very much aware of its shortcomings in the coaching field and is presently engaged in a programme to improve coaching in this country. The federal government, in cooperation with the provinces, is now involved with the development of a coaching certification programme that wi32 identify coaches frcm minor levels through to international standards. The Coaching Association of Canada has developed a national coaching training plan and it is the purpose of this study to document the history of the development of this programme in Canada. The programme is available to all sport governing bodies in the country and is designed to enccmpass five levels of coaching competence. At the fourth and fifth levels the programme establishes written objectives which are administered by the Coaching

Association and the sport governing bodies. Written objectives involving levels one, two and three are administered by provincial sport federa­ tions.

Problems concerning the role of the coach have been present throughout the years in the United States and Bucher has spoken of coaches being prepared in the physical education setting, expeclally in 3 degree programmes within a university. DeGroot looked at the situation differently and suggested the coaching and teaching of sport should be separated.1*

^Charles A. Bucher, "Professional Preparation of the Athletic Coach," Journal of Health. Physical Education and Recreation, XXV (September, 1959), 27. 4 Dudley DeGroot, "Have We Ignored Coaching as a Profession," Journal of Health. Physical Education and Recreation, XVII (December, 1950), 30. e g Both Schneidman and Chambers have spoken of the Soviet Union’s 7 approach to coaching and Kennedy has related to the type of individual involved in coaching at the university level in Canada, but like

Schneidman did not develop the problems of certification.

Many aspects of Canadian life have helped to shape the present image of Canadian coaches and athleteB. In recent years a good deal has been written about Canadian sport and such individuals as Roxborough and

Bull, although not professional educators have made significant contri­ butions .

Physical educators in Canada have recorded the historical past in 3 terms of our sporting heritage and such individuals as Wise and Fisher,

Nancy and Maxwell Howell,^ Frank Cosentino,^ Barry Mitehelson,^ and

’’Norman N. S. Shneidman, "Soviet Sport Schools: An Organizational Model for Canadian Youth Athletes," Journal of the Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and Recreation. XXXIX (March, 1973). 32-35.

^Chambers, op. cit., pp. 5-6.

^Jack Kennedy, "Should Coaches be Certified," Journal of the Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and- Recreation. XXXII (October, 19^5), 39-Ul. Q S. F. Wise and Douglas Fisher, Canada's Sporting Heroes (Don Mills, Ontario: General Publishing Co., Ltd., 197**).

^Nancy and Maxwell L. Howell, Sports and Games in Canadian Life: 1700 to the Present (Toronto: MacMillan of Canada, 196?) *

^Frank Cosentino, Canadian Football - The Grey Cup Years (Toronto: Musson Book Company, 1969).

^Barry E. Mitchelson, "The Evolution of Men's Basketball in Canada, 1892-1936," (Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 1970). IP 13 Ann Hall, have contributed to this field of study and Rolf Lund,

Ian Jobling,1*4 and Dick Moriarty1'* have enlarged on the historical aspect of sport in this country.

This writer, in an attempt to compare Canadian coaching methods to models used by other countries, came to the realization that the

Canadian method had not been documented. It became evident, therefore, that a need existed to write such, a study: A History of the Evolution of the Coaching Certification Programme in Canada.

The starting point for historical writing is the fact that one must differentiate among primary sources.1** Many of the early authors, being contemporary with their material, used primary sources extensively while recent sport historians and indeed many present authors are using secondary sources regularly as they must depend, to a large degree, on what past writers have discovered. This methodology has been supported

12 Ann Hall, "A History of Women's Sport in Canada Prior to World War 1," (Unpublished M. A. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 1970).

13Rolf T. Lund, "The Development of Skiing in Canada Prior to 19^0," (Unpublished M. A. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 1970). lli „ Ian F. Jobling, "Sport in Nineteenth Century Canada: The Effects of Technological Changes on its Development," (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 1970).

^Richard James Moriarty, "The Organizational History of the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union Central (C.I.A.U.C.) 1906-1955," (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1971).

^Norman F.* Cantor and Richard I. Schneider, How to Study History (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1 9 6 7), p. 22. 17 18 19 20 21 by the work of Lansley, Moriarty, Johnson, Phillips, and Plath, and so too, this writer is dependent upon the work of other historians 22 for background and confirmation of sources. Lansley has noted this 23 2U fact in terms of the studies compiled by Cox and Lindsay.

A history of sporting activity in Canada has reflected the role of the government in determining the direction that such activity would

pp OfJ 07 take and Oear, 7 Munro, Rea, Des Ruisseaux and Green, and

^Keith L. Lansley, "The Amateur Athletic Union of Canada and Changing Concepts of Amateurism," (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 19 6 9). 18 Moriarty, op. cit.

^Henry Johnson, A Brief History of Canadian Education (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Co. of Canada Ltd., 1 9 6 8). 20 Charles E. Phillips, The Development of Education in Canada (Toronto: W. J. Gage and Company Ltd., 1957)• 21 Arnold Flath, A History of Relations Between the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States, (1905-19^3) (Champaign. Illinois^ Stripes Publ. Co., 1961*). 22Lansley, op. cit., p. U.

23A. E. Cox, "A History of Sports in Canada, 1868-1900," (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 1969)*

2l|P. L. Lindsay, "A History of Sport in Canada, 1807-1867," (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 196 9).

2•’James I. Gear, "Factors Influencing the Development of Govern­ ment Sponsored Physical Fitness Programmes in Canada from 1850-1972," Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education, XIV (May, 19731T 26 John Munro, A Proposed Sports Policy for Canadians (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1 9 6 9)* 27 Rea, et al, Report of the Task Force on Sport for Canadians (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1969). 28 Olafson have contributed to this concern. However, the government

interest has been of recent vintage and until quite recently sport vas

"Something that gentlemen did with. their leisure; as an outdoor activity 29 it usually had to do with the Joys of fishing and of the hunt.

The realization that European hockey teams are quite able to defeat Canadian teams (amateur or professional) has recently caused much concern and has forced the federal government to become more involved with the problems of amateur sport and coaching. The European teams have demonstrated great skill, much of which has been credited to their coach­ ing expertise. Canadians have begun to appreciate that more attention must be given to the coaching and training of our athletes if Canada is to remain competitive in international sport. A great deal of emphasis is now being placed upon the development of the coach and the present

National Coaching Certification Programme is an outgrowth of this concern.

Although hockey has been the main catalyst in helping to develop a coaching certification programme, other sport governing bodies in the country are involved so that the present offerings in coaching are all- encompassing. It is the sports other than hockey that have generally not been supported by government aid and the Canadian population has recognized that a programme for all has been needed for some time.

Canada's Improved showing in the Montreal Olympic Games of 1976 has shown, to some degree, what improved training, coaching and financial aid can produce for our athletes.

28 Gordon Olafson, "History of Bill C-131," Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education. I (May, 1970), 65-86, 29 Rea, et al, op. cit., p. 9* 7

The concept of a National Coaching Certification Programme and the development of that aspect of sport has helped to Improve the oppor­ tunities available to young athletes across the nation. It is therefore the purpose of this study to describe and document that evolution.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study is to trace the history of the develop­ ment of the Coaching Certification Programme in Canada.

Sub Problems

1. TO investigate and describe the historical development of the

Coaching Certification Programme in relation to educational institutions, the federal and provincial governments, the sport governing bodies and the Coaching Association of Canada.

2. To investigate and describe the historical development of the

Coaching Certification Programme in relation to the content, the philoso­ phical base and the population involved.

3. To investigate and describe the historical development of the

Coaching Certification Programme in relation to the leadership involved*

*4 , To investigate and describe the historical development of the Coaching Certification Programme in relation to the funding process.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

There has been considerable interest in Canada in recent years in examining the role of sport in Canadian society and the development of the present certification programme is a reflection of the role of sport in

Canada. It is significant to investigate and describe the history of the development of the Coaching Certification Programme so as to be able to compare our methods with those of other countries and to provide accurate information for future research.

The study vill contribute to the body of knowledge and literattire available on sport in Canada and on the Coaching Certification Programme in particular.

The growth of government participation in sport in Canada would indicate the need to examine and document the government's role in programmes of amateur sport. The passing of Bill C-131, an Act to encourage Fitness and Amateur Sport, in 1961, not only provided financial backing but set forth objectives that provided stimulus to those concerned about amateur sport in Canada. In 1969* the Report of the Task Force on

Sport for Canadians questioned the dispersion of finances by the Fitness and Amateur Sport Directorate and put forward eighteen recommendations emphasizing where and how the money might be spent. One of the recommen­ dations dealt with Canada's participation in the Olympic Games while another spoke directly to the organization and development of a national coaches' association. A further recommendation suggested the current programme of grants to support the sport governing bodies, in terms of administrative help, be significantly increased. The present re-evaluation of these programmes is closely related to the development of the Coaching

Certification Programme. 9

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

The study is based, upon the tine period of 1971 to 1978 vithin the framework of a topical approach. Four sport governing bodies, in

• * particular, will be utilized as major examples of the certification

effort in order to present a cross section of the programme. These four examples shall be basketball, hockey, football and volleyball. Basket­ ball and volleyball encompass the co-educational elements of sport while hockey and football represent two of the historically popular sports in

Canada.

Chapter 2 presents an overview of the early years in Canadian sport reflecting the government attitude and legislation that influenced sport and coaching during that time period. Chapter 3, beginning in 1971 describes the early interest and development of the present certification programme and provides an in-depth investigation of the many problems and solutions that occurred up until the initial offering waB produced in the

fall of 197b. Chapter U presents the involvement of the ten provinces and the two territories along with the differences and individual concerns that accompanied such efforts and Chapter 5 elaborates on the continuing problems that have existed in attempting to produce a national product that all segments of the country could enjoy and administer. Chapter 6 1 ■ presents an inBight of other selected certification programmes, not only

from sport to sport but from other agencies and countries as well.

Chapter 7 reviews the sport governing bodies, their history and function and their particular Involvement with the National Coaching Certification

Programme. The four sports of hockey, football, basketball and volleyball are highlighted in this chapter to provide four specific examples of the certification movement. 10

The data gathering process vas accomplished in two ways:

1. Documentary Analysis

2. Structured Interviews

Documentary analysis utilized the many library sources available including the legislation enacted in parliament that related to amateur

sport and coaching. The documents and records of the sport governing bodies and related sport agencies became another major aspect of the data gathering process. Structured interviews with selected individuals were used to help clarify the administrative organizations that exist in both government and lay agencies, as well as bringing to light the first­

hand experiences and knowledges of so many significant people. The

documents and interviews relating to the federal government, the provin­

cial governments, Sport Canada, the Coaching Association of Canada, and

the Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation have been of particular

significance.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1. The study was limited by the amount and availability of

information to be found in the area of amateur sport and the coaching

certification movement.

2. The study was based on the assumption that information

disclosed by various agencies and government departments was accurate and

valid and vas in fapt a reflection of the attitudes of such bodies.

3. The study was based on the assumption that the groups and

individuals involved would cooperate in assisting this writer to search

the literature. This was indeed a correct assumption. Chapter 2

COACHING CERTIFICATION METHODS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES

The National Coaching Development Programme Is an attempt to

answer the needs of Canadian coaches in a uniform fashion across the

country. Other countries around the world approach the training and preparation of coaches in different ways. The Soviet Union, The.Federal

Republic of Germany, Great Britain end the United States of America are

four such countries.

U.S.S.R.

The iron curtain countries, governed by the philosophies and practices of the Soviet Union, strongly identify excellence in sport with the ideologies of Marx and Lenin. The Soviet Union, after the surrender of Nazi Germany in World War II, took over a number of countries in

Europe and Joseph Stalin ruled this Soviet bloc with a Btrong determination until his death in 1953. The iron curtain countries now include Poland,

Hungary, Romania, East Germany, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and

Albania and the number may well be increased in years to come. The methods used by the U.S.S.R. in developing elite athletes and coaches is strongly reflected in the methods used by the satellite nations and so the communist bloc presents a unified effort in itB attempt to produce both systems and victories in sport. It would be a matter of record to state that the Soviet Union is the most successful nation in the world

11 12

In International sport competition and the future may indeed indicate this trend vill continue.

In the Soviet Union the relationship between sport and politics has been quite apparent for some time. James Riordan tells us that immediately after the revolution of October, 1917* sport came under the aegis of the state and has since been vised to pursue specific socio­ political objectives.1 The training of coaches in the U.S.S.R. has been organized for many of the same reasons and the debut of the Soviet ice hockey team in 1956, at Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, in which the

Soviets won the gold medal, illustrates the strength of that country's 2 athletes and the coaching efforts involved.

The coaching certification process in the U.S.S.R. finds its roots in the educational system of that country. Singer describes three levels of teacher certification where prospective students become qualified to teach physical education and to coach. The technicum, which represents the initial level, produces assistant instructors and processes the studentB through the departments of physical education in the teaching institutions. The second stage allows the graduates to teach in the primary and secondary schools if their academic training is suitable. The highest level finds the would-be coaches attending the physical education institutes Involving a four-year course, following

1James Riordan, "Soviet Sport and Soviet Policy," Journal of the Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and Recreation. Supplement to the Voth vol., (September, 197M, ^2.

2Ibid., p. 51. 13 3 eleven, previous academic years.

The Sports Institutes specialize In the certification of coaches

and these Institutions exist in all communist states. Singer pointed out:

Departments for the training of sport coaches are attached to the institutes and nobody is permitted to serve as an official coach vho is not a graduate of a physical education institute. The task of giving systematic training in clubs and sport organizations, based on the results of scientific research in fields related to physical education, makes coaching a very difficult job and requires a sound general and professional background11

Bennett and Van Dalen have concluded that the Soviet system

enjoys a high level of acceptance and the comparison of physical educators

with coaches is reduced much more than appears to be the case in some

other countries. ** It should be remembered, as veil, that coaching and

athletics have identical goals vith every other institution in the

U.S.S.R., following the direction set by Lenin. Leonid Brezhnev made

. this very plain on April 21, 1970, on the occasion of the centenary of

the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. On this occasion, Brezhnev stated:

Our great party, under whose leadership the Soviet people have von historic victories, vas created by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. He taught the party to serve the vorking people vith unbounded devotion. He put in its hands, a mighty weapon— the theory and policy of struggle against capitalism, of struggle for the revolutionary reconstruction of society for socialism and communism.

Gusta Singer, "Health, Physical Education and Recreation in Communist States," The World Today in Health. Physical Education and Recreation, edited by C. Lynn Vendien and John E. Nixon, (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968), pp. 360-362.

**Ibid., p. 3 6 2 . 5 Deobold B. Van Dalen and Bruce L. Bennett, A World History of of Physical Education: Cultural. Philosophical. Comparative. Second Edition, (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1971)* p. 312.

^Leonid Brezhnev, "Communist Party of the Soviet Union— Party of Lenin," Soviet Union Today. (Published by the U.S.SR. Embassy in Canada, March, 1971), 11. lU

Coaches are certified with this political message very clearly established in their minds. A victory in sport is a victory for the ideologies of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Coaches in the

Soviet Union usually have had special training and many attend schools for coaches. Riordan stated that in 1967 dose to sixty-five per cent of all professional coaches were academically qualified and forty-two per cent 7 had higher education diplomas. 1 Communist countries develop their athletes through a very competitive sport club system, a Bystem that is much different from the intercollegiate sport approach of the United

States and other western countries* Gilbert recalled that in the German

Democratic Replubic individual sport and sport systems are left to the o D.T.S.B. sport clubs, a system Involving millions of East Germans.

The Deutscher Turn und Sports Bund or the German Gymnastics and Sports

Union is a powerful and influential organiztion. East German coaches specialize at the Deutche Hochschule fttr KSrperkultur (The German College for Physical Training) in Leipzig, a world renowned institution. The school remains as the principal agency in the development of physical educators and coaches.

A variety of school and training centres allows a good deal of flexibility in producing coaches within the Soviet system. Riordan explained:

SchoolB for coaches are normally attached either to an institute of physical culture or to a teknikum. Although they do take students at the age of fifteen or sixteen

7 James Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society (London: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 269-70. O Doug Gilbert, The Miracle Machine (New fork: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, Inc., I960), p. 90. from secondary schools, they are chiefly concerned with evening and correspondence courses for experienced sports­ men who wish to gain a coaching certificate during their sports career. Courses last approximately four years for interned, students plus an extra year for external students.^

As some institutions cannot train the large numbers of coaches needed in the U.S.S.R., specialized secondary schools train individuals to become coaches. Shneidman related that those attending these schools for coaches are supposed to be able to perform at a reasonable level in the discipline in which they intend to specialize. 10

The system of training coaches and physical educators within the

Soviet Union is indeed a very highly organized and productive organization.

THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

There is no major, underlying philosophy pertaining to sport and physical education in West Germany as exists in East Germany. Karbe has pointed this out in his studies of physical education and sport in East and West Germany: "There is no nationalism in sport in West Germany, the rationale of sport is very diversified. All participation in sport should bring first of all enjoyment. " 11

West Germany develops coaches through the sport governing bodies and recreational sport associations and each state provides training courses for coaches. Dr. Herbert Haag, while visiting the Ohio State University,

• •

o . James Riordan, Sport Under Communism. tMontreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1978), p. U8. * 10Norman Shneidman, The Soviet Road to Olympus. (Toronto: The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 1978)V p. 85.

11Wolfgang Karbe, "Physical Education and Sport in East and West Germany," Physical Educator, I (October, 1962), 111. explained to this writer that the West German system was modelled after the college system, as seen by Carl Diem, in the United States* This approach, melded with the German university tradition, was flavored with ideas from the Greek academies to produce a well-rounded system of education. Diem originally founded the Deutche Sportkochschule fur

Lelbestibungen in 1920 as a teacher training institute for physical education teachers. The school was originally situated in Berlin but after the second world war it was relocated in Cologne and was named the 12 Deutche Sportkochschule Koln. The purpose of the school was to train teachers for the school system but as well it dealt with the professional preparation for coaches and other facetB of sport. Coaches or trainers, as they are often called in Europe, are members of the German Sports

Federation through their sport governing bodies and regional sport 13 associations provide programmes for coaching.

Lyle Makosky, the Executive Director of the Canadian Water Polo

Association, visited West Germany on several occasions. Makosky has been a highly visible executive of the sport governing bodies in Canada and is presently a member of th Board of Directors of the Coaching Association of Canada. During this time Makosky has developed a keen appreciation of the Federal Republic's approach to sport and coaching development.

Makosky reports that the co-operation of all levels of government for funding programmes and for the planning and construction of facilities

12 Statement by Herbert Haag, physical educator, Institute fur LelbesUbungen der Universitat Tubingen, in a personal interview, Columbus, Ohio, March, 1971*.

^^William Johnson, ed., "Physical Education in Germany," Physical Education Around the World. (Indianapolis, Indiana: Phi Epsilon Kappa, Monograph series No. 1, 1966), 27* 17

Is very veil organized and that funding comes from both government and private sectors. Makosky was particularly impressed vith the depth and success of the sport club system throughout Vest Germany* a system that includes a very diversified programme for all people and all levels of Ik participation.

The German Sports Federation, called the Deutschesportbund in Vest Germany, regulates the programme of coaching certification of each of the sport governing bodies. Much of the business of this organization is carried on in Frankfurt at the site of the national sport headquarters.

Over thirteen million athletes are registered vithln this competitive sport organization and the D.S.B.,the German Sports Federation, supplies funding for full and part-time national coaches as veil as providing travelling expenses for coaches attending national clinics. The coaches

Involved vith the elite athletes, or the carded athletes as they are called in Canada, are also subsidized by the Bports federation. Although certification programmes exist and are veil attended, it is not mandatory for a coach to be certified. The coaching programme is usually veil attended and provides horizontal and vertical development in both theory and technical aspects of the curriculum.^

Mr. George Steplock, Programme Director of the Canadian Amateur

Svimming Association, Ontario Branch, has travelled and competed in

Europe on many occasions. Steplock reported that prospective physical education teachers and coaches are encouraged to attend

t

lU Lyle M. Makosky, Executive Director, Canadian Vater Polo Association, The Organization of Sports in West Germany (unpublished Report to the Canadian Sport Governing Bodies, November, 197^), p. 13.

15Ibid., p. 8. 18

educational institutions in order to Improve their qualifications. A

definite movement towards the certification of all coaches is being

experienced in West Germany and it seems possible that this will come about in the near future. A three-year programme is offered in selected areas that produce a degree for students who have previously graduated

from a recognized physical education institution. Diploma courses are also available that qualify the graduate as a functionalist or an assistant coach. Individuals with degrees are qualified to teach in the

school system and higher degrees such as a Doctor of Philosophy in Sport

Science may be acquired at institutions such as the University of Kiln.1**

In 1971* a coaching academy began operation at Koln to produce certified coaches and individuals were permitted to begin this process 17 at different levels depending upon their background. The present plan calls for the coach to renew certification every three years, the renewal to be controlled by the German Sports Federation.

GREAT BRITAIN

Coaching in Britain is generally not a tightly organized operation within the country, a system that was carried over to Canada when many of the British people emigrated to North America. Cricket has had profes­ sional coaches within that sporting scene for over one hundred and fifty years. These particular coacheB have developed without formal study and

^Based on .personal correspondence between George Steplock, Programme Director, Canadian Amateur Swimming Association, Ontario Sec­ tion, and the writer, August, 1978.

17Ibid. most coaches of other sports have followed a similar path. Remunera­ tions were low and little social prestige vas attached to such an occupation in Britain. The low visibility associated with the coaching profession was not due to a lack of interest in sport, but occurred more because of the traditional approach that had existed in the British view of athletic games. For many years, players coached themselves and when one compares intercollegiate sport in Britain and the United States, the

British system is indeed a low key operation. Five years prior to World

War II, in 1931*, a coaching scheme vas introduced in the Football

Association, directed at professional players and other Interested prospective coaches.19 After the war, in 19^7, coaching certificates were awarded to successful candidates after sitting for an examination.

It is still unusual for many sports clubs to employ professional coaches, however, and coaching is quite often, still, a matter of self-instruction.

The low key approach is sometimes criticized by nations intent upon being winners but to some, the British approach is both sensible and admirable.

Van Dalen and Bennett, reflecting upon this low key approach attested to the British system of coaching in the following statement:

"The traditional concept of the amateur sportsman is Btlll very strong in England and there is little of the attitudes and practices which 20 characterize big-time college athletics in the United States."

Peter C. 'McIntosh, "Health, Physical Education and Recreation in Great Britain," in The World Today in Health. Physical Education and Recreation, edited by C. Lynn Vendien and John E. Nixon, (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:- Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968), p. 168.

19Ibid. 20 Bennett and Van Dalen, op. cit., p. 2 9U. 20

Dr. Allan Bell, Director of the National Documentation Centre for

Sport, Physical Education and Recreation In Britain, suggested that the

founding of a Sports Council In Britain has substantially helped*to * 21 improve coaching and performance in the last five or six years. The

Council was established in February of 1972 under the chairmanship of

Dr. Roger Bannister, the first man to break the four-minute mile barrier.

Dr. Bell has noted that among other priorities of the Sports Council, the

foremost concern is:

Through its grant-aid policy to strengthen the administra­ tion of the national governing bodies, and to stimulate and improve their national coaching schemes, good administration and first class coaching are the foundation stones on which sound development cam be based.2

The impact of English games such as rugby, cricket, rowing and

soccer (Association Football) has been felt throughout the world and

Glassford and Redmond have informed us that the schools that spawned

these games also produced many leaders of the government and the business world: "In short, they became a most important cultural export

and had a far reaching impact on world sport and particularly upon the 23 Canadian scene."

The report of the Committee of the Central Council of Physical

Recreation on Coaching Schemes of the National Governing Bodies of Sport

*^3ased on personal correspondence between Dr. Allan Bell, Director, National Documentation Centre for Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, Great Britain, and the writer, December 19» 197^* 22 Ibid.

^^Robert G. Glassford and Gerald Redmond, "Physical Education and Sport in Modern Times," in History of Physical Education and Sport. Earle F. Zeigler ed., (Englewood Cliffs, N. J,; Prentice Hall Inc., 1979). P. 127. 21

in Britain, vas published in June of 1 9 6 6 , Working on recommendations of

thirty-three sport governing bodies, the committee became involved vith a

concern for coaching certification implementation. Under the chairmanship

of Peter C. McIntosh, Senior Inspector of Physical Education in Britain,

the committee became Intensely involved: "To inquire into the examina­

tions for coaching awards and to make recommendations for consideration by

the governing bodies of sport represented on the Games and Sport

Committee."2**

The report reviewed the existing coaching award system as well

as an examination of the value and use of coaches to particular clubs.

Advanced coaching qualifications and the use of coaching award schemes in colleges of education came under heavy discussion as well. A final

line of inquiry into the methods used by sport governing bodies for maintaining up-to-date registers of qualified coaches was a topic of 25 serious consideration.

The committee's work vas based upon three separate questionnaires

sent to over one thousand specialist clubs, thirty-six colleges of educa­

tion and twenty-six sport governing bodies. The committee reported:

The smallness of the sample also implies that the findings of the Committee must be regarded as suggestive rather than decisive. Nevertheless, from the evidence supplied to it, the Committee did feel able to reach a number of firm con­ clusions.2®

Specific recommendations came forward from each of the four topics of ' inquiry. In review, the committee recommended that serious efforts be

2.U Report of the Committee of the Central Council of Physical Recreation, Breat Britain, June, 1 9 6 6, P*

25Ibid. 26Ibid., p. 6. 22 made to encourage present coaches in various sport governing bodies to

attend refresher courses and present themselves for re-examination.

High level coaching awards were deemed very desirable and as a

condition of certification} individuals were encouraged to conduct

practical* coaching clinics over a period of several weeks during which

time the candidate would be assessed by an official of that sport

governing body. The committee recommended} as well, the calling of a

conference for the exchange of information between lecturers from

colleges of education and officials from the sport governing bodies.

Closer liaison between the two groups was urged and the committee recom­ mended that at regional and local levels, the registration of coaches be 27 compulsory. 1 The conclusion of the report stated that the work and recommendations of the committee would contribute to a better system of administrative practices if the suggestions were followed, and that a much better use of the resources available should occur as well.

An interesting study took place in Britain, in February of 1977, which was: "A Short Duration Study of the Coaching Development Programmes of the Football Association and the Rugby Football Union." Dr. Darwin

Semotiuk from the University of Western Ontario, and John Wilson,

Technical Director of the Ontario Amateur Football Association, co­ authored the investigation.

The study included an examination of the Coaching Certification

concept in Britain with a particular look at the theory, technical and practical aspects of the programme. Semotiuk and Wilson summarized that coaching in England has evolved over a long period of time and has

2 TIbid., pp. 8, 9, 10, 11. always been flexible within a traditional and firmly established order.

Although the coaching scheme reflected some problems In theoretical

insight, the system still produced excellent technical coaches. The

demanding certification process encouraged success and indeed, coaching

certification became a much sought after goal. Based on their findings

in Britain, Semotiuk and Wilson put forward ten specific recommendations

related to coaching certification in Canada in general and the coaching

related to Canadian football in particular. Highlights of the recommen­

dations suggested that emphasis should be placed on developing the practical effectiveness of the Individual coach. As well, it vas recom­ mended that existing relationships vith educational institutions should be re-examined in terms of the coaching certification concepts that presently exist vithin professional programmes of physical education in 28 the universities and colleges.

In 197^» Kennedy conducted a study on "The Feasibility of

Canadian Universities Becoming Involved in Coaching Certification

Programmes." The results of the study revealed that universities in

the Province of Quebec refuted the suggestion of forming a national

institute as a setting for a national certification endeavour. Univer­

sities and colleges that vere bilingual, hovever, reflected cm eighty 29 per cent agreement vith the concept of a national institute. 7

20 , Darwin Semotiuk and John Wilson, "A Short Duration Study of the Coaching Development Programmes of the Football Association and Rugby Football Union," February 18-26, 1977* pp. 9* 10.

*^John R. Kennedy, "The Feasibility of Canadian Universities Becoming Involved in Coaching Certification Programmes," April, 197^» p * X2 * 214

Both the studies by Semotiuk and Wilson, and Kennedy Indicate some measure of success has been achieved In Canada In terms of certifying coaches. There still exists a need, hovever, to evaluate the effective­ ness of the offerings as a total concept and as an Individual presentation within each sport governing body. The re-examination of relationships with universities and colleges is an area that requires further investi­ gation but immediate attention and the possibility of developing a national centre for the certification of coaches may still be a viable alternative if the schoolB of Western Canada were to accept such a concept.^

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

At the turn of the twentieth century, there began, in the

United States, a change in emphasis In college pbyslcal education programmes. Prior to this time amateur, and in some aspects profes­ sional, sport had been very much a recreational endeavour. Harry

Edwards suggested the new emphasis, "was to be the forerunner of a trend that would cause many to view America as a spectator society wherein the masses would watch highly trained athletes carry specialized roles in 31 sport." In such a situation the role of the coach became one of specialization. Before the turn of the century physical education programmes in the United States were very often directed by individuals who were medical doctors. This circumstance vas due, in part, to the fact that physical educators were not widely accepted in the academic

31 Harry Edvards, Sociology of Sport. (.Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1973), p. 26. 25 world. The pattern began to change slowly and universities became more willing to accept physical educators with advanced academic qualifica­ tions.^ 2 Hackensraith33 and Edvards31* have noted that the Job of the new physical educator was to coach, to teach and to administer a general physical education programme, and the order of importance placed coaching as a first priority.

The interest in athletic games and the coaching involved reflects, in the United States, the viewpoint of society towards what has been termed an American way of life. Coaching and athletic programmes have become very much a part of the physical education process in America and Jesse Feiring Williams reflected on this societal trend: "Physical education is modern when it reflects ideas, customs and traits of

American life."3^ Charles Bucher noted that one of the most visible areas 36 in the profession of physical education is the involvement with coaching.

Over the past fifty years the coach has become a dominant figure in the United States, a movement that has been fostered by both profes­ sional and amateur sport. The coach, for the most part, has become involved with his work mainly because he or she came through the system.

This process as an athlete, under the influence of coaches, vas

32Ibid., p. 2 8.

33C. W. Hackensmith, History of Physical Education, (New York: Harper and Row, 1 9 6 6), p. 398.

J Edvards, loc. cit., p. 29*

35Jesse Feiring Williams, The Principles of Physical Education. (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 19^2), p. 2 2 U. 36 Charles A. Bucher, Foundations of Physical Education. (St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company, 1952), p. 35* unique while reflecting a society that grew up with firm convictions in terms of authoritative leadership* Canadians have shared some of these convictions hut have clung more closely to traditional British influences in sport and coaching. In recent years it would appear that the influence of the United StateB, in their attitudes about athletics* has become more acceptable and popular in the Dominion of Canada. The importance of winning* an American attitude, freely accepted by society* has recently become a major thrust by teams that represent Canada in international competition. Canada is now very much involved with the national organization of its coaches but many of the very visible coaches in Canada have developed in a parallel fashion to the team directors of sport in the United States.

In the United States, unlike the pattern exhibited by many

European countries, the coach has evolved basically through the educational system. Bennett et al have reported; "The growth of the separate profession of coaching has brought a parallel Increase in the 1^2 number of schools which specialize in training coaches." Students of the coaching profession in some countries have had the opportunity to attend institutions expressly developed for that purpose such as the

Central Institute in Holland and the Federal Institute of Sport in It? Australia. J As well* there are numerous coaching institutions directly involved vith the education of the coach in the Soviet Union and other iron curtain affiliates.

Bruce L. Bennett* Maxwell Howell and Uri Simri* Comparative Physical Education and Sport. (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1975), p. 133. 27

American coaches find employment vithin the educational system

and although coaches may he members of the faculty, others are employed

as staff members and concentrate all of their energies upon the athletic

scene. In the United States ooacheB are sometimes hired on faculty and

in staff positions because of past winning records and the ability to

recruit prospective athletes.

Because certification follows a unique pattern, the American process, at times, becomes an emotional situation. Having majored in

coaching courses as a member of a varsity team, the young graduate is now available to seek employment as an assistant coach in one of the school

systems. Peer recognition now plays a major role in the development of U5 the young coach. '

SUMMARY

Chapter 2 has developed other selected coaching certification methods from The Soviet Union, The Federal Republic of Germany, Great

Britain and The United States of America. The Soviet Union and its satellites have developed a formal and successful method of preparing and producing coaches that finds its roots in the educational system.

These roots are, as well, closely woven into the ideologies of Marx and

Lenin. Schools for coaches are normally attached either to an institute of physical education or to a tekhnikum and the system of training coaches is both organized and productive.

]Fredericton, June 17* 1965. 26

In the Federal Republic of Germany there Is no major philosophical concept as exists in the U.S.S.R. West Germany develops coaches through the sport governing bodies and regional sport associations. Funding comes from both the government and private agencies and thus provides a very diversified programme for all individuals and all levels of competition.

Coaches involved with the elite athletes of the country are also sub­ sidized by the sports associations.

Coaching in Great Britain is generally not a tightly organized operation and in the past many coaches have developed without formal study. For years players coached themselves, reflecting a system that enjoys participation aB a major focus of an athletic contest. The low key approach, although sometimes criticized by nations intent upon winning, is viewed by others as both sensible and admirable.

A number of studies have recently helped to improve the certifi­ cation of coaches in Great Britain and although this process will become more important in time, the concept of a low key approach to coaching seems still to be a popular one.

The United States produces many of itB coaches through the universities and colleges but big time football continues to hire coaches more often from within the system. Former players and assistant coaches come to the head coaching positions quite often as a result of peer recognition from within the game of football. The coach is a dominant figure in the United States and operates within a very competitive society, and so winning becomes quite important, more so than is reflected in Great Britain. The development of coaching courses within the schools of physical education has helped a great deal to produce reliable and successful coaches in many areas of the sporting scene in the United States. Chapter 3

THE ROOTS OF CERTIFICATION IN CANADA

As far back in history as 1867 vhen Canada officially became a nation* the organization of sport vas left mainly to the private sector.

The general public vas very much involved vith the games and pastimes of that time period and government vas content to leave this less serious part of society to someone else. Nonetheless, the government maintained seme relationship indirectly in physical activity and Gear1 has suggested this relationship vas attached to the school system. This has been con­ firmed by Cosentino and Hc\rell vhen they reported that military drill vas not only Important in promoting obedience and discipline but it also 2 contributed to physical preparedness and a feeling of nationalism.

The Minister of Militia for Canada in the year 1908 vas Sir

Frederick Borden and it vas through his efforts that a federal-provincial agreement vas concluded vith the Province of Nova Scotia to promote and encourage military drill in the educational system. The purpose of the agreement vas to root military drill in the elementary schools and to

^James I. Gear, "Factors Influencing the Development of Govern­ ment Sponsored Physical Fitness Programmes in Canada from 1850-1972," Canadian Journal of the History of Sport and Physical Education. XXV (May, 1973), 50.

^Frank Cosentino and Maxvell Hovell, A History of Physical Education in Canada (Don Mills, Ontario: General Publishing Co., Ltd., 1971), p. 25.

29 30 encourage teachers to qualify as physical education specialists through 3 the drill programme.

During these early years, however, the government's Interest In sport and physical activity was Indeed not prominent and one that was not visible to the general public. The agreement with the provinces to support physical activity through military drill vas possibly the first firm attempt of government to become involved with physical education.

In 1909 the agreement with the Province of Nova Scotia became available to other provinces and through the generosity of Lord Strathcona a fund of five hundred thousand dollars was made available to support the pro­ gramme. An investment portfolio produced interest on this sum, at the rate of four per cent per year, and financial help vaB offered to those provinces willing to participate in the programme. Ontario was one of the first early participants to Join and participated in a programme that amounted to little more than military drill and calisthenics. The physical education specialist vas recognized at this time by his army uniform and an image of authority that did not readily identify with baseball and hockey games.

A letter from Lord Strathcona to Sir Frederick Borden, read to the

House of Commons on March 2U, 1909* helped to convince provinces other than Nova Scotia to become involved in the new programme. In the letter

Sir Frederick reminded the parliament of his viewpoint on military matters vhen he addressed thet House:

3 Thomas J, West, "Physical Fitness, Sport and the Federal Government 1909-195^ Canadian Journal of the History of Sport and Physical Education. IV (December, 1973), 2 6 . 31

While I attach the highest Importance to the advantage of physi­ cal education and elementary drill for all children of both sexes, I am particularly anxious that the special value of military drill, including shooting for boys capable of using rifles, should be constantly borne in mind.1*

The emphasis upon military practice clearly reflected the small importance attached to physical education by a member of the federal government. For nearly tventy-five years after the establishment of the Strathcona Trust the national parliamentarians gave little thought to physical education and sport. The military emphasis that vas created during these years vas somevhat dubious, for fev elementary schools had rifles at their disposal and fever still had suitable shooting areas. Some schools vere provided vith uniforms for the students and the programme, usually held on Friday afternoons, consisted of squad drill and a good deal of "standing at attention." Heedless to say, the games of baseball, soccer and marbles vere unhappily postponed on such occasions.

During this period Canadians vere quite representative in inter­ national competition and our hockey teams von Olympic gold medals in 192h and 1932.*’ One of the first signs of concern vith Canada's international sporting image became apparent vhen Canada lost the hockey gold medal to

Great Britain in the 1936 Olympiad.^ The Liberal member from Toronto,

Hugh Flaxton, presented a private member's bill to the House of Commons in

January of 1937. The Honorable Hugh Flaxton's efforts vere directed

**Ian McDiarmid, "The Strathcona Trust: ItB Influence on Physical Education," Proceedings of the First Canadian Symposium on the History of Sport and Physical Education. (University of Alberta. May 13-16. 1970). pp. 395-W*.

^Canada, House of Commons, Debates. March 2U, 1909, Vol. 11, P. 3199.

^Martin !iyier, ed,, The History of the Olympics (London: Marshall Cavendish Publications Ltd., 1975), pp. 11, 113, 115. 32 tovards the formation of a Ministry of Sport and his concerns vere pointed towards the need to regulate athletics as veil as to the improvement of health, in general, for all Canadians. A rather specific benefit of such interest, however, was unmistakingly the worry about Canada's hockey representatives on the international scene. In spite of Mr. Flaxton's strong feelings, it was still the opinion of many members of parliament that government should not be too involved with sport and coaching.

Representing this opinion, the Minister of Health and Pensions, the

Honorable Charles Power commented to the House:

As the person upon whom this task would probably fall, I must say that I would very much like somebody else to undertake it...I feel the time will come, as it has in other countries, where the appropriate authority— I do not think this would be the fedral government— will see to it that our children ore trained in such a way as to make them strong and healthy in future life and a credit to their race and country.”

THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL FITNESS ACT

In 1939* as a result of the economic problems of the depression years, the Department of Labour introduced the Youth Training Act, an

Act that provided for physical training of the youth of the nation, many of whom vere unemployed. The Act set aside an amount of money of approximately five million dollars for the provinces and British Columbia became the initial and most active recipient of this programme, Involving o over ten thousand youthful Individuals. Other programmes of assistance became available vjLth the passing of the Vocational Co-ordination Act of

7Ibid., p. 117. Q Garry Levy, Government Involvement in Snort and Recreation (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1975)* P* 3. 9 'Canada, House of Commons, Debates. January 30, 1937* Vol. 1, p. 127* 33

1 9UO but opportunities related to the Youth Training Act cane to an end during 19U2.1®

After the outbreak of war, in September of 1939* Canadians became avare of the large number of individuals vbo vere rejected for military service and the Minister of National Defense estimated in 19U1 that almost one-third of the recruits could not valk five miles. 11 The member of ■9 parliament from Yorkton, Saskatchewan gave the following speech to the

House: t * One man in six, the flower of Canada's manhood, men in the prime of life, twenty-one years of age, are unfit for military service! What is happening to the health of Canada? Perhaps these facts will shock the Canadian people from their apathy. They reveal that the health problem in Canada is a real one. 12

As a result of the concern for the state of health of the nation, the National Physical Fitness Act was introduced in the House of Commons on the 19th of July, 19*+3. The Act received royal confirmation on the

2Uth day of the same month. Through this Act a National Council on

Physical Fitness vas created vith the intention to promote fitness in 13 Canada and Major Ian Eiaenhardt vas named the National Director.

A serious problem arose within the Council because of a lack of a clear statement as to the role the Council should play. The Act did not spell out whether it vas the mandate of the committee to play an advisory or executive role and for nearly ten years controversy shrouded the effectiveness of the individuals concerned. Money became another problem

* 1 ®Levy, loc. cit.

■^evy, op. cit., p. U. 12 Canada, House of Commons, Debates. May 20, 19^1* Vol. 11, p. 1721.

^■^tfest, op. cit., p. 3 5 . 3U and although a sum of a quarter of a million dollars vas available to promote physical fitness the Act did not specify how this vas to take place. A further sum of twenty-five thousand dollars vas available for administration but that amount vas of little value vhen it became clear that all administrative expenses, Including salaries, would be drawn from this account It thus became quite clear that considerably more money vas required in order to operate the programme in the most modest fashion.

The provinces argued that the money available vas less than they had received under the Youth Training Programme and as a result Quebec did not enter the programme and other provinces became very hesitant about joining.

Stil another source of difficulty lay in the nature of the programme and again the problem surfaced in the vagueness of the Act. Because the purpose of the programme vas to be concerned with physical fitness in itB broadest sense the Council became involved with matters of amateur sport, recreation and eventually the area of adult education.

In I9U5 the Department of Pensions and Health was re-organized and the National Council on Fitness was transferred to the Welfare Branch of the Department of Health and Welfare as it vas felt the fitness programme was more related to the fields of community centres and recrea­ tion. Amid the confusion that vas created the concern for sport rather than recreation becamd quite apparent. In 19**9 the National Advisory

Council met vith the sport governing bodies and as a result of this meeting the Canadian Sports Advisory Council was formed. This newly- formed body began as an organization that discussed problems and sought solutions relating to Canadian amateur sport but the greatest challenge

lli Levy, op. cit., p. 5. of the Council vas to convince the federal government to pass legisla­

tion to provide financial aid in support of physical fitness and amateur

sport.^ Advisory the Council was, effective it vas not. Questions con­

cerning the role of the National Council on Physical Fitness vent unan-

svered and members of Council vere convinced they vere trying to administer

an unvorkable piece of legislation.

The first director of the Advisory Council, vho acted as the chief

executive officer, vas in the avkvard position of directing the delibera­

tions of the Council and at the same time carrying out the advice offered.

The position of the director, held by Major Eisenhardt, became extremely

delicate and in 19^6 the Major resigned his directorship and took up a position vith the United Nations. It vas three years before a nev

appointment vas made and Joseph Ross, representing the Province of

Alberta acted as chaiman for most of the Council meetings.^ By

February of 1991 relations betveen the Council and the Deputy Minister became quite strained and the Council once again asked for amendments to

the National Physical Fitness Act of 19^3. The Prime Minister, Louis

St. Laurent, replied in February of 1951 vith the folloving advice:

I have no doubt, that there have been occasions on vhich members of the Council...have vished for a greater measure of support from both provincial and federal governments. The federal government vhile sympathetic to this desire has had to veigh its responsibilities in this field against the many heavy and pressing commitments vhich it has taken in a variety of other fields as veil as vlthin the framevork of the appropriate provisions vhich presently exist. I am satisfied that the National Council can perform in future as it has in the past, a function vhich vill be of value to the Canadian people.^7

It became quite apparent that the National Council on Physical

Fitness vould soon be disolved and in December of 1952. the Council met for the last time. In June of 195^ the Act vas repealed in the House of

Commons.

The Honorable Paul Martin, minister responsible for the programmes through the greater part of its existence, clearly demonstrated the federal government's attitude in 19^9 vhen he said there existed:

...great priorities for Governments to consider in Canada and that there vere many things in a free society that people should do for themselves. The government had urgent questions before it...the question of Jurisdiction in the sports field is provincial and municipal,

The repeal of the National Physical Fitness Act of 19^3 indicated the federal government's reluctance to take a strong stand in support of amateur sport and this reluctance continued to be evident during the early part of 1950. The period of time from 1950 to the present vas one of re-organisation for many of the sport governing bodies in Canada and the greater number of present organizations vas developed over the past 10 tventy-five years, * This action on the part of the sport governing bodies vas of course quite different to the stand taken in the earlier years and vas a movement that vas urgently needed if amateur sport wan to make any appreciable progress in Canada.

^National Council on Physical Fitness. Minutes of the 16th Meeting, Executive Secretary's Report, Appendix, April 10, 1951*

Public Archives of Canada, Memorandum of the Meetings vith Sports Officials and the Minister of National Health and Welfare, September, I9U9, Rg. 29, vol. 8k7, File 219-2-2-1.

^Tom Bedecki, An Examination of the Amateur Code in Canada (Ottava: Department of National Health and Welfare, Fitness and Amateur Sport Directorate, 1968), p. 23. The repeal of the Physical Fitness Act left Canadians vith no legis­

lative support for physical fitness and sport hut the concern vas still

present. The Canadian Sports Advisory Council vhich had been formed in

1951 vas determined to give organized sport a forum to talk about common

problems in a united fashion and over the next fev years the Council vas

quite active in keeping the matter of fitness and sport in Canada before 20 the federal authorities. During these years the matter of fitness and

amateur sport received little attention except for the occasional comment

from Parliament and a fev articles in the press. In January of 1956,

J. E. Brovn, the member of Parliament from Brantford, Ontario, spoke to the House of Commons about the decline of the state of physical fitness in

Canada. He also talked of the situation in the Soviet Union vhere mass participation vas being supported in order to develop and select highly competitive Olympic teams. Mr. Brovn reflected on the efforts of that

communist regime by stating that the Canadian concern should not only be a matter of health, but a matter of national defence and a vital part of 21 our fight for democracy. What vas left unsaid vas the fact that the

Soviet Union vas posing a serious threat to Canadian hockey teams in vorld competition and many members of Parliament vere very much disturbed.

No immediate action vas taken as a result of Mr. Brovn's speech but it pointed out another reason vhy the federal government should con­ cern itself about fitness and sport. It vas felt by more than a fev parliamentarians that the Soviet Union had been advancing sport as a

20 Levy, op. cit., p. 10.

^Canada, House of Commons, Debates, January 13, 1956, vol. 1, p. 90. 38 weapon In the battle of ideologies for some time and Canada should attempt to counter this movement* During 1998 and 1999 the subject of fitness and amateur sport vas referred to on a number of occasions in the

House of Commona and in 1999 & debate took place on the floor of the

House about the possibility of setting up a Canadian Sports Council.

Although the debate vas a spirited one and most members supported the 22 idea in theory, no action vas taken. If the methods used by the U.S.S.R in Bport to further their ideological advances upset some individuals in

Canada, the victory of the Soviet Union in the Olympic Ice Hockey Champion 23 ship at Cortina, Italy, in 1998, did even more to disturb Canadians.

On June 30, 1999» Prince Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh, addressed the

Canadian Medical Association and scolded Canadians for their complacent attitude about fitness. The Duke challenged the medical profession to improve the situation and interest by both citizens and government officials suddenly started to increase. The Honorable V. Weichel spoke to the House of Commons on January 20, 1999 and Initiated a seven-hour debate. In speaking about Canadians in international competition, the

Honorable Mr. Weichel stated:

These days are always hampered by a lack of funds. While the governments of other countries back sports development pro­ grammes financially our federal government so far has offered no encouragement to athletes...so far the federal governments have not assumed any portion of the costs of either training athletes or sending them to international competitions... it is my opinion, Mr. Speaker, that it is nov time for government to take a look at things. A ministry of sports and athletic development may be the ansver. With government

22 Levy, op. cit.

^Ottawa Citizen, May 20, 1996, p. 26. 39

assistance ve might reach, the day when ve could send national teams abroad without forcing their leaders to go begging for funds to make such a trip.2^

BILL C-131

James Gear reminded us that in i960 Prime Minister Diefenbaker

supported the desire for national recognition through Canadian sport

involvement and the Canadian Sports Advisory Council renewed its hope for

government involvement.*^ A paper presented in Ottawa in i960 by

Matthews and Osborne caused added interest in the new wave of support for

amateur sport and physical fitness. The paper was titled "A Brief on the

Subject of Federal Support for a National Programme to Stimulate Interest

in Amateur Sport and Physical Fitness and the Position of Universities 26 in Relation Thereto." On September 18, 1 9 6 1, the Minister of National

Health and Welfare, the Honorable Waldo Monteith presented a resolution

to the House of Commons that proved to be one of the most important

speeches made to the federal government of Canada in support of amateur

sport. Mr. Monteith reported:

That it is expedient to introduce a measure respecting the encouragement of physical fitness through amateur sport in Canada, to provide for entering into an agreement with any province for the payment by Canada to the provinces, of cer­ tain contributions in the respect of the coBt of programmes relating to physical fitness and amateur sport, to provide for the payment of the Chairman's remuneration and the

2U Canada, House of Commons, Debates. January 20, 1959> p. 120. 25 James Gear, "Factors Influencing the Development of Government Sponsored Physical Fitness Programmes from 1850-1972," Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education. I (May, 1970), 65-8 6.

Gordon Olafaon, "History of Bill C-131," Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical. Education. I (May, 1970), 8U. uo

travelling and other expenses of the member of the Council, to provide for the establishment of a Council to be called the Rational Advisor/ Council on Physical Education and Amateur Sport; and to provide further that the Minister of Finance shall pay out of the consolidated revenue fund, each fiscal year, such amounts not exceeding in the aggregate, five million dollars as may be required for the purpose set forth in the m e a s u r e . 2 ?

An Important amendment, provided by Prime Minister Diefenbaker, changed the wording of physical fitness "through" amateur sport to read physical fitness "and" amateur sport. This change became of significant importance on behalf of amateur sport in Canada. The resolution gave the federal government of Canada direct involvement in sport and for the first time in its history, the Dominion of Canada had the opportunity through direct government participation, to use sport as a vehicle for national pQ prestige. The Honorable Lester Pearson suggested that Canada concentrate on regaining its international prestige and commented that international victories in sport vere most Important to the communist societies in 29 advancing their political alms.

The Act, known as Bill C-131, and titled "An Act to encourage

FitnesB and Amateur Sport," was passed by the Parliament and received approval from the Queen on September 29, 1961. This Act emphasized that 30 amateur sport was no longer the retarded brother of physical fitness.

The Act also authorized an annual grant of five million dollars to be

2?Canada, House of Commons, Debates. September 18, 1961, p. 8U6l.

2®Gear, op., cit., p. 30.

2^Patrick J. Galasso, "The Involvement of the Canadian Federal Government in Sport and Fitness," (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1965), p. ^2.

^°Levy, op. cit., p. 12. Ul

administered by the Minister of National Health and Welfare to carry out

the objectives specified. The budget for the first year was set at one million dollars, to be Increased annually until the five million dollar

allocation vas reached. However, the year 1961-62 saw only two hundred

and thirty thousand dollars spent and by 1 9 6 7 -6 6 only three and a half 31 million dollars had been allocated for that year. It was clear that money was available up to thirty-five million dollars during that six-year

span but in fact less than sixteen million had been spent. One explana­ tion put forward for such low expenditures was that a proper criterion for making grants to sports groupB was still in the process of being worked 32 out by the Minister. Even with the availability of millions of dollars from the federal government, amateur sport was still struggling to be recognized. It might also be perceived that some politicians continued to view sport with less seriousness than they gave to other matters of government.

A still further explanation for the failure to spend up to the authorized amount of five million dollars annually appeared to be that each year when federal budgets were examined and costs cut back, the money allocated to sport under the Act of 1961 waB particularly vulner- 33 able. If sport was to be continually viewed as a frivolous activity, then the leaders of the country had failed to understand the significance

31W. Harold Rea, Nancy Greene and Paul Wintle Des Ruisseaux, Report of The Task Force On Sports For Canadians (Ottawa: The Queen's Printer, 1970), p. U2. The Task Force on Sport, an election promise by Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau, during the election year of 1968, was appointed in August of 1 9 6 8. The members appointed to carry out the Report were Harold Rea (Chairman), Nancy Greene and Dr. Paul Des Ruisseaux. Their task was to study the problems of sport in Canada and to recommend to the federal government ways and means to correct such problems.

32Ibid., p. 2 . kZ 3k of sport as on instrument of the veil being of the nation.

The passing of Bill C-131 established the National Advisory

Council on Fitness and Amateur Sport. The Council vas to consist of not more than thirty members in total vith at least one representative being selected from each province. Many veil knovn sport personalities vere chosen as Council members and although the selection vas quite in the interest of Canada, it appeared at times that the members vere concerned vith problems relating to their ovn expertise and geographical location.

The Task Force, in vievlng the work accomplished by the Council, recog­ nized many problems vere apparent but on the basis of an examination of the minutes and records available, came to the conclusion that:

The prime orientation of the members of the Council is tovards physical fitness and recreation, and quite understandably their approach to sport questions has been shaped by the viev- point of their own specialized disciplines. As a result, it is hardly surprising that the sports programme has not been altogether as effective and productive as it otherwise might have been. It is in fact, too much to expect that a composite body, brought together three times a year to advise the minister on all matters connected with the nation's physical fitness, its recreational system, and its needs in sport should be able to discharge its responsibilities vith equal effective­ ness in all areas.3^

The Task Force vent on to say that the present arrangement vas quite unsatisfactory. Hovever, it should be remembered at this time that although many items of procedure needed attention, the Act created a new dimension for amateur sport in Canada because the Act had been founded on several clearly defined developments:

3UIbid. 35Ibld., p. U3.

36Ibid., p. 1*5 . 1. It succeeded the old National Physical Fitness Act which had been repealed In 195U. While the old legislation vas limited in funding methods, it did encourage several provinces to establish recreation and

sport programmes and, as well, a physical fitness division vas created in

Ottawa.

2. Between 1951* and 1961 pressure from various groups pressed the

federal government to become actively involved in the areas of physical fitness, recreation and sport. One of the major concerns was the declin­

ing competitiveness of Canadians in international sport and in particular the showing of Canada*s athletes in the Olympic Games. It was apparent that the concern about the Canadian national hockey teams became more urgent when the Soviet Union von the gold medal in ice hockey at the 1956 37 Winter Olympics in Cortina.

3. Parliamentarians like Doug Fisher, John Brown and John Taylor were urging the federal government to become involved, baaed upon three beliefs:

a) Concern for the physical fitness of the Canadian people;

b) Dismay over the continued discouragement in international competition and particularly vith Canada's hockey representation;

c) Belief that sport vas a legitimate contribution to Canadian culture and as such vas deserving of government support as were the Arts and Letters,

5 7 1 JITVler, op. cit., p. 1 2 6.

Bedecki, op. cit., p. 3. The media had brought pressure to bear upon the fedral government in many cases. One particular instance occurred vith the broadcasting of a programme called "Lloyd Percival's Sport College." Percival vas an ardent researcher in fitness matters, although not a man of letters, and one of Canada's foremost track and field coaches. Percival, at the time, vas not popular in academic circles and his radio programme became a source of embarrassment in Ottava to some government officials because "Ace," as he vas often called, gave to the sporting fraternity vhat many felt should have been forthcoming from the government. Percival gave much impetus to the amateur sport scene and vas a particularly strong force in advancing a concept of certification in coaching.^ It should be noted at this time that although the Diefenbaker administration had professed concern for the physical fitness of the nation, the emphasis of Bill C-131 vas to support 1*0 the elite athlete in national and international competition. Indeed, the thrust of the Munro ministry vas to continue vith such an emphasis.

Since the Report of The Task Force dealt essentially vith Bport, the firm of P. S. Rosb and partners vas engaged to produce a similar study on recrea­ tion and Munro stated in January of 1 9 6 9: "The pursuit of excellence must become a national goal in sports as veil as in education, the arts and all other fields of human endeavour...government has a moral duty to assist in the development of excellence."*1^

39 'Statement by John Hudson in a personal interview with the writer, Toronto, February ie, 1978* Mr. Hudson is presently Sports Director for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 1*0 Department of National Health and Welfare, Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch, The First Ten Years and After. (Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 1973), p. 7. 1*1 John Munro, "Canada's Sports Potential," Journal of the Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and Recreation. XXV (December 1968-January 19^9)7 &• THE MUNRO AND LALONDE MINISTRIES

On March 20, 1970, the Minister of National Health and Welfare,

the Honorable John Munro, issued a formal policy statement based on the

findings of the Task Force Report and the P. S. Rosb study. This state­ ment came forward in the Minister's Proposed Sports Policy for Canadians.

In this policy statement, Munro pointed out the importance

of finding answers for millions of Canadians in the field of leisure activity

and suggested the "good life" should be expanded. Munro stated, in the

first part of the policy:

We have advocated the purpose and objectives of mass participa­ tion and the inculcation of sports and recreation into the Canadian mass culture, towards the goal of improving the over­ all calibre of Canadian society and maximizing the personal potential of Canadians for a happier existence.^2

Mr. Munro continued by emphasizing the importance of international competi­ tion. The Minister stressed that expertise would come as a consequence and not as a goal of mass participation. In his proposed sports policy he noted:

This new policy aims primarily at reinforcing and increasing the administrative strength of Canadian Sports. However, it seeks to change the focus of that administrative effort... chiefly by putting the pursuit of international, excellence in Its proper perspective...as a consequence and not as a goal of mass participation.**3

The Minister spoke of the need for an administrative centre to support sport in Canada and suggested that Canadians needed to change the "kitchen- table administration" that had plagued the nation.****

1*2 John Munro, A Proposed Sports' Policy for Canadians (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, March 20, 1970), p. 23.

**3Ibid., p. 2U. ****Ibid., p. 31. U6

The federal government, as a result of the policy statement, established the Administrative Centre for Sport In Ottava. The address at 333 River Road, Vanler City, Is now a very familiar one to many

Canadians. In the early part of the year, office space, staff and grants vere established for selected sport governing bodies in order to concen­ trate effort In a direct fashion and to form some focus upon the govern­ ment's involvement. During this time period the Liberal government became more than involved vith Canadian sport. The government of Canada vas nov actively directing amateur sport In the country.

The method to determine hov certain sports vould be graded vas based upon a point-rating system. 3he nature of the activity vas avarded up to five points, participation accounted for up to tvelve points and the Us potential for competition vaB judged on an eight-point scale. ^ In this fashion the government selected the sport governing bodieB that vould be housed in the nev administrative centre. The system alloved the pro­ grammes to be divided into first and second priority groups and in doing so, determined the amount of financial backing to be designated to a par­ ticular sport governing body. Among the benefits received by priority one sports vas a grant of tvelve thousand dollars annually to employ an U6 executive, fulltime director. Priority tvo sports vere given secretarial help and access to a common fund of one hundred thousand dollars for special projects. The projects involved covered a vide range of programmes.

During the period of 1969-1972 a number of important organizations developed outside of the amateur sport programme but of importance to sport vas the financing provided by the federal government. Two

Us Ufi Ibid., p. 33. Ibid., p. 3**. significant organizations developed that vere to greatly influence

Canada's competitive stance on the international scene. The formation of Hockey Canada and the Coaching Association of Canada vere the I47 organizations in question and Galasso 1 noted the impact of this time period upon amateur sport in Canada.

The Honorable John Munro, Minister of National Health and

Velfare, announced the establishment of Hockey Canada in February . LA of 1969 . Mr. Charles Hay, at the age of seventy and a retired president of Gulf Canada, vas appointed President of Hockey Canada.

Mr. Hay, father of Red Hay of Chicago Black Havk fame, vas given tvo distinct but related tasks:

1. To support, operate, manage and develop a national team to represent Canada in International competition;

2. To foster and support the playing of hockey in Canada and to co-operate vith other agencies to develop the skills of

L q Canadian hockey players.

^Pat. J. Galasso, "The Involvement of the Canadian Federal Government in Sport and Fitness," Canadian Journal of Sport and Physical Education. Ill (December, 1970), 51** 1*8 The Toronto Star. February 26, 1969* p* 33.

^Hockey Canada, First Annual Report (Ottava: Queen's Printer, 1970), p. 2. 1(8

In broad terms* Hookey Canada vas designed to help existing organi­

zations by providing guidance and financial assistance. Through, its

board of directors* Hockey Canada vas represented by amateur hockey*

professional hockey* educational representatives and the private

sector.**0 The efforts of Hockey Canada from its inception to the present

time have had far-reaching results but in spite of all that has been

accomplished Canada has failed in its attempt to overhaul the hockey machine of the Soviet Union. The hockey experts in general and the

National Hockey league in particular have had a strange fascination vith their ovn image and have consistently refused to recognise the Soviet

teams as equal or superior athletes.

Hockey Canada has not alvays enjoyed the cooperation of other

sport governing agencies and many difficulties have arisen between Hockey 51 Canada and the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association.

On July 2, 1970, Mr, Charles Hay announced the availability of a

number of hockey scholarships directed towards university athletes. The

announcement vas made in spite of the protests of a number of university officials across the country and the "third party scholarships" as this

assistance became known, became a contentious part of intercollegiate programmes in Canada. A Canadian College Coaching Association vas formed

in the same year and clinics vere held in such remote parts of the country 52 as Thompson, Manitoba and Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories.

5°Ibid., p. 3.

^Statement by Gordon Juckes* Secretary-Manager* C.A.H.A.* in a personal interview, July 9* 1975. 52 Statement by Charles Hay* President* Hockey Canada* in a personal interview, Toronto, December 20* 1970. During this time* Hockey Canada put forward a five-year plan to accomplish a number of objectives, some quite controversial. Of major importance vas

the determination to press the Canadian position to the International

Olympic Committee to allow Canada to ice its most competitive teams

from both amateur and. professional organizations. This contentious issue eventually caused Canada to withdraw from the Olympic ice hockey competition and for the first time since its inception at Chamonix,

France, in 1921*, a Canadian hockey team did not compete at Sappora in

1972.53

In November of 1973, the Honorable Marc Lalonde became the

Minister of the Department of National Health and Welfare and in a cabinet shuffle, John Munro became the Labour Minister. This change removed Munro from the international sport scene and many hockey enthusiasts became uneasy about Canada's international hockey image.

The Munro thrust continued through the efforts of the new

Minister but vith a different direction in terms of some important changes in emphasis taking place. Lalonde moved the Fitness and Amateur

Sport Programmes from the welfare area to the health side of the depart­ ment so that the efforts of the unit fitted life style programmes such as drug abuse, alcoholism and nutrition, all of these being related to 5U fitness and health. While the government continued to become more and more involved vith sport and fitness, another organization vas being

*

^3!iyier, op. cit., p. IU5 .

^Marc Lalonde, "Sport and Fitness in Canada: It's a Nev Game!" Speech to the University of Lethbridge Awards Banquet, Lethbridge, Alberta, March U, 1973. formed that vas to directly influence the role of coaching in Canada.

THE COACHING ASSOCIATION OF CANADA

The Coaching Association of Canada vas incorporated in December of 1970 and John Hudson, a veil known track coach and television commen­ tator, vaB appointed the first Executive Director. ^ The formation of the Coaching Association fulfilled the recommendations and desires of the

Task Force on Sport created in 1969* John Hudson gives much credit for the development of the National Coaching Certification Programme and the formation of the Coaching Association of Canada to the late Lloyd 56 Percival, a veil known track coach and researcher from Toronto.

John Hudson vas an early booster to change the role of the coach in Canada and revealed to this writer that: "It should be

Gowan from MeMaster University as the Technical Co-ordinator in 1972

55 "Statement by John Hudson, in a personal interview, Toronto, February 8, 1978.

'56 Ibid. Lloyd Percival, a controversial figure, became the Technical Director of the C.A.C. and vas at the same time Director of the Fitness Institute in Toronto. John Hudson became the Director of Sport for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and is presently Director of Media Properties for Labatt Breweries of Canada. 51 59 and Govan soon began to organize the coaching scene In Canada.

In the beginning the Coaching Association of Canada vas composed

of a Board of Directors, an Executive and Technical Director and a

Treasurer, W. Harold Rea and Christopher Lang acted In the capacity of

Chairman of the Board and Treasurer respectively. Both Rea and Lang had

held similar positions vith Hockey Canada and had been very instrumental

in developing the grovth of that organization. The structure of the

C.A.C. remained generally stable during the early years but in 1977 the

Executive Committee vas discontinued and a new Board of Directors vas

constituted (see Chart 1).

In 197^ the C.A.C. lost one of its strongest supporters vhen

Lloyd Percival died of a heart attack and Lyle Makosky, a veil known

figure from the National Sport Governing Bodies of Swimming, Diving and

Water Polo became the Executive Director in 1975* John Hudson, at this time, had resigned to become the Sports Director for the Canadian

Broadcasting Corporation.^0

The following year, 1976, brought Bryce Taylor, a Professor of

Physical Education at York University and a veil known gymnast, to the

President's chair, thus expanding the operation directed by Geoff Gowan.

During this time the Coaching Association of Canada vas rapidly developing into a powerful influence on the coaching scene in Canada.

59 Geoff Gowan vas a prominent track and field coach in Great Britain and a Professor of Physical Education at McMaster University prior to joining the C.A.C. Govan is presently President as veil as the Technical Co-ordinator of the Coaching Association of Canada.

^Statement by John Hudson, in a personal interview, Toronto, March 3, 1978. Chart 1

Coaching Association of Canada, Organization Chart: 1976-77

Board of Directors

Executive Committee

Executive Secretary— Executive Director Technical Co-ordinator— Technical Secretary

Business Manager *SIRC Manager Audio-Visual Director Assistant Technical Co-ordinator

SecretariesClerks

Technical Library Key Librarian Technician Clerk Technician Assistant Technician Punch Films Photo. Operator

*Sport Information Resource Centre

Source of information provided from C.A.C. Annual Report 1976-77 53

The publication Bulletin kept the sporting community aware of the coaching

changes throughout the country and in 1978 the publication became known

as the Coaching Review, consolidating all previous attempts to inform

the reader of new developments in coaching.

Vern McKay, Vice-president of the Export Development Corporation

for Operations in Africa and Asia, became the President of the Coaching

Association of Canada in 1979 before becoming the Chaixman of the

Board. A most important addition to the C.A.C. occurred in the summer of 1977 when Terry Valeriote moved from the Ontario Coaching Certifica­ tion Programme to become tbe National Coaching Certification Programme

Co-ordinator. The success of recent years in developing the national model has, to a very large degree, reflected the efforts of Terry Valeriote.

PROGRAMMES AND GROWTH

In less than ten years the Coaching Association of Canada has become possibly the most powerful force in amateur sport in this

country. The coaching scene is now Influenced and directed very heavily by this organization and the number of services supplied by the Coaching Association of Canada readily reflects the impact that has developed.

The National Coaching Certification Programme

In cooperation with national and provincial sport governing bodies, the C.A.C. was instrumental in developing the present Coaching

Certification Programme and has become the directing force in coordinating and expanding the offerings of that programme. The National Apprenticeship Programme

In order to upgrade the calibre of national and international

coaching in Canada, the Coaching Association of Canada introduced the

National Apprenticeship Programme In September of 1977 to allow a

succestfbl candidate the opportunity to study under the direction of 6l outstanding coaches.

The programme is intended to develop more international coaches

and 1b the alternative solution to a national coaching institute that

is so prevalent in the Soviet Union.

Coaching Scholarships and University Study

The Coaching Association of Canada, in 197*+* convinced the

O'Keefe Sports Foundation to provide financial Bupport to coacheB who vould be furthering their education at the Master's degree level, to emphasize the pursuit of expertise in coaching, and so the O'Keefe

Sports Foundation Coaching Bursary Programme was developed. In 1977

the Coaching Association of Canada replaced this programme vith its

own Coaching Scholarship Programme and received the funding to do so 62 through a grant from Sport Canada.

^ Coaching Association of Canada Annual Report 1978-1979* p. 17. go Coaching Association of Canada Annual Report 1977-1976. p. 11. Two programmes in particular are presently In operation that are

Intended to support the role of coaching In Canada. In October of 1973

the Coaching Association of Canada announced the availability of up to

ten graduate scholarships of $2500.00 each, to qualified applicants.

The purpose of the programme is to enable Canadian coacheB to proceed

toward a master's degree vith emphasis on coaching at the elite level.

Eligibility requires that candidates be acceptable at the graduate level

for entry into Canadian universities that offer graduate courses suitable

for potential elite coaches. The courses vould include those related to

sport psychology, sport physiology, and biomechanics. It vould be

incumbent upon the university to provide facility members or local coaches

of sufficient calibre and experience to act as tutors during the intern- go ship of the student. It is required that candidates have a minimum of

three years' coaching experience as veil as being able to satisfy the

requirements of both the university and the C.A.C.

The second Bupport system is the National Coaching Apprenticeship

Programme. This offering has been instituted by the C.A.C. to help develop

national and international class coaches, vho in turn vill help to

prepare Canadian athletes for vorld class competition. The programme has been established in cooperation vith Sport Canada and the national sport

governing bodies and is designed to compliment the certification process.

It has been suggested that the Apprenticeship Programme may veil be the

initial step towards establishing a national coaching school^ The

Association of Canada, Coaching Scholarships for University Study. (Mimeo, October 1, 1978) •

Coaching Association of Canada, The National Coaching Apprenticeship Program. (Mimeo, October 1, 1978. Coaching Association has outlined specific terms of reference concerning the programme:

1. The programme will offer grants to enable selected apprentice coaches to study advanced coaching techniques under Master Coaches in their respective sports.

2. Coaches eligible for consideration as apprentice coaches must be Canadian citizens or landed immigrants, presently in fulltime residence in Canada. There is no restriction concerning the Master Coach.

3. A high level of present achievement, capability and commit­ ment will be required of both apprentice and Master Coach applicants.

U. Apprenticeships will be awarded for a minimum period of one month to a maximum period of two years. One additional apprenticeship, per person, may be awarded if extended study is merited. In other instances, it will be possible for apprentices to participate in the programme for intermittent periods, returning to their normal occupations during each interim.

5. An apprenticeship training period may be devoted to any of the following area, or combinations thereof:

(a) Practical experience with high calibre athletes under the tutelage of a Master Coach;

(b) University study at Bachelor's or Master's degree level in

Sport Sciences or coaching-related disciplines;

(c) Opportunities for foreign study under approved inter­ national specialists.

Continuous and close interaction between the apprentice and Master

Coaches will be heavily stressed. In addition, where merited, the apprentice may be required to engage in special coaching projects for 57 the national sport governing bodies.

6. Master Coaches vill be selected from the best international

level coaches vith a history of success in their field and an ability

to educate coaches.

7. A national selection committee (separate for each sport) vill

interviev applicants and develop curricula for prescribed areas of

training based upon analysis of the present capabilities of successful applicants. There vill be a continuous evaluation of each apprentice's

performance during the course of the study by C.A.C. and the respective

national sport governing body.

The financial support for the Apprenticeship Programme states:

1. Each apprentice coach accepted by the committee vill be

granted a National Apprenticeship for a period betveen one month and tvo years, at a value of $12,000. per annum pro-rated over the period of the

Apprenticeship. The total allovance vill be split into tvo portions,

separately paid and accountable. Five-sixths vill be paid in the form

of a living allovance, accounting for $10,000. One-Blxth vill be related to programme expenses and vill amount to $2,000. Both amounts vill be provided in quarterly instalments, directly from the Coaching

Association to the apprentice coach. The expense allovance may be applied to educational costs, travel and accommodation.

2. Master Coaches vill be provided a grant of up to $U,000. per annum to personally train and direct a programme for the apprentice coach. The grant vill be provided in quarterly instalments directly 65 from the C.A.C. to the Master Coach.

65 'Information provided by the Coaching Association of Canada, correspondence, November 15, 1978. The Sport Information Resource Centre

The Sport Information Resource Centre vas formed in 1973 to * provide information on coaching and sport in an organized and current operation. The computerized library offers the latest information in the fields of sport and physical education and is located in Ottawa in the National Sport and Recreation Centre. Today SIRC is recognized as one of the finest sport libraries in North America and the efforts of

Oilles Chiasson, the Manager in charge of operations, is directly related to this success.

Publications

A quarterly publication, the Bulletin, and a monthly Coaching

Review have been the most recognized efforts of the Coaching Association of Canada along vith the early presentations of Communique. Both

Bulletin and Communique are now published under the title Coaching Review.

Many handbooks and manuals now come forward from the C.A.C. and many of the publications of the sport governing bodies are financially asBiBted by grants provided by the Coaching Association of Canada.

Financing Arrangements

The bulk of financial assistance received by the C.A.C. has been generated from Sport Canada through the Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch.

The very close relationship that has existed between Sport Canada and the

C.A.C. has allowed the Coaching Association to realize almost three- quarters of its financial needs from Sport Canada. This relationship has, as well, allowed the C.A.C. to become a very powerful influence in helping other organizations gain financial support from the government.

Lou Lefaive, now directing the affairs of Hockey Canada and a past 59 director of Sport Canada, is an individual who is very1 much aware of the political climate in Ottawa. Lefaive has indicated that the C.A.C. has been generously accommodated when requesting financial support from

Sport Canada.Additional help has been received from the Recreational

Centre in terms of secretarial help and office space. The Olympic Trust, the financial arm of the Canadian Olympic Association, has been able to provide some financial assistance as well.

The Coaching Association of Canada now budgets large sums of money to operate and direct the many programmes under its control. The

National Coaching Certification Programme cost the C.A.C. over six hundred thousand dollars in 1973 and over a quarter of a million dollars was spent on the Sport Information Centre during the same period. When other expenditures such as publications and film libraries are accounted for, the annual budget of the Coaching Association of Canada becomes one of several million dollars. In 1973, Sport Canada provided approximately one and a half million dollars of the budget. '

The Future

The sudden growth of the C.A.C. would indicate that this organi­ zation has become possibly the most powerful sporting agency in the country. Not only does the Coaching Association exert a strong control over the Coaching Certification Programme but, as well, influences the other members of the N.C.C.P. such as the national and provincial sport

^Statement by Lou Lefaive, in a personal interview, Ottawa, July 10, 1978. 6t ‘Coaching Association of Canada Budget Reports. 1971-1979. p. 16. 60 governing bodies and the coaching community.

The original efforts of the N.C.C.P. vere directed to the needs of minor coaching in Canada but in recent years the international aspects of coaching have become an ever-increasing interest to the C.A.C, This interest vill likely continue in the future and the position of Canada's coaches and athletes in international competition vill be strongly influenced by their relationship to the Coaching Association of Canada.

Canada's participation in vorld competition, at the amateur level, is at the crossroads of decision at the present time. Under the influence of the C.A.C. our teams and coaches vill continue to attempt to upgrade our image as a competitive, sporting nation. It is the opinion of this vriter that during the present period of inflation and unemployment this vill become a difficult challenge.

A TIME FOR REORGANIZATION

The Fitness and Amateur Sport Directorate vas given branch statuB and as.such, on April 1st, 1973, an Assistant Deputy Minister, Norbert

Frefontalne, vas appointed to Bteer the destiny of the programme. As veil, the branch vas divided into four units: Sport Canada, Recreation

Canada, and tvo nev additions. The nev areas vere involved vith planning, research and evaluation and a unit for programme and administration. It vas hoped this arrangement vould allow consultants in the branch to develop programmes vith other agencies while the day-to-day work would be 68 taken over by the nev administrative unit.

68 Department of National Realth and Welfare, Fitness and Amateur Sport Directorate, Annual Report. 1973-7U. (Ottawa; Department of Health and Welfare, 197*0» P* 20* 61

Unfortunately for amateur sport, Sport Canada vas placed under the Development Programmes Branch, alongside Welfare Grants and Nev 69 Horizons and the identity of sport became somewhat clouded. One of the accomplishments claimed by Lalonde vas the increase in budget that occurred. The budget of eleven million dollars for Fitness and Amateur

Sport in 1972-73 rose to almost eighteen million in the next year and to TO twenty-five million in 1975-76. The Minister commented on this increase in a speech at the University of Lethbridge and anxious to report such statistical success, Lalonde said: "This means in less than tvo years the

Federal Government vill have increased its expenditures in this area from 71 less than a million dollars to tventy-five million dollars."

It should be of interest at this time to consider the fact that all government spending vas very much increased during the ten year period of 1962-72 and that the increase to amateur sport vas not all that impressive especially during a decade of rising inflation and government spending.^2 The Task Force on Sport reported on the spending that occurred from 1961 to 1966 and emphasized that the expenditures vere not overwhelming (s e e Table l).

department of National Health and Welfare, Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch, The First Ten Years and After, (Ottawa: Department of National Health"and Welfare, 1973), p. 7.

^^Levy, op. cit., p. 22.

^Lalonde, op. cit., p. 13.

7^Ottawa Citizen. May 12, 1973, p. 29* 62

Table 1

Expenditures on Physical Fitness and Sport 1 9 6 1 -6 8

1 9 6 1 -6 2 $ 2 2 9,61(1 .

1 9 6 2 -6 3 9 8 1,2 7 0.

1963-6U 1 ,5^0 ,82U.

196U-6 5 1,996,603

1 9 6 5 -6 6 2,508,1*93

1 9 6 6 -6 7 U.665 ,7 6 9.

1 9 6 7 -6 8 3.655.U13.

As some politicans are anxious to remind the public that govern­ ment expenditures are in the best interest of the people, the Minister reminded the nation that the federal government vas really quite concerned about general fitness and competitive sport. The comparison vas made by relating the money spent on fitness and sport in 1972-73 and 1978-76.

The 1972-73 spendings estimated the ratio to be three to tvo in favor of excellence (competitive sport) but vith a healthy gain shovn on the side of fitness. By 1978-76 the ratio vas expected to become four to three but the Minister vas emphatic in explaining that the incentives to general fitness that are derived from competitive sport vould reduce the ratio to almost ideal proportions of one to one.1 Regardless of algebraic solu- t tiona, the government continued to emphasize the elite programme.

^^Lalonde, loc.cit. 63 RELATED CONCERNS

During the 1968-72 period the single most dominant feature reflec­ ting the concern about coaching vas the establishment of a number of spin­ off organizations. In particular the formation of Hockey Canada, The

Coaching Association of Canada and the Administrative Centre for Sport and

Recreation put into action a definite programme to improve sport and coaching in Canada. All of these innovations vere in keeping vith the recommendations of The Task Force and the proposed sport policies of

John Munro. The passing of legislation in this area did not, hovever, ansver some basic questions. For example, should the federal government attempt to Justify its Involvement in sport for reasons of national 7I1 presitge and image? Bedecki has pointed out that the victory in inter­ national competition is often a source of national satisfaction and in fact could contribute to national unity as the Soviet Union has attempted to accomplish in spreading the political ideology of the U.S.S.R. Another concern belonged to Arthur Drysdale, a prominent recreation leader vho felt the government vas paying lip service to recreation vhen the formation of

Recreation Canada took place. Drysdale^ suggested the nev directorate vas no more than an arm of Sport Canada. Recent government emphasis on the elite athlete suggests this opinion 1b not vithout foundation.

In 1973, Geoff Govan posed another concern vhen he suggested that an over emphasis on competition may not be in keeping vith a country such

*

Thomas Bedecki, "Modern Sport aa an Instrument of National Policy vith Reference to Canada and Selected Countries," (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1971J.

^Arthur C. Drysdale, (ed.) "Editorial," Journal of the Canadian Association of Parks and Recreation III CJune, 1973), 5* 61+ T6 as Canada. None the less, other highly visible programmes were estab­ lished during the period of 1968-72. The efforts of the national govern­ ment in terms of grants in aid to student athletes, special assistance to top level athletes and the establishment of the Canada Carnes and the

Arctic Winter Games, only confirmed the thrust that was taking place to improve Canada's position in competitive sport. These programmes not only provided opportunity and competition for athletes but for coaches as veil.

Moriarty^ points out the problem of professional athletics versus

% amateur sport in the universities of Canada. Philosophies are quite dif­ ferent in this comparison and the financial burden of an elite athletic programme in a period of low economic growth only adds to the dilemma.

Some Canadian university athletic programmes are supporting the elite 78 athletes in spite of monetary and philosophic considerations. There have been numerous attempts to introduce scholarship programmes for elite athletes within Canadian universities, and this ongoing issue remains a serious problem for some universities.

The emphasis of various universities in promoting athletic events changes from province to province. This is illustrated by attendance at championship tournaments. The Canadian Intercollegiate Basketball Cham­ pionships held in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1978 drew close to eleven thousand fans but only two thousand watched the hockey finals held in

^Geoffrey Govan, "Are We an Athletic Country or a Sporting One?" Journal of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. (January-Februarr. 1973). U5. 77 Dick Moriarty, "Address to the National Association of College Directors of Athletics and Canadian Association of University Athletic Directors," Montreal, June 2U, 1971*. 70 Statement by A. J. Smith, Secretary, Ontario Universities Athletic Association, in a personal interview, Hamilton, Ontario, June 12, 1976. 65

Toronto.^

Politicana have emphasized the importance of sport in the unifica­ tion of a nation. Angus (Gus) MacFarlane, Liberal member of the federal government, from Hamilton, and a former coach and athletic director at

Mount Allison University, has commented on this relationship. MacFarlane suggested tbe phenomenal interest developed in the 1972 Soviet-Canada hockey series has demonstrated the importance of sport in the lives of all

Canadians and that this interest had the potency to arouse and unify the nation.^0 This feeling, although somewhat biased from the government's point of view, was nevertheless one that many Canadians shared in 1972 9l and in the years that followed. MacFarlane had actively supported elite athletic, university programmes as the Athletic Director of Mount Allison

University and has continued to support this concept of elitism in sport as a member of the federal government.®2 The policies of the national government during the years of 1968-1973 have reflected this approach to sport as well as the determination of the federal powers to control amateur sport in Canada.

The concern that the volunteer in amateur sport will be eliminated in view of increasing government legislation and jurisdiction is one that

'^Toronto Star. March 23, 1978, p. 30.

3Qqus MacFarlane, Unification of Sport. (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, March, 1976), p. 1.

®^The three major U.S.S.R.-Team Canada Hockey Series took place in 1972, 197U and 1976.

Statement by Gus MacFarlane, in a personal interview, Ottawa, September 5, 1977. 66 requires consideration. MacFarlane8^ has talked of this fear during an address given in Cornwall, Ontario, and suggests this would produce a nightmare if we were to lose the enthusiasm of the volunteer worker.

MacFarlane emphasizes, however, that coaching is essential to the develop­ ment of the young athlete: "I mean coaches who believe in the value of sport for the participants and whose first concern is for the young men and women in their care."®**

The need for a new portfolio in Ottawa was becoming increasingly more apparent as the concern for sport and coaching grew. The Government of Canada in emphasizing its role in sport, now needed a Minister of

Sport.8** The problems of unity within the country, in terms of the possible separation of the Province of Quebec from the Canadian Confedera­ tion, alerted the federal government to seek ways and means to keep Canada united. The issue of sport and the formation of a Ministry of Sport were two such ways to promote unity.

Indeed, the formation of a Ministry of Sport would facilitate a government involvement in forming a national policy for amateur sport; a problem that had been visible for some time. In September of 1976 the Honorable Iona Campagnola, from British Columbia, became the first 86 Minister of State for Fitness and Amateur Sport.

®3qus MacFarlane, "What Price Sport in Canada," address given to Cornwall Lions Club, Cornwall, Ontario, May 21, 1975*

84bid., p! k.

®5qus MacFarlane, A Ministry of Sport. (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, January, 1975)* p. 2.

8^Phe Toronto Star. September 30, 1976, p. 5. 67 Prior to the establishment of the portfolio for a Minister of

State for Fitness and Amateur Sport, a number of important decisions had been made that contributed a great deal to the amateur sport scene in

Canada.Emphasis on competition and coaching had been created vith the introduction of a set of inter-provincial competitions called the Canada

Games. The first Winter (Canada) Games took place in 1967 in Quebec City 88 and the first Summer Games began in Halifax in 1969*

The Canada Games were begun as a national development programme of competition to bring together as many athletes as possible from the provinces and territories in a "Canadian Olympic" setting. The Games were held every second year, alternating regularly between a summer and winter 89 programme. The main authorities of the Canada Games were the National

Advisory Council on Fitness and Amateur Sport, the Fitness and Amateur

Sport Branch of the Department of National Health and Welfare, the

Sports Federation of Canada, and provincial and territorial fitness and amateur sport bodies from across the nation. The formation of this type of national competition has helped to focus the role of the government in amateur sport aB well as to provide opportunity and publicity for the coach. The Arctic Winter Games, held every second year since their inception in 1970, became another competition to enhance amateur sport.

^Department of National Health and Welfare. Information Brochure, 1976.

08Ibid., p'. 67.

89Ibid. 68

"The Arctic Games are open to all northern peoples above the sixtieth

parallel and teams from the Canadian Yukon, Northwest Territories, and

Northern Quebec as well as representatives from Alaska have participated

in past games."^ Both the Canada Games and the Arctic Winter Games have

provided athletes with the opportunity to compete on a high level that

may not have been available under different circumstances. It is worth

noting at this time that Canada included the people of Alaska in the Arctic

Games and in doing so recognized that the games need not be exclusively

Canadian.

Still another competition, the Northern QameB. began in 1969

when it was announced that the proposed Winter Games competitive

schedule would include only southern sports, with the traditional

native arctic Bports appearing as a cultural exhibition. The reason

for this has been somewhat vague but it waB decided to hold a weekend

of native-type gameB in Inuvik, Northwest Territories, in 1970, as

a Northwest Territory Centennial project. In that year the first

games hosted nearly one hundred representative athletes from twelve

communities of the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and from

Alaska. In 1973 the Games were staged in Fort Good Hope; in 1971*

they were held in Tuktoyaktuk; in 1975 ia Fort McPherson and in

1976 the event was held in the town of Coppermine, all four

hostings being held in the Northwest Territories. There is no age

90Ibid. limit for competitors and traditional events include the one and two foot,

high kick; the blanket toss and harpoon throwing for both accuracy and

distance. The Northern Games are more than a sports competition as it

brings together Indians, Metis and Eskimo athletes of the northern regions

for friendly competition in traditional native sports that relate to

cultural and social activities. It is a festival in keeping with the

traditional native gatherings of years ago that continues to preserve

valued customs.

THE CONTINUING SPORT SCENE

Lou Lefaive, former director of Sport Canada, has been an astute

observer of the passing sport scene in Canada for many years. Lefaive

has observed that much has changed since 1961 and he has noted that the

passing of the Fitness and Amateur Sport Act of that year, not only has

seen the Canadian federal government become very much involved with sport

and coaching, but the Canadian citizen has been made aware of the needs

and aspirations of our athletes and teams more so than at any time in our 91 history. The aspiration to improve our image in international competi­

tion and the need to upgrade our coaching expertise became more and more

apparent during the sixties and the seventies. The Munro Ministry did much to correct this situation and the Lalonde period continued with the

same thrust established by Munro. However, the appointment of Iona

Campagnola as the first Minister of State for Fitness and Amateur Sport

firmly established the direction of the federal government in the politi­ cal arena of sport.

^Statement by Lou Lefaive, in a personal interview, Ottawa, July 8, 1976. TO

The awarding of the 1976 Summer Olympic Games to Montreal stepped up programmes for the elite athlete and Increased funds for this purpose were made available by the federal government and Its agencies.

A programme entitled "Game Plan" was initiated In 1973 as a co-operative effort by Sport Canada, the Canadian Olympic Association through its financial arm, the Olympic Trust, the national sport governing bodies and the help of the provincial sport associations. With the

Olympic Games in mind, the programme vaB geared to improving the quality of excellence of Canadian athletes for years to come. Game Plan provided special assistance for elite athletes to support their training with the financial support being largely determined by the athlete's previous achievements in international competition. These athletes became, in fact, the "carded" elite of the development programme. The performance of Canadian athletes at Montreal is often referred to in superlative terms by government officials as Canada moved from twentieth position in 1972 to tenth in 1976. It should be remembered, as well, that Canada also became the first host nation in the history of the modern games not to 92 win a gold medal.

Lou Lefaive was quick to point out the change in attitude that was taking place and that Game Plan and the Montreal Olympics had helped significantly in this transformation. The image of our athletes was improving quickly, but the top nations in international sport were still 93 far ahead of Canada.

•

92The Ottawa Citizen. September 5* 1976, p. lU. 0-3 ^Statement by Lou Lefaive in a personal interview, Ottawa, September 6, 1977* 71

The coaching scene In the universities and colleges reflected a

similar change and the decade of 1968-1978 in particular has produced a very strong "must win" attitude in our institutions of higher learning. Ol| Matthews had reported on our university inheritance of British*

Scottish and French love of international competition hut the last decade 95 has reflected Canada's adoption of American determination in athletics.

A Joint meeting of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada

produced much concern about the role of athletics in Canada but despite this investigation and forty years of friendly intercollegiate competi­ tion* Canadian university athletic competition is becoming more competi­ tive than ever. Phil Loosemore* late Secretary-Treasurer of the Ontario

Quebec Athletic Association* had predicted that Canadian Intercollegiate

Athletics would soon follow in the footsteps of its American neighbors* Qg a thought that he did not relish.

The theme of athletic programmes in the past placed a modest emphasis upon winning but the added interest of recently developed national championships has added a great deal of momentum to the search

for victory. Coaches and athletic departments across the country became more aware of the need to recruit student athletes and the question of athletic scholarships became a popular topic of conversation for many athletic directors. Not all were in agreement that athletic scholarships would improve intercollegiate athletic competition* but support was openly

9^a . W. Matthews, Athletic Programmes in Canadian Universities. (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, August, 197M, p. 5.

95Ibid.

^Statement by Phil Loosemore, Secretary, Ontario Quebec Athletic Association, in a personal interview* Toronto* January 10, 1965. 72

evident for the government sponsored, "third party” athletic awards.

The viewpoint of the federal government was expressed by Mr. Lou Lefaive,

Director of Sport Canada during the early part of the seventies:

The government has become involved in scholarships in an attempt to put sport, physical activity and physical recrea­ tion in another dimension. Our reasons for being in scholar­ ships is that we feel athletics is part of our culture. We subsidize other areas of culture, why not this one?97

The attitude of the federal government towards scholarships

became visible when third party assistance to student athletes became •

a reality, an action that was greeted with mixed emotions from coaches

and university officials.

The scholarship represented an aid to some coaches in terms of oft attracting student athleteB to their universities but Moriarty^ expressed

concern about the new arrangement. It was felt by Moriarty, as well as

others, that scholarships would hasten the commercialization of university

sport. Maury Van Vliet, a longtime educator and sport observer from the

University of Alberta, expressed another concern. Dr. Van Vliet sug­

gested that ninety per cent of the problems which we consider objec- 99 tionable are directly attributed to recruiting. There is still a good

deal of concern being expressed about the third party scholarships but

they are, indeed, a fact of life. Originally the government had sug­

gested that third party scholarships would eliminate the hard sell from

^Lou Lefaive, speech delivered to the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation in Waterloo, Ontario, June, 1971* 08 7 Dick Moriarty, Minutes of the Executive Council Meeting, Ontario Universities Athletic Association, Ottawa, August, 197^*

^Maury Van Vliet, Text of Presentation to Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Waterloo, Ontario, June, 1971, p. 6. 73 coaches but there is little evidence to support this has happened. It would appear with increased competition becoming more prevalent in univer­ sity sport that recruiting will increase as well and institutions that yearn for national honors will be doubling their efforts to achieve such distinction.

There is no doubt, however, that many students have been helped financially by the programme over the years.

Since the appointment of Mrs. Iona Campagnola as Minister of

State for Fitness and Amateur Sport, government participation in sport has not only continued but has accelerated. A working, green paper, produced by the Minister and the staff of Sport Canada caused much discussion during the winter of 1977 and the spring of 1978* The scope of government control in amateur sport and coaching would suggest less autonomy for universities and other sports organizations throughout the country. Mrs. Campagnola has stated: "The most critical technical problem facing Canadian amateur sport lies in the development of coaches for communities, schools and clubs and for international athletes.

It may also be important to consider the problem facing schools in that education is a matter of provincial Jurisdiction in Canada and this projection into university athletics will require some co-operation between federal and provincial governments.

The Conservative, Ontario government is not always in tune with the Liberal, federal administration nor are many of the other provinces and the implementation of Ottawa's policies in amateur sport will likely

^*iona Campagnola, A Working Paperk "Towards a National Policy on Amateur Sport," (Ottawa, Queen's Printer, March, 1978), p. 13. lh be a contentious Issue.

The working paper has produced a concern to university sport In that the paper proposes to expand funding to top athletes; funds that would Include university tuition fees.*0^ The fact that the paper identi­ fies mechanisms for offering monetary rewards to universities for the purpose of recruiting both student athletes and coaches is an even greater concern. The Canadian Council of Physical Education Administrators, in answer to the green paper, has commented through Dr. Uri Daniel, of the

University of Toronto: "Initiatives that reward a university to hire coaches, assign resources, and admit students according to criteria that are not primarily associated with its fundamental goals of higher educa- 102 tion are undesirable." The federal government's intentions in this area will certainly influence coaching and athletics at the university level if the working paper becomes legislation and is Implemented throughout the country.

General concern about coaching has been heightened by the report of a committee, set up in July of 1977, to study problems associated with international hockey. The committee was formed as a result of the adverse publicity surrounding Canada's participation at the World

Championships in Vienna in May of 1977* Senator Sidney L. Buckwold was asked to chair a committee of members of Parliament that included

Armond Caouette of the Social Credit Party, Roch LaSalle and

1MXbid.

^■®%ri Daniel, The Canadian Council of University Physical Educa­ tion Administrators, "Reaction to— Towards a National Policy on Amateur Sport," (mimeo) Toronto, November 22, 1978» p* Dr. Bruce Hal id ay of the Progressive Concsrvative Party, Stuart Leggatt of the New Democratic Party, Gus MacFarlane and Dr. Victor Railton of the

Liberal Party and Derek Holmes, former international player, coach and manager, to act as advisor to the committeeIt became apparent to the committee that disappointing performances by our national representatives have been aggravated by what is happening in Junior and minor hockey programmes in Canada. "Both are a reflection of the single minded development programmes for young hockey players in this country which are geared to the professional option. The committee also commented on the apparent lack of new and improved coaching techniques used by

Canadian international hockey coaches: "It appears that our methods of coaching have not, but for some notable exceptions, progressed beyond the early fifties."^** The report of the committee should have some far-reaching implications for amateur sport and coaching, particularly on the hockey scene. The committee based its many recommendations on briefs and suggestions received from over one hundred groups and individuals between June and October, 1977 and close to thirteen thousand question­ naires sent to Canadian citizensThe concern for Canada's inter­ national hockey image has given Canadians an opportunity to express their feelings about other sportB and the methods of coaching such activities.

This expression has proven to be a catalyst in forming the National

Coaching Certification Programme. For many years Canadians have been

^■^Sanada, "Report of the Committee on International Hockey," (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, February, 1978), p. 3.

10l4Ibid. 10^Ebid. 10^rbid. slov to recognize the importance of international atbletlc competition but

Iona Campagnola sees the issue quite clearly: "It is time that we clearly identify Canada's responsibility as well as the issues Canadians >107 feel are at stake when we compete at the international level.

The involvement of government in sport and coaching that has evolved over the years and has been reviewed in this chapter will help to establish some of the circumstances surrounding the development of the

National Coaching Certification Programme. It will be important to keep in mind these influences as the coaching process continues to expand in this country. In order to assist the reader* a table of important dates is presented in Table 2.

SUMMARY

The author has reviewed the involvement of the federal government in amateur sport and physical activity to provide an overview of the sporting scene in Canada during the early part of the twentieth century.

The review helps to establish the position of the government towards sport and physical education and reveals that little concern existed during that time.

The Strathcona Trust in 1909 and the Youth Training Act of 1939 provided some government aid in an attempt to encourage military drill and fitness among the youth of the nation. The Minister of National

Defense expressed concern about the health of the nation and the National

Physical Fitness Act was passed in 19**3. A National Council of Physical

lOTihe Silhouette. Hamilton, Thursday, March 16 , 1978. 77 Table 2

Important Dates

July 19. 19^3 - National Physical Fitness Act introduced in the House of Commons. National Council on Physical Fitness formed at this time.

June U, 195 *4 - National Physical Fitness Act repealed.

June 30, 1959 - Prince Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh, address to Canadian Medical Association.

September 29, 1961 - Bill C-131, An Act to encourage Fitness and Amateur Sport, passed by Parliament.

February 20, 19^9 - Hockey Canada established.

February 28, 1 9 6 9 - Report of the Task Force on Sports for Canadians presented to the Honorable John Munro, Minister, Department of National Health and Welfare.

March 20, 1970 - A Proposed Sports Policy for Canadians presented by John Munro, Minister, Department of National Health and Welfare.

February 19, 1971 - Coaching Association of Canada established, Mr. John Hudson appointed Executive Director and Lloyd Percival, Technical Co-ordinator.

October, 1971 - First International Symposium on the Art and Science of Coaching held in Toronto.

November, 1971 - The Quebec Conference, Canadian Council of Pro­ vincial Directors of Sport and Recreation. National Coaching Certification Programme identified.

April 8, 1972 - Valhalla Inn Conference, Toronto.

April 17, 1972 - First meeting of Steering Committee to develop a philosophical position.

May 8, 1972 - Completion of Position Paper by Sub-Committee of Steering Committee.

June 15, 1973 - Couchiching Conference, Orillia. Development of the subjects to be included in theoretical con­ tent of the Coaching Certification Programme. 78

Table 2 (continued)

September, 19 7U - Initial theory courses offered in Toronto and Hamilton. Programme becomes operational.

January, 1977 - National Coaching Certification Council established. 79 Education was created at the sane tine. Prince Phillip, the Duke of

Edinburgh challenged the Medical Association of Canada to improve

Canadian attitudes about fitness in 1999* and interest in the fitness of the nation increased.

Bill C-131, An Act to encourage Fitness and Amateur Sport vas established in 1 9 6 1 and became an important milestone for the development of amateur sport in Canada. As well, the Act established the National

Council on Fitness and Amateur Sport. Both John Munro and Marc Lalonde, in their portfolio &b Minister of National Health and Welfare, continued to provide government support for sport.

Two significant "at arms length" structures were developed in

Ottawa during the period of 1969-72. The two such organizations were

Hockey Canada and the Coaching Association of Canada.

Budgets increased dramatically during the early seventies and the Canada Games were inaugurated to provide a "Canadian Olympic setting."

The Arctic Winter Games and the Northern Games developed a year later and provided an opportunity to Canada's northern inhabitants to participate in competitive sport.

Iona Campagnola became the first Minister of State for Amateur

Sport in Canadian history and Montreal hosted the twenty-first Games of the Modern Olympics. Both historic happenings took place in 1976.

The chapter concludes with concern about Canada's image in international hockey competition} a theme that has been quite prominent for some years. Chapter U

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTIFICATION IN CANADA

The Dominion of Canada, made up of ten provinces and two territories, is governed by twelve separate administrative and political units and united by a centrally located federal administration in Ottawa,

Ontario. Each province, territory and the federal government itself produces its own work force to administer the sporting scene in their own Jurisdiction.

Presently, approximately eight-five national sport governing bodies and a similar number of units in the provinces are involved in representing the sporting scene in Canada. The structure, similar to the educational system of Canada, has autonomy within its own sphere of influence and is responsible to its own constituency. Such a structure would present many problems in attempting to form a truly national programme of coaching certification and indeed with everyone to be involved but not cooperating completely, the national concept would be in Jeopardy. 1

The recent interest and participation in a national certification programme is quite new to the sport governing bodies from the provinces and territories. Prior to the early seventies, few sports in Canada were involved with training and coaching programmes on a national level.

Statement by John Munro, Minister of National Health and Welfare, in a personal interview, Hamilton, Ontario, June, 1972.

80 81

Those that sponsored coaching clinics, as this type of coaching preparation vas often named, had little national organization in their planning. A1 Lundquist, a consultant to the Ontario Ministry of Sport, suggested that most clinics vere held vithin a particular section of the 2 country and usually dealt only with one particular sport governing body.

There vas little permanency to this type of workshop as money vas not always available on a continuing basis from sport governing bodies or from government sources. Each sporting agency dealt vlth its own programmes and so clinics were narrow in scope and seldom developed any in-depth, overall principles of coaching that applied to all sport.

During the late sixties, many individuals in Canada were quite anxious to talk about coaching problems and particularly about those that existed in Canada. The people who vere interested in pursuing the problems vere from education, government and the private sector and many

Canadians from all walks of life appeared concerned as well.

THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE ART AND SCIENCE OF COACHING

The first project of the Coaching Association of Canada occurred when the first International Symposium on Coaching was held in Toronto in October of 1971 during which time many individuals became interested and excited about the coaching scene in Canada. John Hudson, who had been appointed the first executive director of the newly-formed Coaching

Association of Canada in February, 1971, urged those attending to

t become actively involved in trying to create a situation in Canada that

2 A1 Lundquist, "Memorandum, Ministry of Community and Social Services," Toronto, Ontario, August, 1972* A1 Lundquist was a consultant to the Ontario Government during 1970-73. The memorandum vas to Gordon Smith, responsible for the coaching certification pilot study in Ontario. 82 would produce an organized, national structure. Lloyd Percival, a prominent track and field coach and an early researcher in Canadian sport, expressed a similar opinion mixed with Impatience and some dismay as to why Canadians always took so long in attending to national problems in amateur sport. Percival revealed that he had spoken to a number of provincial end federal government representatives and they too felt the time had come to act.. A meeting in November had been discussed in order to deal with the problem of training coaches within their jurisdictional li ranks.

The International Symposium on the Art and Science of Coaching brought together many prominent scholars, athletes and educators, and this meeting possibly did more to recognize the need for a re-organization of coaching in Canada than any previous gathering had accomplished. At the closing banquet Dr. Thomas Tutko suggested the symposium was an exciting 5 start in an attempt to re-organize the Canadian coaching scene.

During the symposium, Dr. Miroslav Vanek, the noted sport's psychologist from Czechoslovakia, told the gathering of close to a hundred and fifty people that the International Symposium on the

Art and Science of Coaching was the first major step for all

Canadians in achieving success in the 1976 Olympic Games to be

^Statement by Lloyd Percival, Technical Director, Coaching Association of Canada, in a personal interview, Toronto, October, 1971.

UIbid.

^Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Art and Science of Coaching, Toronto, The Coaching Association of Canada, Vol. I (Oct. 1-5, 1972), p. 12. 83 held In Montreal.^ The contributions of so many prominent people such 7 8 9 as Dr. Bryant Cratty, Dr. Per-Oiaf Astrand, Dr. Ernst Jokl,

Mr. Gordie Hove,^ and a host of prominent athletes, vithout doubt, produced a feeling of accomplishment among almost everyone attending this meeting. The topics ranged from stress in the athlete to the personality of the coach and reflected a unique co-operative effort involving business, government, national sports governing bodies, researchers and athleteB alike.

The financing of the symposium vas supplied by the Mutual Life

Assurance Company of Canada, who contributed fifty thousand dollards.

This attitude and participation by the Mutual Life had begun in February of 1 9 7 1* A committee vas formed of seventeen representatives from various segments of the Mutual Life Company who discussed a special report vhich had been prepared on the historical and present relation­ ship of business to sport in Canada. 1 * 1 Lloyd Percival, at the time the Technical Director of the Coaching Association of Canada, yorked closely vith the Mutual Life Company to evaluate the organizational structures and to help plan the programme for the symposium.

6 Ibid. 7 'Dr. Cratty, Director, Perceptual Motor Learning Laboratory and Professor of Physical Education, University of California, Los Angeles. Q Dr. Astrand, Professor, Department of Physiology, Svedish College of Physical Education, Stockholm, Sweden. 9 Dr. Jokl, University of Kentucky, President, Research Com­ mittee, International Council of Sport and Physical Education.

10Gordie Hove, Detroit Red Wings, one of the most outstanding players in the history of the National Hockey League.

^Proceedings of the Symposium, op. cit., p. 10. 6U

Mr. Lou Lefaive, 12 on behalf of the Fitness and Amateur Sport Directorate vas able to provide a thirty thousand dollar subsidy and as veil, produced organizational assistance for the planning of the symposium.

In 1970, the need for a national coaching development plan vas apparent and through the interest and persistance of Lloyd Percival, the

Canadian Olympic Association and its Olympic Trust Fund organization approved a plan to deal vith the development of coaching in Canada.

When the Coaching Association of Canada vas organized in 1971» members of the executive of the Canadian Olympic Association met and decided to deal vith the problem in conjunction vith the Coaching

Association. Through the Technical Director, Lloyd Percival, it vas arranged that the C.A.C. assume the responsibility for the overall technical and organizational aspects of the symposium. This plan vas then approved by the Coaching Association of Canada's Technical Com­ mittee under the chairmanship of Father Marcel de la Sablonniere. It vas decided to go ahead vith the symposium and vith the help of the

Mutual Life Assurance Company and the grant from Fitness and Amateur

Sport, the symposium came to be. It vas also agreed that Lloyd Percival vould be given the direct responsibility of organizing all groupB and that this gathering vould be held at the Fitness Institute in Toronto during the first veek of October, 1971. The organization and adminis­ trative details became the responsibility of John Hudson, Executive

Director of the Coaching Association, and his liaison did much to ensure the success of the symposium vhen it vas eventually held.

^ o u Lefaive, vas the Director of the Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch of the Department of National Health and Welfare, during the time of the symposium. 85

THE QUEBEC CONFERENCE

Not a month had gone by from the gathering at the Fitness

Institute when the Council of the Provincial Directors of Sport and

Recreation in Canada met in historic Quebec City. It vaB there that the first permanent settlement of the French occurred in Canada in the year 13 1608 under the leadership of Samuel Champlain. It vas there, as well, that General Wolfe and his British forces defeated General Montcalm and the French; cm epic battle that changed the history of the country. This historic and beautiful city provided a most rewarding and relaxed atmosphere for the important meeting that took place. During the meeting of the Council each province reported on the programmes that vere operating within their boundaries and many agreed sport would be enhanced vere it not for the lack of qualified and organized coaches. It was also apparent that each province vas funding sport leadership clinics that vere not speaking directly to a national certification plan. During the Quebec City conference the need for a national plan vas identified by the representatives from Ontario and led by Bob Secord, this province presented a model to the delegates for a coaching certification programme lU that vould be national in scope. The Ontario group, armed with

13 C. E. Phillips, The Development of Education in Canada. (Toronto: W. J. Gage and Co., 1957)* p. 3.

lUStatement by Bob Secord, Director of Sport and Recreation, Province of Ontario, in a personal interview, Toronto, Ontario, May 2, 1973. 86 encouragement frcm the meeting in 'La Belle Province' initiated a pilot project to establish if amateur coaches vould be receptive to learning theoretical subjects such as physiology, motor learning, sport psychology and sport medicine in order to upgrade the coaching aspects of amateur sport.

Following the Quebec conference a small coaching committee, representing recreational personnel, university teachers, sport governing bodies and members of the provincial government of Ontario met to discuss the proposed project. Eventually, over one hundred coaches representing five sport governing bodies Joined the Ontario group and met on April 8,

1972 at the Valhalla Inn, Toronto.^ The sport governing bodies present at this meeting represented lacrosse, soccer, swimming, football and track and field. The individuals attending began discussing the need for an effective communication method between the sources of information and the community at large. Four groups vere initiated and the challenge to each was to brainstorm the problem and come up with as many and diverse solutions as possible. The first priority of the groups involved vas to come forward vith a vehicle by which the information vould be transported.

When the four groups reconvened,the combination of ideas produced a number of salient points. It vas felt that the dissemination of information

Bhould not only travel from top to bottom, but should, as well, go from bottom to top, thus producing a continuous flow of ideas. A degree of centralization vas held to be a major consideration so that the problems

* could easily be identified. Believing that the coaching expertise and

^Minutes of the Conference on Hov to Develop More Effective Amateur Coaching, Toronto, Ontario (April 8, 1972). The Minutes vere sent out and edited by A1 Lundquist, Physical Recreation Consultant, Youth and Recreation Branch, Ontario Ministry of Community Services. Interest often originated with educators and parents It became evident that a central unit vas needed to service all participants. It vas agreed that the Ontario Branch of Youth and Recreation vas a suitable central unit as a starting point and frcm there information could and should be delivered to the sport governing bodies, on to the coaches and educa­ tional sections and eventually to the grass roots.

The delegates suggested that methods used by the Red Cross and the Drug Addiction Foundation be studied and copied, where possible, as their ways of dispensing information had been quite successful. A direct face to face approach within a structure of cllnicB and forums vas felt to be the most effective means of contact in local areas and that the certification process, in order to establish and upgrade standards, vould be best suited to this type of format. A problem that caused con­ siderable thought vas one of determining a definition of the purpose of sport within the province and much debate took place on this question. It vas agreed a philosophy of sport vas, in essence, a philosophy of coach­ ing and so the tvo should always be consistent. The delegates vere in firm agreement that the goal of the project, in terms of a philosophy of coaching, should be to encourage the full participation and involvement of the masses. The spin-off of dealing vith the grass roots vould be that excellence vould be a product of total participation. This vas assuming that the participants vould not only be talented but that the instructional methods vould be effective. A1 Lundquist emphasized the key concept of the philosophy would be that it should be uniform from the sand lot to the Olympic Games; a philosophy that should encompass 88

all and exclude none.1** Tine vould prove this philosophy to be a most

difficult one to Implement.

The certification vas best thought to be managed by a technical

committee but In order to bring the model to fruition as soon as possible,

a steering committee vas selected to develop the major ideas put forth at

the conference. The first meeting of the Steering Committee vas program­ med for April 17» 1972 at 559 Jarvis Street in Toronto, the home of the

Administrative Centre for the Ontario Sports Governing Bodies.

The membership of the Steering Committee included Ross Earl,

Jim McClements and Dr. John Richardson, all teachers; Adam Fisher, an executive director; Tony Weatherall and Bob Farrov, recreational, technical directors; Andy Higgins, track coach from the University of

Toronto and Marilyn Savage, the national women's gymnastic coach. As veil, Dave Whitson, an athlete and A1 Lundquist from the Youth and

Recreation Branch, Joined the committee.

As in most committees, the time and effort spent by the members involved is often overlooked. In the case of the Steering Committee, the hundreds of hourB spent in getting the coaching certification programme off the ground by the members of the committee vas a huge administrative chore and vithout this dedicated effort, little may have been accomplished in the years that followed.

The Steering Committee met for the first time, as planned, on

April 17, 1972 and it was decided that the philosophical and administrative

^Statement by A1 Lundquist, in a personal interview, Toronto, March 26, 1975* policies should be developed as soon as possible.

To handle these delicate problems, a sub-committee vas formed and asked to report back to the Steering Committee by early May with 17 written proposals. This was a huge task to be completed in only two or three weeks. Another small group of administrators vas appointed during the April IT meeting and it was decided this group should come together on May 9 and attempt to produce ways and means of administering the 18 programme.

On April 20, the first sub-committee meeting was held and the tedious task of defining and producing the philosophy began. By May 9* the second meeting of the Steering Committee took place and a firBt draught of a position paper was presented to the membership. The sub- 19 committee on structure also reported at this meeting.

Meetings of the sub-committees occurred in Toronto on May 17 and

May 30 and on the 29th of June a third Steering Committee meeting was held to review the recommendations of the sub-committees on structural design and a philosophical position. Two other meetings followed on

July U and July 11 and aB a result of the findings in terns of struc­ tural design, seven sub-committees were identified as being necessary to provide a comprehensive programme to Improve amateur coaching. On

July 17 the sub-committees were designated as follows:

1. Universities and Colleges, John Richardson, Chairman

17 'Minutes of Steering Committee Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, April 17, 1972. 18ibid. IQ 'Minutes of Steering Committee Meeting, No. 2, Toronto, Ontario, May 9, 1972. 90 2. Media Relations, Adam Fisher, Chairman

3. Coaching Development Plan, Bob Farrov and E. B. Bishop

(members)

14 . Administrative Development, Dave Skinner, Bryce Taylor,

Steve Tacher, Juri Daniel, Carol Ann Letheren (members)

5. Coaching Institute, A1 Lundquist (Chairman), Marilyn Savage,

Andy Higgins, Dave Whitson, John Richardson, Bertie Walker and

John Flynn (members)

6. Coaching Resources, Mel Baird (Chairman)

7. Curriculum, Terry Roberts (Chairman)

A conference design committee involving A1 Lundquist and

John Flynn vas established, as veil, to facilitate future conferences as

it vas hoped that two or three meetings could be organized by the end of 20 January, 1973.

THE POSITION PAPER

After several meetings the sub-committee wrote to the Steering

Committee on May 8, 1972, to inform them that the initial draught of a

position paper on sport for Ontario had been completed.

A memorandum from Andy Higgins and the sub-committee selected to

develop the position paper, vas sent to the Steering Committee on

June 29, 1972.21 The paper vas quite important during this early planning period in that it clearly set forth the philosophy of vhy *

29MinuteB of Steering Committee Meeting, No. 5, Toronto, Ontario, July 17, 1972.

^Memorandum from Andy Higgins and sub-committee presenting position paper on philosophical questions. Sent to the Steering Com­ mittee, June 29, 1972. 91 people might participate in sport within the Province of Ontario and how coaches should relate to their players. The paper discussed the philo­ sophical stance of the committee in terms of how they saw the coach- player relationship developing.

The position paper spoke to the "why" of sport on the basis that this belief created a clear understanding and that the "why" of sport was necessary before anyone could make specific suggestions for action. The paper pointed out: "Everyone wants more effective coaches, but what we mean and profess to mean by effective will affect profoundly the manner 22 in which we try to develop them."

The deep concern of the sub-committee vas to develop a paper that vas related to people and to a system that Bpoke to all and not a select few and, indeed, to put the fun and enjoyment of effort back into amateur athletics and coaching. The sub-committee of Higgins, Lundquist,

Whitson and McClements agreed in their presentation that "the central theme will have to be enjoyment centered; it will have to relate to the quality of the individual's experience, non professional sport must be allowed to 23 remain a very personal thing. It is for the people who play." The paper also emphasized that the athlete must be free of the burden of having to win to feel enjoyment and deplored the attitude of many coaches "that winning is the only thing." The relationship of the coach and the athlete is very interestingly brought to light by the following:

22 Position Paper, Sub-Committee Report, June 29, 1972, p. 1.

23Ibid., p. 2. 92 It may be true that coaches have achieved at least short­ term successes with some athletes by spurring them to greater efforts vlth sneers and jibes. These athletes may even have discovered richer to unrealized capacities through this experience. It may be more effective however, and certainly more acceptable to and, hence, more constructive for many, many athletes at all levels, to augment these coaches with coaches who are so deeply concerned to risk and grow them­ selves as they function as facilitation for growth.

If coaches are to support, encourage and facilitate rather than retard the development of their athletes, they must be real, authentic, genuine persons and not role players, manipulators or the like. They will need to demonstrate in a personal life style that they really care and are real, sensi­ tive, aware and sympathetic to the humanity of athletes as they experience the Joy, pain, anxiety, fear, frustration and excitement all of which are inherent in the sporting experience.21*

Recognizing sport to be one of the human forces that function to free and actualize individuals, the committee affirmed that the libera­ tion of the human spirit is within the grasp of an individualized humanistic approach to the sport.The thrust of the paper was essen­ tially a "Bill of Rights" for athletes and a rejection of coaching practices of the past; certainly a refreshing breeze on the sometimes turbulent waters of organized sport. Time will tell if such an ideal, philosophic concept can survive in a very competitive society.

The philosophy of the position paper thus produced an encourage­ ment for the athlete to progress according to his own desires and to ensure that the development programmes would not be a training system which would mould all participants in the same likeness. The last paragraph pin-pointed the essence of the paper:

The kind of commitment required to reach the top in most* sports today cannot be supplied to a reluctant athlete by a coach or anyone else. Few people will continue to train as

2U * Ibid., p. 3. 25Ibid., p. 4. 93 long and hard as Is necessary unless they have a spontaneous will to excell which stems from their own genuine enjoyment of the activity. The boy or girl who is welcomed and encouraged and allowed to enjoy an activity on his or her own terms, may be the one who later develops the motivation and skill to become very good. This should not really matter though, for if we truly enjoy sport ourselves, we should be eager to encourage others to experience the same sort of satisfaction and pleasure we have found, regardless of whether or not they become great athletes and great adver­ tisements for Canadian sport. People who have thus had an opportunity to enjoy friendly physical activity, who have found themselves welcomed within the structure of organized sport whatever their initial levels of skill and motivation, may want to share their love and knowledge of the sport with others and will become the sensitive and enthusiastic coach each sport needs so keenly.2°

On June 15, A1 Lundquist wrote to the Steering Committee to

Inform them of a June 29 meeting. The purpose of the meeting vas to finalize the position paper. Lundquist noted some problems on procedural matters had arisen but John Richardson had settled the diffi­ culties.^ Another meeting vas called for July 11, at Sport Ontario headquarters in Toronto, and a review of models, worked out by 28 Richardson and Lundquist was presented.

The Steering Committee, during the summer meetings of 1972, identified seven areas pertaining to the further development of a more comprehensive coaching programme for the province of Ontario. A sub­ committee vas established in each area, as reported in the July 17 meeting, and in order to communicate with all concerned a series of three conferences vas proposed. The first vas to take place in October,

26Ibid., p. I*.

^Correspondence from A1 Lundquist to the Steering Committee, Toronto, Ontario, June 15, 1972. pQ Correspondence from A1 Lundquist to the Steering Committee, Toronto, Ontario, July 5, 1972. to bring together university and college people so as to determine their involvement* to present the other models and to complete an evaluation of the project. The second conference, also in October, vas to bring together representatives of the sport governing bodies to suggest administrative procedures, present the other models and evaluate the progress to date. The final and summary conference vas to be convened in January, 1973. The purpose of the third conference vas to reassemble the members of the original, April 8, conference so as to bring everyone into focus vith vhat had been done by the Steering Committee and the various sub-ccmmlttees. A final examination of the models vas, of course, 29 a primary consideration for this meeting. As part of the planning for the last conference to be held in January of 1973, A1 Lundquist and the members of his sub-committee drew up a summary chart. The chart outlined the work accomplished by the Ontario project to date as veil as outlining the conferences that were to follow (see Chart 2).

THE NATIONAL MODEL

The results of the pilot project produced by the Ontario group were presented to the Provincial Directors' Council in the early spring of 1973. The council agreed that an upgrading of coaching and a certifi­ cation programme was a national concern and felt strongly that the pilot project should be expanded to include other provinces. The council sub­ sequently asked the province of Ontario to continue its development so « that the offerings of the programme would be available in both English

2%bid. 95 Chart 2

Chart Illustrating Work Accomplished to Date Through Various Models and Upcoming Conferences

Coaching Coaching Institute Curriculum Resource Model--- - Model — •Package

STEERING COMMITTEE Developed position paper Proposed and identified 7 major Universities areas of concentration Coaching and Identifying sub-committee members Development Colleges for each area Plan Will provide screening and con­ sultation for each area Each model area vill have steering committee member

* Media< •Administrative Model Development Model

CONFERENCE A (OCT. 1972) Representation: Functions: - universities - vhat are they willing to - community colleges provide re leadership? - evaluation of model sub­ committee findings and suggestions

CONFERENCE B (OCT. 1972) Repres entation; Functions: - S.G.B. Executives - present completed models - S.G.B. Coaches and - see where S.G.B. see Directors themselves assisting

CONFERENCE C (JAN. 1973) Representation; Functions: - Conference A and B - present all models - Organizations affected - evaluate and ratify by programmes - identify implementation steps 96 and French, and vould be easily implemented in each of the provinces and

territories.

The Province of Ontario, with assistance from the Coaching

Association of Canada, began in earnest to develop a model for coaching

that vould include all Canadians interested in amateur sport. 31 Mr. Cor Westland, Executive Director of Recreation Canada, agreed to provide ninety thousand dollars as part of a one hundred and fifty

thousand dollar budget to develop level one of the programme. The design of the model was to be based on the following assumptions:

1. That, with other training, coaches would better perform their role of relating to the needs of their athletes if they had a working

knowledge of the theoretical concepts upon which the skills and drills were based. They should also have a knowledge of the methods and relation­

ships which lead to optimum learning and performance of these skills.

2. That a number of aspectB of coaching were common to the

large majority of sport activities. Therefore, the subject areas chosen

in the theory section vould be applicable to coaches and instructors of

a variety of sports, and would be taught in such a manner as to be

relative to coaches involved in both the community and institutional

sport scene.

3. That, because there are common elements from one sport to

another, learning these elements could easily be accomplished by having

coaches share their experiences with one another, allowing for maximum

transfer of knowledge.

^Correspondence from A1 Lundquist to the Steering Committee, Toronto, Ontario, July 10, 1972. 97

1*. That a method vas needed to allow the coach and the sport association to evaluate the implementation of the theoretical knowledge and the sport-specific facts.

5. That more difficult and advanced knowledge was required by coaches as they became more involved vlth their sport.

6. That the type of knowledge required vould differ with the age, group and type of athlete and level of performance expected.

7. That use must be made of existing areas of expertise available in Canada (top educators and experts from the technical side of each sport).

8. That the model must take into account the existing structure of sport in Canada.

9. That the system of implementation make the programme available to all coaches across Canada.

10. Most importantly, that coaches at all levels had a tremendous influence over attitudes and skills developed by young people, which not only affected their activities in sport during the formative years but w also carried on in their attitudes and activities during adulthood.

Consequently, a model was produced which consisted of;

A. Three components

1. Theory - to understand the concepts and principles of

coaching

2. Technical - to understand the specific skills, drills

and strategies of a sport

32The assumptions were provided by the Steering Committee (mimeo) and developed as a result of the position paper presented to the Council of Provincial Directors of Recreation, March, 1973. 98

3. Practical - to apply the knovledge gained in theory and

technical areas.

B . Five levels

1. Levels 1 - 3 leading to certification as a provincial

coach

2. Level 1+ leading to certification as a national coach

3. Level 5 leading to certification as an international

coach.

The overall plan, in terms of operation of the programme,

designated each provincial government the responsibility for the imple­ mentation of levels 1-3, since it vas believed that the provinces

vould benefit most by training these people. Levels U and 5 vould be

the responsibility of the federal government.

The objectives of this model vere quite specific and the

Steering Committee deemed the priorities to be:

1. To promote and develop excellence in coaching in Canada at

all levels;

2. To motivate coaches tovard the advancement of their personal knovledge;

3. To Introduce coacheB to nev dimensions of effective coaching;

U. To teach the coach to understand, diagnose and improve the 33 sport performance of athletes.

At this point in time, the Steering Committee had been somevhat

slov in their vork*. Gordon Smith, one of the originators of the

^^Recommendations of the Steering Committee to the Council of Provincial Directors of Recreation, March, 1973. 99

coaching concept and responsible to the Ontario Director of Recreation

for its development, decided to contact Dr. John Richardson, of the

University of Western Ontario, in order to speed up the programme. As a

result, the Steering Committee did not meet again in its original com- 3U position; a recommendation of the Steering Committee to Gord Smith.

THE COUCHICHINQ CONFERENCE

After almost a year of tedious vork, the Steering Committee had

indeed produced a position paper but, in truth, progress had been slower

than expected. It appeared, in Gord Smith's mind, and to others that a

more direct thrust vas needed to get the programme off the ground and a

conference vas held at Orillia, Ontario at the Ontario Provincial 35 Leadership Camp on Lake Couchiching, in June of 1973* A series of

lectures highlighted the meetings in which John Richardson lectured the

group on the subject of motor learning. Dr. Howard Green, from the

University of Waterloo, spoke about exercise physiology and Professor

Garry Smith, from the University of Western Ontario, lectured the group

on sport psychology. The late Don Hayes, from the University of

Waterloo, spoke, as veil, on the subject of sport medicine. The

enthusiasm from the many coaches in attendance vas quite apparent and a 36 coaching model vas discussed with the delegates at this time. With the

original effort of A1 Lundquist's Steering Committee from which to vork

^Statement by Gordon Smith in a personal interview, Toronto, March 17, 1976. Gordon Smith is the Co-crdinator for Sport and Recreation, Fitness Branch, Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Province of Ontario.

^Minutes of Meeting, Ontario Sports Governing Bodies, June, 1973.

^Statement by John Richardson in a personal interview, Ottawa, September 9* 1976. 100 and vlth the nev thrust towards developing a coaching model, the Ontario

Ministry of Culture and Recreation signed John Richardson to a contract.

Richardson's mandate vas to fully develop the coaching model. The con­ cept of the model vas accepted by all concerned, namely: The Council of

Provincial Directors of Sport and Recreation, the governments of the other provinces and territories, Sport Canada, Recreation Canada, the

Coaching Association of Canada, and the national and provincial sport governing bodies.

Richardson and Smith then brought together a number of physical * 37 education experts who began the vork of developing the model. The needs of the coaches were determined through surveys conducted in a variety of communities such as the sport governing bodies, the Y.M.C.A. and the universities and colleges. As a result of these findings, eight subjects were selected to form the theoretical content of the programme.

These subjects represented both the socio-psychological and blo-physlcal relationships to coaching. The subjects were:

1. The Role of the Coach

2. Psychology of Coaching

3. Motor Learning

U. Sport Medicine

5. Biamechanics

6. Growth and Development

7. Exercise Physiology

8. Training Methods

The decision to develop the eight chosen areas had been taken

37 'Statement by Bob Secord in a personal interview, Toronto, August 21, 1976. John Richardson is presently with Recreation Canada. 101 38 only after much deliberation* A number of other areas had been talked about such as history of sport, evaluation and measurement, and a study of statistical analysis. However, it vas decided that some of these areas would be "nice to know" but the pressing need vas not, at the moment, in such offerings. It was also of paramount importance not to produce such a time-consuming offering at level one that might make it difficult and at times almost impossible for beginning coaches to attend 39 the workshops.

The development of the programme received a significant positive thrust when Dr. John Richardson vas contracted, by the Ontario government, to develop the coaching certification aodel. Dr. Richardson, vas employed by Recreation Canada and vas an experienced veteran in sport administration from the University of Western Ontario and well lin stilted for the task ahead. The first priority vas to select a group of experts to write the sections Involving the eight theory areas. The criteria used in selecting the writers required those selected to possess a strong educational background as well as consider­ able knowledge of the organization of sport, particularly amateur sport, in Canada. It vas also deemed important that the individuals selected have had a successful coaching experience and that representa­ tion on this committee include both female and male specialists.

qQ Statement by Gordon Smith in a personal interview, Toronto, May 9, 1976. 39 *k Report to the Provincial Directors' Council for Sports and Recreation, from the sub-committee on coaching certification, May, 1976. liO Statement by Lou Lefaive, correspondence, July 20, 1977. 102

Many physical educators and coaches were considered during the

selection period and the final list only reflects the calibre of the group that eventually were asked to begin the task of vrltlng. The selections did not produce the male-female percentage that Ideally had been predicted, and Mrs. Carol Ann Letheren of York University vas appointed as the only female representative on the panel of writers.

Mrs. Letheren took over as chairperson in the area of the Role of the

Coach with a sub-committee composed of Dr. Bryce Taylor and

Dr. Ronald Burke, both from York University. The University of Ottawa supplied Dr. Terry Orlick as the chairperson in Sport Psychology with sub-committee members, Dr. Thomas Ryan of Carleton and Dr. Len Wankel of the University of Waterloo completing this team. The late Don Hayes chaired the Sport Medicine area and Bob Noxman of Waterloo took over the Blo-mechanic responsibilities. It vas a.great loss to all concerned when a heart attack took the life of Don Kayes, Just as the programme began to come alive in 1976. Chairing the Exercise Physiology section vas Howard Green of Waterloo, and the Training Methods section was ably directed by Bob Eynon from the University of Western Ontario, assisted by the University of Ottawa's James Thoden. Thus, the slate of experts was completed.

An Important addition, Bob Wiele, an adult education expert, vas contracted to supply the liaison required when dealing with less experienced coaches who may not have had an extensive educational experience. This particular approach helped to produce materials, in Ul the final form, that were easily understood by the participating coaches.

^^Statement by Gordon Smith in a personal interview, Toronto September, 1977. 103

IDENTIFICATION AND DESIGN

The first effort of the group was to attempt to identify the objectives of each level and it was determined after some lengthy con­ sideration, that level one should be the introductory and motivational aspect of the programme. Subsequently, the materials would provide basic information that the prospective coach could apply to his or her teach­ ing. It was also felt, at this formative period of time, to be quite important to expose the coach to the broad subject areas of the programme and thus motivate the candidates to learn more and more about coaching from every possible direction.

Level two was designed to be more factual and detailed. At this level, a coach would become more involved in the "nitty-gritty" of the real learning process and the methodology would consist of many work- U2 shops that would provide practical application opportunities.

Level three, it was deemed, would be more specialized and materials would be designed around the specific needs of the sport involved. At this time, consultations with the sport governing bodies were important so that input on topics could be more directly related to an individual sport.

LevelB four and five were to be directed towards integrated theory and technical areas befitting an experienced, senior coach. The purpose, as well, was to certify experienced coaches for national and international competition.

ilO Terry Valeriote, The National Coaching Development Programme (Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation, March, 1977)* p. 3. 101+

Having decided upon these objectives, it then became the responsibility of each chairperson and the respective committees to conceptualize the framework of each area. Once the subject material was identified, the introductory level was written under the guidance of

John Richardson and Bob Wiele. The areas under consideration were coordinated in such a fashion as to produce a uniform style and one that produced common themes across the level.

Each committee had the responsibility to produce audio-visual materials such as filmB and slides in addition to a coach's manual.

The manual, for the use of the instructional staff, contained the detailed accumulation of each subject area, and included:

1. The objectives of each module

2. The content of each module

3. Detailed methodologies of each class

U. Summary of notes

5. A copy of the film and slide scripts.

After a year of strenuous effort, John Richardson moved to a position with the federal government as the Manager of Domestic Sport in

Canada, and finally to Recreation Canada, and although he was still be be involved with various aspects of the certification process, his departure left a void in the Ontario expertise. Thus, the responsibility for co­ ordinating and overseeing the level two materials became the challenge of Bob Wiele, the adult education expert who, along with Richardson, had been instrumental in the planning process from the beginning. 105 jio In the summer of 1973» Terry Valeriote J became the Ontario co­ ordinator of the certification programme when A1 Lundquist11** resigned his position, and with this change, the planning and development continued.

Further discussions ensued at a provincial sport governing body meeting held in Toronto, on September 3, 1973.**^ Some difficulties arose during this meeting as not all bodies supported the efforts being produced.

Nonetheless, on June 1, 1971*, the Provincial Directors' Council met in

Edmonton and with the aid of a series of slide presentations, the model vas again explained in great detail with particular emphasis on the con­ tent of each of the eight subject areas contained in the level one theory.

Once again it was agreed by all that a coaching programme was the number one priority and development was to continue until levels one, two and three of the model were completed. It may be seen, at this time, that after much work and planning, the programme was still some distance away from completion, a situation that worried Gordon Smith.

Gordon Smith and his co-workers, however, expressed renewed determination to continue their efforts and left the meeting in realistic but

ho JTerry Valeriote. The addition of Mr. Valeriote as co-ordinator proved to be a catalyst to the programme, as this young man worked tirelessly for the successful completion of the programme.

^ A l Lundquist, At this point in time, summer, 1973, A1 Lundquist moved to the School of Physical Education and Athletics, McMaater University,

.^Report of Meeting of Provincial Sport Governing Bodies of Ontario, Toronto, September 3, 1973.

**^Report of Meeting of Provincial Directors' Council on Sport and Recreation, Edmonton, June, 1971*. 106 h i optimistic spirits.

The actual delivery of the theory courses became an immediate concern during 1973 and the sub-committees developed a system that allowed coaches of different sports to come together for classes rather than Isolating each sport. The format of the small classes vas varied in order to keep Interest at as high a level as possible and depending on particular circumstances, the courses were made flexible enough so as to be able to operate once or twice a week and on weekends, if required.

The major thrust at this stage of instruction was to eliminate cramming, as there was a great deal of information to learn and many of the attending Individuals had been away from study routines for some time.

It vas agreed to keep costs as low as possible for the partici­ pants in level one and a fee of five dollars vas the only financial obligation imposed upon the coaches participating. No final examination was to be held at this level. Both Richardson and Wiele felt this arrangement to be most Important, and a passing grade was thus based upon attendance; full attendance at all sessions. Levels two and three, along with four and five, were to include testing procedures before certification vas granted. The methods of measurement and evaluation for these, however, were still to be formalized. The sub­ committees also suggested that the delivery of courses should take place within an educational environment such as universities, colleges and high schools; this requirement thus producing the desirable classroom setting and a background, as well, that might stimulate the coaches in attendance.

h i ‘Statement by Gordon Smith, in a personal interview, Toronto, July 5, 197U. 107

DESIGH OF TECHNICAL ABEAS

The Province of Ontario had accepted the responsibility of developing the first three theory levels but the authority for the design of the technical packages vas inherited by the national sport governing agencies in conjunction with their provincial cousins.

With the assistance of the Coaching Association of Canada, each sport governing body, in relation to the development of the technical aspects, selected five- or six-person committees of the best available technicians in Canada. Funds, enabling these groups to meet several times during the year, were provided by Sport Canada, through a grant sponsored by the federal government and issued to the sport governing bodies by the Coaching Association. It vas in this fashion that the UB funding and development of the technical areas vere accomplished.

The Technical Director of the Coaching Association, Geoff Govan, and his staff provided direction to the committees enabling them to produce the technical materials. Initially, each sport vas requested to determine vhat the expectations vould be for the coach completing level one as veil as the future requirements from those seeking certification at the higher levels. In thiB fashion, the contents vere developed sequen­ tially according to the pre-determined goals.

The sport governing bodies developed their technical packages to coincide vlth the five levels of theory and the times allocated for each technical course vere basically of the same duration as those offered in the theory instruction. The various sports involved vere,

lift Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation, "Policies re National Coaching Development Programmes," Toronto, June, 1973* 108 thus, applying the general theory principles directly to the sport- specific package. An integrative approach was achieved, in this manner, in both the technical and theoretical offerings. It should be pointed out that Geoff Govan did much to see that the integration of the theory and the technical components continued to function and a studious attention on his part, to the liaison with all concerned, helped a great deal to solidify this concept.

The technical areas involved history of a particular sport, in some instances, as well as course work in administration, skills of the sport, teaching techniques, strategy of the game and planning for practices. Each sport governing body, in addition to developing the content of the techni­ cal side of the programme, was responsible for the training of its own instructors as well as evaluating them. As well, each sport produced its own audio-visual and written materials in the same way that the theory component had been developed. Financial assistance, once again, was

]iQ supplied by the Coaching Association of Canada. '

It is important to document that each sport governing body in Canada is an autonomous organization and although each sport is generally in agree­ ment with the overall aims and objectives of the certification programme, they are in no way compelled to conform to rules and regulations that might be contrary to their own thinking. Minimum age requirements may vary from sport to sport as could the number of levels involved in certification as well as evaluation techniques. This individual concern of each sport

ho 'Statement by Roger Jackson, Director of Sport Canada in a personal interview, Ottawa, September 11, 1977* Dr* Jackson, in 1978, moved to Calgary to become the Dean of the Faculty of Physical Education at the University of Calgary. 109 governing body has produced a somewhat difficult position for the certifi­ cation programme in terms of central authority. The autonomy of each sport governing body to run its own business has, on the other hand, been a benefit for those coaches interested only in their own sphere of influence. It should be remembered, as well, that the provincial sport governing agencies held the responsibility to deliver courses for levels one, two and three and that the national sport governing bodies would dictate the operation of the fourth and fifth levels. The provincial units, however, were expected to relate very closely with their national parent, counterparts. Some bodies placed emphasis upon different areas of the programme but most found a reasonable compromise to the varieties of approach and philosophy.

PRACTICUM AND EVALUATION

This area was intended to be the testing ground for the success or failure of the National Coaching Development Programme and although coaches would receive instruction on how best to coach their athletes, the real test would come when he or she actually took a team into competition. The results of the competition, not in the number of games won, but in the manner in which the team performed, would be the final evaluation of the coach.

Where sport governing bodies are small in number, it is a relatively simple matter for provincial administrations to evaluate coaching performance by on-the-scene evaluation. However, a difficulty presents itself when sports, such, as hockey, have a very large number of coaches involved; it thus becomes almost physically impossible for one or two people to personally evaluate each coach. The solution to this 110 particular problem could be, in part, to have local volunteers trained to evaluate according to pre-determined criteria. A good deal of organi­

zational work is thus essential in order to establish a reliable and valid procedure for each sport. This method of evaluation is essential and is one of the ways that poor quality coaches may be discovered and identified to receive additional assistance. Sport governing bodies, thus, often set guidelines for their own particular area in terms of age factors, ability and numbers involved in their programmes. As a general guideline, the length of time permitted to complete level one was set at one year. Three years of education were designated at the second level and it was felt that a five-year period would be appropriate for the level three involvement.

For a coach to receive certification at any one level, it was felt the individual should complete the theory, technical and practical components of that level. All of the provincial participating bodies agreed that this standard was desirable. The recommendations stated, as well, that coaches should take the general theory courses with coaches from other sports, move to a sport-specific technical course and finally proceed to the practical area prior to graduating to the next level of the programme.

Since it would not always be possible, nor practical, for a coach to complete the requirements in this manner, the individual might move vertically, either through theory or technical levels of one, two and three, or the coach could complete the theory and technical course concurrently. The more experienced coaches, it was felt, such as national mentors, may be granted exemption from the early technical levels and, or be given consideration in the practical area. However, in such cases, only four of the five years of practical consideration Ill vould be contemplated prior to the Issuing of a level three certificate.

The fifth year vould consist of on-the-scene coaching involvements and the coaching process vould be evaluated at that time. This rather ambiguous approach to the certification process vould cause some diffi­ culty as the programme progressed, as it vas recommended to all sport governing bodies that exemptions or grandfather clauses not be granted

since most of the technical programmes vere relatively nev and likely vould offer the coach up-to-date information about his or her sport. It vas hoped, as veil, that many of the experienced coaches could veil be part of the instructional team and it vould benefit them to have been exposed to the student coach experience. It vas suggested, at this stage, that all coaches be required to take the theory courses but, again, the experienced coach vas alloved to attend veekend instruction.

Such inconsistency could only confuse the issue, but in spite of this irregularity, it vas decided that upon completion of the first, second and third levels, a Joint certificate, involving the provincial govern­ ments and the national sport governing body, vould be forthcoming.

The inconsistent exemption plan and rather complicated certifi­ cation process has caused more confusion for the aspiring coaches and an

Improved method, if not a clarification of present legislation, is an immediate concern; one that requires immediate attention. Part of the problem lies vith the sub-committee of the Provincial Directors' Council that produced the certification process. The composition of this sub­ committee, by itself, produced problems in that each representative came forvard vith different and unique regional backgrounds and, indeed, seme bias. It became evident during the latter part of 1973 and the spring of 197^ that the training of instructors vas of immediate concern, 112

as well, before the programme could become operational. Bob Secord, the

Ontario Recreation Director, vas much concerned with these problems and

expressed this viewpoint often.It was felt to be of great Importance

to the programme that anyone who would qualify to teach in the instruc­

tional areas, would have, firstly, attended an instruction school and

vould have been exposed to the content, methodology and philosophy of the

particular course being taught. The criteria for selecting these instruc­

tors were based upon coaching experience, academic background, ability to

teach and communicate, and a credibility within the community.The

technical courses were to operate in the same manner and were to involve

the same type of criteria.

In the fall of 197**, on September **, 5 and 6, the first level

one, theory instructors' course vas held in Toronto. In addition to

Ontario instructors, representatives from Nova Scotia, Manitoba, 52 British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec and Saskatchewan were present. It may be readily observed at this time that not all of the provinces and

territories of Canada were convinced of the value of the programme and

it vould become apparent that not all of the provinces understood just what "being in the programme" meant.

Two months later, in November of 197**» the level one films were

shown to a gathering of the national sport governing bodies at the

Riverside Inn, in Ottawa. Once again, the efforts of the Ontario

^Statement by Bob Secord, Director of Recreation for Ontario, in a personal interview, Toronto, December 5, 1976.

•^Statement by Bob Secord, in a personal interview, Toronto, February 12, 1977. 52 Ontario Ministry of Culture and.Recreation, News Release, September, 197**. 113

participants vere lauded and encouraged and general enthusiasm vas 53 expressed in terms of the development that had taken place to this point.

* When the theory courses vere offered in the fall of 197^ the programme 5U became operational for the first time.

During 197U negotiations vere under vay vith the universities

across the country to attempt to incorporate the coaching certification

programme into the institution's curricula. It vas hoped that this

inclusion vould allov physical education students to emerge as a level

three provincial coach upon graduation from the university. The univer­

sities vere quite receptive to this suggestion and many schools are

presently offering this opportunity to the student hody in the practicum

area.

Although the programme vas nov "off the ground" there vas still

not full agreement in understanding the concept of being "in" the

programme and Quebec shoved its discomfort about joining a national

programme.

The summer of 1975 produced a meeting of the Provincial Directors'

Council and the sub-committee* the gathering taking place in the nation's

capital. The meeting updated the national sport governing bodies about

the progress of the programme and attempts vere produced to provide 55 clarification of the contentious issues concerning the model.

^^Report of the Sub-committee to the Provincial Directors' Council for Sport and Recreation, May 7, 1975* 5 it Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation, News Release, March, 1976. 55 Terry Valeriote, Consultant to the Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Report to the Provincial Directors' Council for Sport and Recreation, May, 1976. n u

SUMMARY

Interest in the concept of a national coaching certification organization developed throughout the late 1960's and by the turn of the decade many Canadians were anxious to meet and discuss the action required to produce some form of coaching certification. The First

International Symposium on the Art and Science of Caoching took place in

Toronto in 1971 and the Council of Provincial Directors of Sport and

Recreation met a month later in Quebec City. Both meetings were instrumental in developing the present National Coaching Certification

Programme. A number of preliminary meetings took place and a steering committee vas organized by Ontario to develop the direction of the proposed coaching certification effort.

A model vas finally produced which consisted of three components and five levels of certification vithin each component. The components dealt with theory, technical and practical applications of the programme.

In 1971* the first level one theory courses were offered in

Toronto and Hamilton and for the first time the National Coaching

Certification Programme became operational. The Programme, although "off the groupd," was still, as yet, not fully supported by the ten provinces and two territories of Canada, and Quebec in particular was very undecided about Joining the Programme. Chapter 5

CONTINUING PROBLEMS

Although 1971* vas a year of achievement within the National

Coaching Certification Programme there still remained a number of

Important questions to be answered. The question of a working agreement with the universities, the problem of a grandfather clause and who would be entitled to copyright the programme Btood out as major problems as the year 197U came to an end. A major problem affecting all other causes of concern appeared to be in the area of decision making as no one body vas able to speak with authority reflecting the opinions of everyone across the nation. Added to the above considerations a problem exiBted with the paper flow of materials and information. The coordination of the paper work for such a large programme was obviously in need of a computerized system. Added to this the computer would be able to supply individual readings on each coach and identify those individuals due for re­ certification. It is the purpose of this chapter to discuss these major areas of concern as the National Coaching Certification Programme continued its development.

Many of the problems continued to exist from the 197*+ time period and it was recognized by all that special attention to these pressing matters held a high priority. As the period of growth continued and the year of 197? became a reality, the need to implement the Coaching

Certification Programme in the educational system became more apparent.

115 116 This topic became the thrust of the meeting held In Toronto on May 7*

1975.1 Many opinions vere discussed at this time but little agreement

vas visible during this gathering of provincial recreational leaders.

The eastern provinces vere not in favor of Implanting the coaching

scheme vlthin the school system and Ken Belmore, representing the

Province of Nova Scotia, suggested that a more urgent need vas to bring

together people of different age groupB, from various sport governing

bodies, thus creating a multi-background group. It vas strongly

suggested, as veil, that the courses should not take place in a 2 university setting.

John Hudson, of the Coaching Association, did not agree vith the

exclusion of the educational institution. Hudson vished to involve more

people, not less, and feared certain problems vould arise if the school

systems vere ignored. It v s b felt some schoolB of physical education,

vlthin the university system, vould viev their exclusion as an affront 3 and vould not, then, be supportive of the national programme. The

universities nov possessed much of the expertise and image for much of

vhat vas being taught in the coaching scheme and, in fact, had provided

the experts vho developed the early theory areas. A number of univer­

sities across the country vere already involved vith some coaching

classes, providing even more reason to place the coaching certification

Slinutes of Meeting, Coaching Development Programme, Chairman's Meeting, Toronto, May 7» 1975* p. 1. 2 Ibid., p. 2.

3Ibid. 117 programme within the institutions of higher learning. The Province of Saskatchewan profited by an arrangement with the University of

Saskatchewan in that qualified instructors were hired in the physclal education programme and, as part of their teaching load, taught the U theory one coaching certification course.

Bob Wiele, the adult-education expert with the Ontario Ministry of Education, perceived the options quite clearly and proposed three methods of delivery. The first method suggested offering the programme only to the community at large. The second option would consider students within a university, with no equivalency being considered, and the third direction would involve an interchange of people with half of the membership reflecting the community involvement and the other fifty per cent representing university people. The application of the offerings to students in the colleges of education, however, was an area that would require further thought and discussion.''

Many members of the Coaching Development Council, affiliated with the universities, supported the inclusion of such institutions as part of the delivery system but there were others, not directly associated with institutions of higher learning, who were not in agreement. This opposition was further developed by John Richardson who felt the programmes should be included in the university curriculum

U Ibid., p. 3.

''Ontario, for the most part, provides Colleges of Education that are not linked with a particular university nor are they part of a faculty of education. Although this trend has shown some change in recent years, this has been a traditional method of teacher education for many decades. 118 only upon certain conditions prevailing and that it vas most important to produce equivalent learning situations to those emanating from the c community. Richardson also pointed out that the course in certification* if taught at the university, should he open to all students and not be restricted to physical education majors.

There still existed a good deal of apprehension on the part of some that once the programme vas settled in a university course the faculty of physical education vould exert too much, if not total, control over the programme. Both Bob Wiele and Gordon Smith echoed this senti- ment and sav the Immediate problem being one in vhich a clear understand­ ing vould prevail vith the schools of physical education if the courses 7 vere to be taught in the educational system. Don Hayes, of the Univer­ sity of Waterloo, felt that the high schools should not be excluded and that the courses should be offered in both high schools and universities so Q as not to alienate either institution. This particular aspect vas reflected in many circles of the committee and some expressed the feeling that the chairman's committee vould be doing the universities a favor by alloving university students to interact vith people from the real vorld.

^Statement by John Richardson, Recreation Canada, in a personal interviev, Ottava, May 8, 197?. 7 'Statement by Don Hayes, University of Waterloo, in a personal interviev, Waterloo, Ontario, June 2, 1975•

8Ibid. 119

More than a few members of the committee looked upon the Ivy vails of higher education as a world removed from the everyday realities of life.

The viewpoint vas further developed by Ken Belmore, who felt if the course vas introduced in the universities and taught by university facility, the faculty members vould require some training in order to q learn how to teach and Interact vith adults.

It vas decided, after much discussion, that a meeting should be arranged vith the directors and deans of the faculties of physical education to discuss the Implementation of the Coaching Certification

Programme vlthin the university system and once again it vas emphasized:

"There should be no grandfather clause for physical education graduates in the theory section of the course."^ The fear in this instance vas that some graduates, having studied some aspects of the theory offerings while at university, vould demand to receive credit for their previous work. Ken Bellmore reminded members that Dalhousie University in Halifax vas getting ready to launch a "Master's Programme" in coaching and this vould provide competition for the certification courses.

The feeling of the committee on this particular problem vas to give certification to an individual, vith a master's degree in coaching, at level four, providing he or she had already completed the first three stages. If the three levels had not been attained prior to graduation it vould then be necessary to complete them after receiving

^Coaching Meeting, May 7, 1975* cit., p. U.

^Statement by Gordon Smith, Ontario Ministry of Culture and Becreation, in a personal interviev, Toronto, June 10, 1975- 120

the master's degree. This consideration appeared to be a backward step

as it would provide certification before the fact and the grandfather

clause would, in reality, be working in reverse. The point was eventually

settled and all agreed that the first three levels of the programme 11 must be completed before certification at level four could be granted.

To solidify this decision, John Hudson reminded the gathering that as of

this date, no commitments had been made with reference to grandfather 12 clauses at any level.

A good deal of confusion, as to the manner in which theory and

technical offerings should be presented, was quite apparent at this

time. The original concept of presentation was to include coaches from a variety of sports who would come together aB a mixed group and share the experiences of all during level one theory courses. The technical level, however, would be presented by the sport governing bodies to only their own membership, making the technical course an exclusive unit.

With this distinction in mind, the sport governing bodies were operating,

to a large degree, outside of the basic philosophy and in doing so were 13 discouraging "the coming together" of coaches from different sports.

It was obvious, with this existing situation, that the original philosphy of the national programme to bring together as many individuals, with

different sporting backgrounds, as possible could not be accommodated within the technical and practical areas of certification. The pressure of allowing the- sport governing bodies to work in such a manner was

^"Coaching Meeting, May 7» 1975* op. cit., p. 8.

12Ibid. 13 Coaching Meeting, May 7* 1975* op. cit., p. 9* 121

fragmenting the original, central concept.

John Hudson spoke to this issue by pointing out that many of the

sport governing bodies vould not be interested in the theory aspects of

the programme if* in fact, they vere denied the opportunity to include theory with the technical package. This dilemma vould clearly destroy

the original concept in terms of offering the background theory to lli coaches across the nation. Theory courses had been developed vithout

the advice of the sport governing bodies and had been formulated, in

fact, by a cadre of university professors despite the knowledge that only the specific sport governing body involved could do Justice to the technical package. Difficulty in attempting to determine if theory levels should be delivered to each sport separately vas magnified when

it vas realized this particular problem revolved about the first level of the programme. How vould levels two, three, four and five survive amid this confusion?

Finally, it vas unanimously agreed, that everyone should take all

subject areas in both the theory and technical course offerings and that level two should operate in the same fashion as level one.1'’

Years after the original group of Ontario enthusiasts had begun

their work in developing the certification programme, it vas discouraging to find so many problems arising and it became obvious to the members of the committee that some modifications vere urgently required. Don Hayes

^Statement by John Hudson, Director of Television Sport, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, in a personal interviev, Toronto, June 5* 1978. 15 Coaching Meeting, May 7, 1975* op. cit., p. 11. 122 summed up the feeling of the group by stating: "A mix of sports is 16 preferable but it is not the be-all and the end-all."

A further quandary was presented when it vas pointed out that little progress had been made vith French translations and only one film had been converted to a French sound track to date. Jim Morell suggested that French-speaking specialists be contacted in the Province of Quebec to assist vith the work of translating the programme into French* and a number of individuals vere suggested as being the type of expert 17 required. A fev of these people vere: Claude Bouchard from Laval

University, a growth and development expert; Jean Louis Boucher, Univer­ sity of Ottawa, in motor learning, John Salmela, Laval University, a sports psychologist; Benoit Roy, also from Laval, specializing in bio-mechanics; Rene Therrien, University of Ottawa, in bio-mechanics; and Richard Monpetit from the University of Montreal, an exercise physiologist.

A QUESTION OF MONEY AND RIGHTS

Before the meeting of the Chairmen's Committee of May 7, 197? vas concluded, a number of other difficulties began to surface. The payment of instructor fees and other financial structures pertaining to the chairmen vere problem areas discussed at this particular meeting.

Bob Eynon, the Varsity Svim Coach at the University of Western

Ontario, suggested that an increase in pay for sub-committee members

^Statement by Don Hayes, University of Waterloo, in a personal interview, Waterloo, June 10, 1975. Dr. Hayes vas one of the founding experts who developed the original pilot study in Ontario. 17 ‘Coaching Meeting, May 7, 1975, op. cit., p. 12. 123 vould help to improve the quality of the programme. It vas not made

clear at this time vhy an Increase In money, paid to the members, vould

Improve the quality of the course, nor vas it suggested a decrease in

salary might lessen the quality of expertise being provided by the members Involved. A reasonable approach might have been that chairmen vere taking on more responsibility, vere working longer hours and should therefore be paid accordingly.

The question of rights and royalties if the programme vere sold to other countries vas a question to be considered as some inquiries had been received in an indirect fashion. The first question in this particu­ lar dilemma might veil be to determine if the programme is a commodity that could be sold to others or could prospective users simply take vhat they vished, change it to suit their ovn purposes and ignore the origina­ tors. In the beginning, the programme vas an Ontario pilot study and nov had become essentially the national curriculum. Would Ontario desire a royalty fee? Would money received from prospective purchasers revert to

Ontario or to the national agencies? Did anyone, in fact, ovn the rights to such a programme? Many of these questions had not been considered and the final ansvers vould require serious investigation before any commitments could be made. Ontario, it vas pointed out, had developed the pilot study but understanding vas quite clear that the final objec­ tive vas to produce a national presentation. Bob Noman, of the

University of Waterloo, vas interested in selling the packages to television and school boards as veil as other countries, and so the problem of ownership, royalties and legal implications became quite 12k ifl important. Gordon Smith reminded the members that they vere being paid for their services by the government and that the fruits of their 19 efforts alvayB vould remain "the property of the Queen."

A solution, in part, vas suggested in that the chairmen involved should sign a release, thus providing the Crovn vith a clear title, but there vere many at the meeting vho did not see this explanation in the same light as others. Gordon Smith resolved the situation temporarily vhen he suggested the Ministry's policy on such matters should be revieved and that he vould undertake to do so and report back to the 20 committee at some future date.

Other Unresolved Problems

The Chairman's Committee met again on January 27 and 28, in

Toronto and continued their deliberations about the continuing nature of unresolved situations existing in the certification programme.

Dr. Govan, of the Canadian Coaching Association, reported that he had met vith close to forty sport governing bodies and that nev course materials and manuals vere in the process of being developed; this particular development being of immediate concern for the future.

The question of hockey, once again, vas brought to the atten­ tion of the meeting, a continuing and nagging obstacle to the

National Certification effort. The full involvement of the

Canadian Amateur Hockey Association in the national programme vas still a question mark and much concern vas expressed about this

10Ibid., p. 13. 19Ibid., p. lU. 20 Statement by Gordon Smith, in a personal interviev, Toronto, June 3, 1975. 125 particular sport. It was apparent that the C.A.H.A. did not wish to marry into the federal courses hut vould like to use the films and 21 materials of the Coaching Certification Programme. In Ontario, the

C.A.H.A. has an agreement vith its largest stockholder, the Ontario

Hockey Association, which worked in relative harmony in the certification process. Level three of the Hockey Technical Programme, in Ontario, is linked with level one theory of the National Coaching Certification

Plan, an indication that hockey may well he more advanced in their certification materials than the federal scheme.

Members of the sub-committee of the Provincial Directors Council of Recreation felt that the C.A.H.A. should blend vith the National

Coaching Certification Programme at all levels, in all provinces, but the impasse will not be resolved that simply. The C.A.H.A., the O.H.A. and many other hockey associations across the country are easily the most powerful sport lobby group in the nation and have traditionally operated in an independent manner, and have seldom, if ever, been governed by rules and regulations set forth by other agencies. The need to maintain membership that is supportive of the national certification philosophy is a relationship that the national administrators vould wish to solidify with the sport governing bodies. Although moBt sport governing bodies have agreed to this principle, sometimes vith reluctance, the hockey representation has not bee included in that category. The latest response from the Ontario Hockey Association, through its executive director, .Ron Smith, vas that hockey would soon handle its own

21 Minutes of Meeting of the Coaching Development Programme, Chairmen's Meeting, Toronto, January 27, 28, 1976, p. 2-3. 126 22 certification problems and vithdrav from the national programme.

At the chairmen's meeting in Toronto, on January 28, It vas suggested that a meeting be held vith the coaching sub-committee and members of the development sub-committee consisting of Geoff Govan,

Jim Morell, John Richardson and Roger Jackson. It vas agreed to hold this meeting as soon as possible, but vith. the departure of Roger Jackson to the University of Calgary as Dean of the Physical Education Faculty, 23 the meeting did not materialize as it had been originally planned.

The need to use a computer in order to simplify many aspects of paper vork involved vith the programme vas discussed at length and

Geoff Govan spoke to the membership about this particular dilemma. The very large amount of material being produced by each province, each sport governing body, as veil as that being produced by federal and provincial governments, caused a problem that could only be handled 2U by computerization. Dr. Govan explained that the Alphatrex Company of Ottacwa vas villing to demonstrate their product to the committee in order to attempt to solve the problem. Dr. Govan received permission to continue this dialogue vith Alphatrex and to report back to the committee.

Other pressing problems continued to surface and of significance vas the concern that level tvo of the programme vas still not in operation.

22 Statement by Ron Smith., Technical Director, Ontario Hockey Association, in a personal interviev, Toronto, April U, 1978. 23 1 Coaching Meeting, January 28, 1976, op. cit., p. 3. 2U Alphatrex Ltd. had designed a mock computer programme that could be used for the Coaching Development Programme and vas anxious to demonstrate this system to the committee either in Ottava or Toronto. 127

Although the members felt this vould develop In a very short period of

time, the levels of four and five vere still vithout a method for funding

that part of the programme. As the programme moved from level to level, -

financial support vas an ever-increasing need. John Richardson Indicated that Sport Canada vould absorb most of the initial cost of developing

levels four and five, as originally agreed, but a period of tight money vas developing in Canada and this support vas by no means automatic.

The money required to fund the education of Instructors, both at the provincial and national levels, vas considered to be the Joint respon­

sibility of the provincial and federal governments but at this particu­ lar time the funding vas yet to be found.

In viev of the many problems still to be solved, one major problem vas considered to be of most importance: Who should be making the major policy decisions for the Coaching Certification Programme?

It became quite apparent that many policy matters could not, and vould not, be settled until some individual or a particular group had the backing of all concerned.

In spite of many avoved cooperative agreements, national sport

governing bodies, federal and provincial governments and individuals

involved vith the programme often could not support policy matters that

did not originate vlthin their ovn administration. The meeting of

January 27 and 28, if nothing else, agreed that another meeting of the committee should be held to determine the policy issue. Of particular

Importance vas the involvement required of the federal and provincial governments to continue to fund the certification programme and to encourage the formation of a policy group that vould have the backing 128 25 of as many factions as possible.

THE NATIONAL COACHING CERTIFICATION COUNCIL

After struggling, for almost a year, with the many unresolved dilemmas that confronted the National Coaching Certification Programme, two important developments occurred in 1977* The appointment of

Mr. Terry Valeriote as the National Coaching Certification Co-ordinator, in the early part of 1977, was the first major development that brought order to what had previously been an awkward and unsatisfactory situa­ tion. Mr. Valeriote had earlier acted in the capacity of co-ordinator for Ontario and his aBtute administrative skills had served that province extremely well. The second major development vas the formation 26 of the National Coaching Certification Council in January of 1977»

The new council, long overdue, vas composed of the key sport agencies across the country and included representation from national and provincial bodies, resulting in a shared responsibility for all policy decisions.2^ The newly formed council, armed with the mandate to deal with previous unsolved problems, would be able to attend to the urgent future development of new course materials in the area of both theory and technical offerings. The new organizational structure vas enhanced by the agreement that the theory and technical productions vould be centrally developed by the Coaching Association of Canada, under the

2^Coaching Meeting, January 27 and 28, 1976, op. cit., p. 7*

2^Eerry Valeriote, "Coaching Certification", Coaching Review I (July, 1978)* PP. 20-23.

27lbid., p. 21. 129 nQ guidance of the National Coaching Certification Council. 1

An administration unit of the Certification Council vas formed and housed in Ottawa, in the offices of the Coaching Association of

Canada. The major thruBt of the newly developed work force was to con­ solidate the administrative process and keep up-to-date records for both 20 the provinces and the sport governing bodies. 7 A very satisfying result of the work accomplished by the administrative unit was the proposed involvement of a national sport passport. The passport, in the form of a small booklet, vas issued to the coaches who participated in the National Coaching Certification Programme and all course work and related experiences vould, thus, be constantly up-dated vith each coach.

The administrative unit predicted the passport system would be in operation by the latter part of 1978.

QUEBEC, IN OR OUT?

The status of the Province of Quebec, in termB of being a full, participating member of the National Coaching Certification Programme continued to produce a good deal of frustration on both the provincial and national scenes. On September 20, 1977* the National Coaching

Certification Council met in Ottawa for a three-day gathering to air this problem in particular and other matters of Importance in general.

Vhen asked to clarify the Quebec situation, Jean Barre, the representa­ tive from that province, was unable to satisfy the Council that the

Province of Quebec would Join the others in following the programme of

*

20Ibid., p. 22.

29Ibid. 130 the National Coaching Certification Plan. He did tell the conference, however, that his government vould develop courses designed to educate 30 three groups of coaches. The three groups, specifically, vere:

1. Animateur: A beginning coach vho vould coach in recreational situations as opposed to one vho vould coach highly skilled athletes.

Two stages of instruction vould he developed and these vould he delivered hy agencies such as the Y.M.C.A., recreation departments and other multidisciplinary organizations.

2. Entraineur: An elite coach vould he involved in this category and vould vork vith highly skilled, competitive athletes. This particular segment vould most reflect the National Certification

Programme in that it vould he hased upon the five level system employed hy the national organization. The course hours, similar to the national philosophy, vould increase as the levels progressed. It vas also revealed that physical education courses vithin a university framework that offered coaching minors or majors vould he accepted as equivalency.

The courseB vithin this area vould he delivered hy the university faculty or hy the sport federation involved.

3* Instructeur: This area was designed for the coach vho wished to specialize in areas such as psychology or physiology. The individual in question vould he required to complete a bachelor's degree

In physical education and take two additional, advanced level courses in order to qualify. The advanced courses vould he delivered hy either 4 the university or the sport governing body* At this particular time

^Minutes of the Meeting, National Coaching Certification Council, National Recreation Centre, Ottawa, September 20, 21, 22, 1977* p. 3. 131

no decision had been made about theory and technical packages,

nor was it known if theory and technical areas would be taught separately

or together. It was proposed in this third category, that after an

initial course, all candidates would select an area of Interest

in the elite programmes or in the participation section. All courses

offered would be set forth by the sport federations, in consultation with

the universities, after which a comparison with the national certification programme vould be made. It was suggested some rewriting might be required at this point, but why it would take place was not made clear.

Such divergence in the original concept of the national programme would require a complete rewriting process to resemble the federal plan; the very point that Quebec vas resisting from the beginning. It vas quite obvious, at this time, that Quebec vaB proposing a separate model for itself.

A strong government control system vas to be developed with a central, official office co-ordinating the programme. The central office would, in all likelihood, be a private corporation, in the manner that crown corporations existed in the federal government, and would be designed to grant official recognition to the Quebec certification programme. How, Quebec not only possessed a separate model, but as well, separate certification privileges.

The proposal of the Quebec representative was received vith much disappointment and anger from the other provinces and quite understandably so, as none of the -others had the opportunity to develop separate models.

Amid this mounting resentment, Julius Fodor, of Alberta, pointed out that many provinces vere not in complete agreement vith the national policies, 132 31 but still had accepted the national programme in good faith. fiarre of Quebec countered by stating that the national programme had no legal authority to Implement such a system and that education vas the sole 32 right of each province. It vas plain to see, at this moment, that

Quebec vas not interested in becoming a member of a national programme in coaching if they could not control the terms of membership.

Geoff Govan ansvered the Quebec challenge by reminding the meeting that, although the provinces held the educational franchises, a national certification programme could not function unless all members 33 accepted the national policies. It vas conceded that some courses vould require revisions for certain areas of the country, but only in instances that vere necessary and it vas pointed out that Quebec had little reason to be exempt from the gentlemen's agreement that 3U existed vith the other members.

The chairman brought the Quebec problem to a close at this point in the meeting and in doing so expressed the displeasure of the other members. J/r. Govan asked Jean Barre to Inform the Council, at the earliest possible date, of Quebec's intention to be in or out of the national programme, and Julius Fodor reiterated the vestern viev that it vas unacceptable for Quebec to retain a vote on Council vhen it still had 35 not declared its acceptance of the national programme.

It vas finally decided that a delegation from the Council vould

^Ibid., p. U. 32Ibid.

33Ibid. 3**Ibid., p. 5.

35Ibid., p. 25. 133 meet with the Quebec organizing committee to settle the matter once

and for all, and if necessary, invite the Quebec delegation to the

next Council meeting in order to come to a definite conclusion.

In addition to the Quebec Question some discussion vas carried

out about expanding the services of the coaching programme to the

disabled. Terry Valeriote, the National Co-ordinator, told the membership that efforts vere being pursued to develop a framevork that

vould incorporate the programme offerings for disabled athletes and

Bonnie Buchanan of Recreation Canada vas preparing a paper on this particular aspect of certification. The technical directors of the sport

governing bodleB agreed to give their full support to the handicapped

athletes.

A WORKING MODEL IS SELECTED

The problem of choosing a better model to enhance the programme

in all of its aspects became a major topic of discussion during the

latter part of 1977 and the early portion of 1978. Various models vere

discussed amid a vide variety of opinions but clearly the response

shoved some change vas needed, if only to provide greater flexibility vithin each province.

Ted Purnell of the Canadian Amateur Football Association and

representing the technical directors of the sport governing bodies prepared a Questionnaire in an attempt to ansver some of the problems

involved vith the mpdel in use. The purpose of the Questionnaire vas

also designed to seek information on vhy coaches vho took the

technical offerings vere not interested in the theory section of the

programme (see Appendix H). 13U On Thursdayt September 22, 1977> during the Ottawa meeting of the Council of Provincial Directors of Recreation, the chairman made 36 three observations and suggested some compromise was needed. The chairman, Dr. Govan, suggested the following:

1. There vould be little gained in eliminating the level one theory courses since the majority of coaches vas satisfied with the presentations at this level.

2. Much of the resource materials of level two theory courses should be retained and not wasted.

3. There vas a strong plea from the coacheB to allow more flexibility in the delivery of the courses.

The chairman then recommended the following model in relation to the theory component to be offered under the proposed revision:

Level One Theory

Introduction. Time spaa of one hour using the new material to complement the film already in use.

Role of the Coach. Time span of two hours using the existing level one material.

Teaching Methodology. Time span of two hours using the existing level one material.

Sport Psychology. Time span of two hours using the existing level one material.

Growth and Development. Time span of two hours using the existing level one Material.

36Ibid., p. 15. 135

Sport Injuries. Time span of one hour using the new material yet

to be written.

Total hours in level one theory “ 10.

Level Two Theory

Training Methods. Time span of two hours using existing level

one material.

Exercise Physiology. Time span of two hours using existing

level one material.

Motor Learning. Time span of two hours using existing level one material.

Sport Injuries. Time span of two hours using existing level one material with practical application. The area would now resemble a

first aid course rather than an in-depth analysis of injuries.

Biomechanics. Time span of two hours, the existing material to

be re-examined and modified.

Teaching Methods. Time span of two hours*, new material to be written.

Summary. Time span of one hour; new material to be written.

Total hours in level two theory *» 13.

Level Three Theory

1. The various sports to choose a minimum of twenty hours

instruction from the forty hours presently existing in level two theory

courses. Each of the national sport governing bodies to have the

option of requiring more than twenty hours of the coaches attending

the programme providing this decision vas country-wide and national in

scope. 136

2. Levels one and two of the theory components could be delivered as separate ten and thirteen hour blocks of Instruction or they could be combined to produce a twenty-three hour programme.

3. Levels one and two of the theory instruction would be offered by either the province or the sport governing body involved.

Level three theory would be offered only by the sport governing bodies.

U. Provincial agencies or the sport governing bodies could offer variations or additional materials over and beyond the minimum standards. The additional offering would be termed interest courses and coaches would not be penalized if the additional units were not taken.

At this time, the motion was placed before the assembly to accept the new model in place of the existing programme. Alex Atamenko placed the motion on the floor, seconded by Lyle Makosky, executive director of the Canadian Water Polo Association. The vote was 37 unanimous in support of the motion.

It was agreed that the new model, together with the mew materials, would be implemented by September of 1978.

SUMMARY

Chapter 5 concerns itself with the continuing nature of problems that required attention during the early part of 1975* The involvement of universities and colleges in the certification movement was a particu­ lar problem at this time but eventually the educational institutions

37 'The vote was unanimous from the members present at the meeting. Representatives from Ontario, Quebec and one Sport Canada delegate were absent. The technical directors present, although not voting at this time, unanimously endorsed the motion. 137

became an Integral part of the system. The question of theory courses

involving coaches from many different sports vas a much discussed topic and is still an unsettled problem today. Hockey is strongly in favor

of a "sport specific" arrangement and a number of other sport governing bodies are undecided.

Slov progress achieved In the area of French translations has been a continuing embarrassment and one that requires immediate attention.

The most serious of all problems proved to be the need to deter­ mine vho should be making the major policy decisions for the N.C.C.P. and the situation vith the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association became a continuing battle. The feeling vas strong at this time that the hockey representation vould soon vithdrav and handle its ovn certification.

Terry Valeriote vas appointed the National Coaching Certification

Co-ordinator and the formation of the National Coaching Certification

Council quickly folloved this appointment.

The relationship vith the Province of Quebec continued to disinte­ grate during 1977 and it became apparent that "La Belle Province" vould not Join the other provinces in a national coaching programme.

After considerable discussion and consideration it vas decided the model in use should be updated and a new model vas presented to the membership. Acceptance of the nev model vas unanimous and it vas agreed the nev format, together vith nev materials, should be Implemented by the fall of 1 9 7 8. Chapter 6

THE PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES

The membership of the National Coaching Certification Programme, at the present time, includes the provinces and the territories of the

Dominion of Canada. The Province of Quebec has been reluctant to join the national plan but the other members have Joined, at different time periods, vith enthusiasm and vigor. The purpose of this chapter vill be to document the relationship each province and territory shares vith the

National Coaching Certification Programme and to highlight the dif­ ferences that exist across the country*

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

At the Provincial Directors' Council Meeting of June, 197^» not all members vere present but Robert Goulet of the Northvest Territories explained that those vho had missed the meeting still vere agreed to participate at some future date.^ In the fall of 197^ the first level one theory Instructors course vas held in Toronto and again some provinces vere absent. Gordon Smith of Ontario recalled that all of the 2 provinces and territories had agreed to participate as soon as possible.

^Bob Goulet, Chief, Recreation Division, Department of Cultural and Natural Affairs*, Government of the Northwest Terrirotires, Yellovknife, correspondence, October 51, 1977* 2 Statement by Gordon Smith, Ministry of Culture and Recreation for Ontario, in a personal interviev, Toronto, September 10, 1976.

138 139 Bob Goulet verified the feelings of the absent members at that particular time and outlined the Northwest Territories' efforts in

Joining the National Coaching Certification Programme. It took almost two years for the Territories to prepare for its entry into the pro­ gramme and the liaison with government agencies and sport governing bodies occupied most of that time. The efforts of the Recreation

Division, Department of Natural and Cultural Affairs in Yellowknife were well received by the other interested factions and the first firm expression of interest in the national programme came about in May of

1976.

After expressing their initial interest in May, the Territories quickly held the first level one theory instructors' course, in

Yellowknife in June of 1976. The Northwest Territories National

Coaching Development Plan was developed and approved some three, brief months later, in September of 1976. The plan was implemented but a month later, in October. The Territories, although slow to enter the national scheme, had moved with amazing speed once they had decided upon their course of action.

As in most provinces, programme responsibilities are allocated to various federal and provincial agencies and it also remains the responsibility of local units to carry out other responsibilities. The other commitments were the responsibility of the Northwest Territories, through the Recreation Division of the Department of Natural and 3 Cultural Affairs. These responsibilities included the implementation

3 National Coaching Development Programme, Northwest Territories Plan, Yellowknife; September, 1976, p. 2. (.Prepared by Dennis Adams, Recreation Consultant, Recreation Division, Department of Natural and Cultural Affairs.) lUO of theory levels one, tvo and three and the co-ordination and adminis­ tration of total programme in the Northwest Territories. As well, it is the territorial responsibility to train and place the theory instructors.

Much as other provinces are committed, the Northwest

Territories are responsible to promote and advertise the Coaching

Certification Programme as well as developing evaluation and certifi­ cation methods under their Jurisdiction.

The financing of the three theory levels is the responsibility of the provinces. In the case of the Northwest Territories, support li was received from Sport North, which assisted in the implementation of the three technical levels as well. It is also the mandate of the Northwest Territories to certify coaches in conjunction with the appropriate sport governing bodies with the technical implemen­ tation, along with some financial aid, and interprets acceptable principles of programme in keeping with the national plan.

As might be expected with an offering of such magnitude, there are a number of problems that have not, as yet, been solved and in the Northwest Territories there exists concern in many areas.

It is still unclear who establishes policy for the entire programme.

The question of being able to take the responsibility for policy decisions, on the one hand, and have the backing of all the pair tic ipating

li Sport North represents the duly constituted amateur sport governing bodies. It is the governing body for all sport in the North­ west Territories and was developed in 197?* Its purpose is to promote, encourage and stimulate the physical, intellectual and moral development of people of all ages and walks of life in the Northwest Territories. This information appears in the Information Pamphlet, Recreation Division, Department of Natural and Cultural Affairs, Yellowknife, October, 1976. Ikl

governments, on the other hand, is still a question that remains

unanswered.^ However, the establishment of a national coaching council

in January, 1977, helped to clarify this situation to a large degree.

Representation on this council includes two people from Sport Canada

and five other representatives from the provinces and territories.

Each of the five Individuals represents from one to four provinces'

viewpoints at the national meetings. On the west coast, one indivi­

dual represents British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and

the Yukon. Another speaks for Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.

There is one representative from Ontario, one from Quebec, and the g final member represents the maritime provinces. It is understandable

to see a single representative from Ontario in view of the province's

early efforts in developing the pilot programme and Its large

population; however, the same single representation exists in

Quebec, a province not committed to the national programme as of

this date and one that may never Join in this federal venture.

This representation is further complicated as the Province

of Quebec continues to resolve its relationship with the rest of

Canada. Separation from the Dominion, a topic of grave and everyday

speech in La Belle Province, would eliminate Quebec from national

programmes and it is difficult to predict Quebec's total acceptance

of the Coaching Certification Plan, on a national basis, as a member

in confederation.

^Northwest Territories Plan, op. cit,, p. 16.

^Statement by Lou Lefaive, in a personal interview, Ottawa, August 15, 1977. Ik2

The Northwest Territories are still unclear about a particular concern of who establishes precedent for Implementing policy in that area. The question remains: Is the Recreation Division to make policy with regards to theory only or for all aspects of the programme, and if the Recreation Division is omnipotent, what roles are left to Sport North and the territorial sport governing bodies?

In order to solve the "in house" problem, the Recreation Division has recommended the formation of a Northwest Territory Advisory

Board, made up of representatives from the Recreation Division, 7 Sport North and the sport governing bodies. So often, it is diffi­ cult to set policies without offending.

An additional problem in the Territories is a feeling that the theory and technical courses are two separate programmes and not o individual parts of one total unit. This troubled water has washed upon the beaches of the other provinces, as well, and indeed, the provincial directors across the nation have echoed similar fears. Part of the confusion has been created by the fact that no specific training programmes exist, nor have there been instructors' manuals available for the sport governing bodieB when attempting to train the instructor. True, theory instructor conferences have generally followed from the original training sessions held by the Province of Ontario, but there have been many discrepancies from conference

Tom Eagle, correspondence, October 10, 1977. (Tom Eagle is a consultant with the Recreation Division, Department of Natural and Cultural Affairs, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife.} a Northwest Territories Plan, op. cit., p. 17. to conference and province to province.

Slow and tedious efforts have prevailed In each province

In am attempt to become operational at level tvo and the Northwest

Territories are no exception in this dilemma. Level tvo theory

courses, In the Northwest Territories, have not been developed, as

of 1976, because of the delay in results and evaluation of the level

one theory courses.

Standardization of forms is an urgent problem vith all provinces and the Northwest Territories have recommended that all registration and instructor evaluation forms, as well as the con­ tent materials of all courses be standardized. The recommendations also propose that certificates for level one, tvo and three reflect a common appearance. The computor programme tinder consideration by Geoff Govan and his associates in the Coaching Association of Canada may be an answer to this particular difficulty.

The Territories of the Northwest, contrary to the national concept, have recommended that certain coaches, vith proper back­ grounds, may receive equivalent standing by writing a challenge

examination at the theory one level. These coaches must be university, physical education graduates or show proof of having taken courses on the topics covered in level one theory, but the fact remains that the grandfather clause does not apply in the Northwest

Territories.^

g ^Eagle, loc. cit. 1UU

The Northwest Territories' Coaching Development Plan has an additional feature, one that is very different from the rest of

Canada. The recognition hy the Recreation Division that community leadership is high on their priority list has caused the modification of the National Coaching Development Programme and will open the door for other similar compromises in the future. Now, certain content areas are included in the Northwest Territories' planning documents that speak directly to leadership development within the community.1**

THE YUKON TERRITORY

The coaching certification programme carried on in the

Yukon Territory is called "Project Coach - Yukon Plan." This plan waB officially launoed in November of 1976 and thirteen candidates successfully completed the instructors' course. In the spring of 1977* the instructors had conducted and completed eight clinics certifying that eighty-five individuals had graduated from the level one, theory plan of the Btudy.11

In the Yukon, the theory portion of the programme is totally funded by the Recreation Branch of the Ministry of Culture with the exception of a ten dollar registration fee. The funds used by the

^Northwest Territories Plan, op. cit., p. 23.

^■Barrie Robb, correspondence, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, October 12, 1977< (Barrie Robb is Director, Recreation Branch, Ministry of Culture, Government of the Yukon Territory.) 1U5

Recreation Branch, are found from the annual branch, budget and cover items such as honoraria and travel expenses for the instructors.

The instructors are reimbursed to the amount of one hundred and fifty dollars for each level one clinic conducted, but if more than one conducts the clinic, the money is shared. In addition to the instructor's fee, each hosting, community group is reimbursed up to a maximum sum of fifty dollars to assist in advertising the 12 programme and Incidental costs.

The Yukon Territory programme does not differ from the national concept at the theory one level and general satisfaction has resulted, to date, in the progress of the certification endeavour.

The Recreation Branch, however, holds a reservation that some national sports governing bodies are experiencing difficulties in 13 developing technical material and Barrie Robb - has indicated a concern about the lack of information that exists on the availability of the technical material.

Despite these misgivings, the Project Coach of the Yukon

Territory has been received vith enthusiasm in that northern land.

Barrie Robb had these words to say about the programme: "To date,

Statement, Recreation Branch, Project Coach - Yukon Plan, Whitehorse, January, 1977» P* 5*

13 Based on personal correspondence between Barrie Robb and the writer, October 16, 1977* 1U6 those vho have been involved in the theory component of the programme have been stimulated to improve their coaching skill.

It has been felt on that basis alone, the programme has been success­ ful."^ Level tvo theory, akin to the existing situation in the

Northwest Territories, has not, aB yet, been developed in the

Yukon, but every intention to do so has been shown by the Recreation

Branch.

The sport governing bodies have committed thirty-three per cent of their coaching budgets for the technical courses of the programme. In 1977* this percentage amounted to almost eight thousand dollars; an amount small In comparison vith Ontario, but a very large amount for an area vith a small population and financial resources.

BRITISH COLUMBIA

British Columbia, as one of the founding provinces, has been involved vith the development of the Coaching Plan since its intro­ duction at Quebec City in 1971* The programme, as developed and piloted by Ontario, has been followed closely by the nation's most westerly province. Bill McAllister, the provincial coaching co-ordinator

lUIbid. 1U7 for British Columbia, has felt the National Coaching Certification

Programme has gone through some difficult times but is beginning to show some worthwhile results.^ McAllister reflected on the early years and the problems associated with the new programme, when he said: "First it was ridiculed, then it was ignored before it was accepted. I personally feel many who ignored and ridiculed the programme will, in the future, attempt to convey the impression they developed it."1^ It was the opinion in British Columbia, during the early, formative years, that the programme was not too realistic but agreement on the future structure and delivery of the offerings has helped to erase the earlier thinking.

British Columbia, through the Ministry of Recreation and Conser­ vation, supports the National Coaching Certification Programme and the specifics of this particular involvement are handled by the Recreation and Fitness Branch, located on Vancouver Island. As most provinces have helped in funding the programmes within their own boundaries, so, too, does British Columbia by providing a grant of one hundred dollars for all approved courses. In the "Pacific Province," however, funding is only guaranteed if fourteen or more applicants are registered in a course. By retaining the course registration fees of ten dollars per student, the financial responsibility is met and the payment of two

^Based on personal correspondence between Bill McAllister, Provincial Coaching Co-ordinator, British Columbia, and the writer, October 2, 1977*

McAllister, correspondence, October 1 8, 1977. ll*8 hundred and forty dollars per course, for Instructor's fees, is quite readily realized.1^ By retaining any profit balance, incidental expenses for payment of instructor travel, meals, etc., may be met by this financial arrangement.

In keeping vith. national policy, certification in the theory instruction is based upon one hundred per cent attendance, although individuals who miss one or tvo classes are given the opportunity to make up these sessions.

British Columbia has solved the problem that has been apparent in some provinces when different instructors are used for theory and technical courses. Technical instructors are trained, as veil, to be theory instructors, a factor that has helped to interrelate the materials presented.

As of 1977, level tvo theory had not commenced in the British

Columbia programme; hovever, the province vill be proceeding in that direction as soon as instructors have been trained. Attrition rates have been high, according to a recent survey conducted in British

Columbia, vhen the delivery system extended over eight veeks, but lov 18 vhen the courses vere offered over a four-week period. As it happens in most provinces, it is the responsibility of the host institution to identify the Leisure Service Branch of the Department of the Provincial

Secretary, in all advertising.

17 National Coaching Development Programme, British Columbia, Policy Statement, April, 1977, p. U. 28 The Ministry of Recreation and Conservation, British Columbia, produced a survey related to the number of drop outs from the programme, June, 1977, Item No. 5. 11*9

ALBERTA

The National Coaching Development Programme In Alberta Is co­ sponsored by the Alberta Department of Recreation, Parks and Wildlife and either an institution such a university or college or a provincial sport governing body. The Recreation Department pays for the instructor's expenses and honorarium while the co-sponsor 1b responsible for advertising, registration and the audlo-vlsual equipment. The co-sponsor, as well, collects a fee of five dollars per student and uses this money to help defray the cost of the operation. The Department of Recreation,

Parks and Wildlife pays each Instructor involved an honorarium of three 19 hundred and twenty dollars for the sixteen-hour course at level one.

This amount of money is generally higher than that paid by other provinces but Alberta, through its oil revenues, is enjoying an economic situation that is much different than the one that other provinces are experiencing. The government agencies, aB well as the private sector are enjoying the benefits of a prosperous economy and budgets often reflect this condition in the oil province of Canada.

The Alberta programme does not differ essentially from the national plan but the fact that money is much eaBier to procure in

Alberta has made the operation of the programme a sound financial enter­ prise. A newsletter is sponsored by the Sport and Fitness Division that advertises general information concerning the National Development

_ « 19 Based on personal correspondence between Julius Fodor, Supervisor of Sports Programmes, Department of Recreation, Parks and Wildlife, Province of Alberta, and the writer, November 17» 1977- 150

Programme, Alberta Plan, and it is the opinion of many that this nevs medium has greatly assisted the successful operation carried on in 20 Alberta. Julius Fodor has offered the opinion that the Alberta

Programme will prove to be most successful, not only because of its financial condition, but because of the success of past years that 21 Alberta has shown in its sporting activities.

SASKATCHEWAN

The Department of Culture and Youth of the Province of

Saskatchewan is responsible for the co-ordination and operation of the

National Coaching Certification Plan in the potash province.

Mr. Keith Rogers and 0. J. Mather, provincial sport consultants, are the co-ordinators of the coaching plan in Saskatchewan and they have confirmed that their operation is in keeping with the aims and objec- 22 tives of the national programme.

The programme, at the theory level, is funded by the Department of Culture and Youth, as well as by the Community Colleges of that province. The technical aspects are financed by the provincial sport governing bodies along with some assistance from the Department of

Culture and Youth, and so the provincial government has a hand in the total expenditures of both the theory and technical offerings up to and including level three of the programme. Instruction is presently being

20 ’ 21 Ibid. Ibid. 22 Based on personal correspondence between G. J. Mather, Provincial Sport Consultant, Department of Culture and Youth, Province of Saskatchewan, and the writer, April U, 1978. 151 carried on at both levels one and tvo of the theory components and, along vith the provinces of Alberta and Ontario, constitute the three provinces involved vith level tvo, theory instruction as of the spring of

1978. Mather reports, that although the programme has kept pace vith its time schedules, there is a feeling that the programme should be doing much better than it has experienced and some changes will be needed to 23 accomplish this.

Proposed changes to meet some of the problem areas have been advanced by the National Coaching Certification Council, and how well the programme develops in Saskatchewan will very much depend upon the design and foresight of the proposed changes. A general lack of publicity is vieved as a major concern, a point, in fact, that must be shared by the federal agencies as well as the provincial partners. The deBign and Implementation of the national programme has not always met with agreement on the part of the provinces and Saskatchewan is hoping 2k to have the opportunity to rectify this situation in the near future.

Because of the small population of the province, many of the communities are very much smaller than many of the other provinces. Unless the courses are held in large centres such as Regina and Saskatoon, it is difficult to attract significant numbers to make the courses viable.

The population situation has contributed to the problem of reaching the grass roots coaches at the community level and it is possible that in 25 Saskatchewan, travel subsidies for candidates may need to be considered.

23Ibid. 2**Ibid. 25 'Based on personal correspondence between Keith Rogers, Provincial Sport Consultant, Department of Culture and Youth, Province of Saskatchewan, and the writer, May 10, 1978. 152

MANITOBA

In the province of Manitoba, the National Coaching Development

Programme Is administered by the Sports Directorate of the Department of

Health and Social Development. The implementation of the theoretical component of the programme is funded through revenues of the Western

Canada Lotteries. This rather different method of funding is both unique and timely in the province of Manitoba, and, at the present time, 2 6 this concept belongs exclusively to that province. Some assistance financially is also provided from this particular source to assiBt the sport governing bodies to Implement the technical and practical aspectB of their respective sport offerings. As veil, some financing is provided from general government appropriations to assist the sport governing bodies vith their technical implementation.

All provinces operate their programmes at a basic, acceptable, minimum level, in accordance vith the national plan. All provinces, on the other hand, show some variation within these standards, and

Manitoba has felt the need to change and modify portions of the programme.

Ontario's westerly neighbour has felt a definite void existed in the areas of sport injuries and nutrition. This prairie province has introduced a section into the level one, theory offerings covering both of these subject areas. Other western provinces have agreed that the addition is a sensible approach and have indicated a move in the same

TJased on personal correspondence betveen Cathy Johnston, Co-ordinator, Coaching Certification Programme, Manitoba, and the writer, January 9» 1978* 153 direction.2^ Manitoba has produced a policy paper relating that the course is taught at universities, community colleges and departments of recreation throughout the province and that a variety of delivery methods sd have been successfully employed.

A registration fee of ten dollars helps to defray the cost of the administrative responsibilities and thlB money is sent directly to the host institution. The Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch offers a grant of one hundred and fifty dollars to the Institutions willing to host courses and all expenses over and beyond this amount are the respon­ sibility of the host institution.29

Initially, a theory course was offered only to heterogeneous groups of students. Effective March, 1977* the National Coaching

Council in Ottawa recommended tvo alternative delivery methods.

In the first instance, homogeneous groups, preferably taught by a theory instructor of substantial experience in the sport concerned, would be allowed to operate as a unit, nils alternative, although expedient, contradicts the original concept of bringing together coaches possessing different backgrounds and experiences; an original concept that was felt to be quite Important during the early planning years.

The second alternative was to offer the courses to coaches attending a combined theory and technical clinic, providing the complete theory

Manitoba Policy Paper, National Coaching Certification Programme, produced by the Sports Directorate of the Department of Health and Social Development, Province of Manitoba, Winnipeg, June 2U, 1977, P. 6.

29Ibid. 30 course was taught by a fully qualified instructor. It would seem apparent that any less qualification on the part of the instructor would be less than acceptable at any tine. However, the rationale behind the two alternatives, was to provide a nore flexible approach in order to accomnodate all of the sport governing bodies. The National Coaching

Council voted in March of 1977 to exempt graduates of a Canadian univer­ sity in a physical education degree programme from taking level one theory.

Such persons, being exempted, must apply in writing, with a copy of the appropriate transcripts enclosed, to the host institution. Equivalency was also to be considered In the case of foreign applicants. The reason for less stringent entrance requirements, once again, was to provide a more flexible approach to accommodate the sport governing bodies and as well to be able to encourage individuals with a good deal of experience to enter the programme. This change in policy, however, has reversed an earlier belief that the "grandfather clause" should not exist, particularly vhen dealing with physical education undergraduates or 32 graduates.

As of 1977* an individual, upon completing all three components of the level one coaching certification programne and including a full year's experience at the practical level, would be certified as a level

30Ibid., p. 7. 31 Minutes of Meeting, the National Coaching Council, Ottawa, March, 1977, p. 3.

^Based on personal correspondence between John Richardson, and the writer, April 3* 1977* 155 one coach.^ The certification would he recognized nationally. To date, however, no actual method of certification in total has been established on a country-wide scale nor has the actual contents of levels four and five been determined at this time. It has been generally agreed, however, that these levels would offer highly technical material to coaches at the international and national levels of experience. There was also the feeling that the involvement of provincial government and agencies would be considerably curtailed after the completion of the level three courses and the development of levels four and five would become the primary responsibility of national bodies. It was not spelled out, however, at this particular period of time, that the federal government, under the orchestration of Sport Canada, was rapidly expanding its con­ trol over sport at the international level and that the other agencies involved at the national plateau such as the Coaching Association of

Canada and the national sport governing bodies, would be reasonably influenced by the federal government's direction. The only sport governing body to openly dispute the government's thrust in inter­ national competition has been the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, a body that has been at odds with the Ministry of Sport for some time. This relationship in hockey is likely to continue to be a fragile one in view of the nearness of the 1980 Olympic Games in which Canada intends to enter an ice hockey team after some years of absence.

^^Manitoba’Policy Paper, op. cit., p. 7. 156

NEWFOUNDLAND

The certification programme is administered, by the Department of

Rehabilitation and Recreation of the Government of Newfoundland and

Labrador.-*1* As of the spring of 1977 the programme has been operational only at the first level and level two is yet to be implemented. Funding is provided by the Department of Rehabilitation and Recreation and follows the guidelines of the National Coaching Certification Programme most closely. All technical courses, regardless of the sport, are sub­ sidized in the same fashion and instructors are paid two hundred and fifty dollars per course., along with an allowance for travel and meals.

As Newfoundland is sparsely populated, only twenty instructors were 1 active in the programme as of the fall of 1977* These instructors con­ duct the theory courses and act in the capacity of a hosting institution.

The location of the lectures varies and is very much dependent upon the numbers attending and the type of accommodation available. An interest­ ing aspect of the certification programme in Newfoundland allows towns and villages who do not have instructors to apply for a course} here, volunteers act as contacts to organize and promote the programme. The

Department of Rehabilitation and Recreation thus simply supplies the materials and the instructors.

In correspondence with Ralph Wheeler, it has been pointed out that the success of the Certification Programme at both the national and

3L Based on personal correspondence between Ralph Wheeler, Co-ordinator of Training, Recreation and Sport Services, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, and the writer, St. John's, October 10, 1977• Labrador is a large land area on the northeast border of Quebec fronting on the Atlantic Ocean. Labrador is part of the Province of Newfoundland. 157 provincial levels will depend entirely* on, "the continuity in terms of 35 moving from one level to another." Wheeler feels, as other provincial co-ordinators have indicated, that the Jump from level one to level two may be too much for coaches to handle. The fear in this Instance might well be disastrous with many coaches dropping out of the programme.

This, of course, would eventually eliminate the programme on the big island. Newfoundland, which started the certification programme in

January of 1977* suffers from a lack of promotional packages, and com­ munication, in this widely-scattered small population area, is quite difficult. Most of the interest takes place in the communities of

St. John's, Corner Brook and Gander, but although these areas are relatively large, they are some distance apart and communication, once again, is not a simple matter.

The Department of Rehabilitation and Recreation has provided fifty thousand dollars to help support level one of the programme, a 36 large sum of money for a province the Bize and population of Newfoundland.

NOVA SCOTIA

The maritime province of Nova Scotia administers the Coaching

Certification Programme through the Department of Recreation and is presently only involved with level one of the programme. As yet, the procedures and policies have not been set for level two theory, but

3 5Ibld. 36 National Coaching Certification Programme, National Survey, Sport Canada, Ottawa, May, 1977> P* 6. 158

i indications are that ten to fifteen thousand dollars vill be budgeted 37 for this area.

Financial assistance to sports groups in the technical area vishing to train instructors at the national and provincial levels, is provided by the Department of Recreation. This sponsoring agent, as well, provides monetary support to the sport governing bodies involved with conducting courses at the provincial level. Duff Montgomerie of the

Department of Recreation has stated in his correspondence with this writer: "The National Coaching Certification Plan has provided the volunteer, especially in the technical portion with a tool which he or gO she can use to deliver a programme common to all provinces in Canada."

The programmes that are delivered by each province, although common to a basic degree, are still unique and specialized in their own regions of the country. The offerings, in terms of subject matter at the theory one level are essentially the same for all ten provinces and the two territories, but Individual changes occur in methodB of financing the offerings as well as in administrative practices and the philosophy involved with certification. Nova Scotia, for example, charges a five dollar registration fee, as do the Northwest Territories, New Brunswick,

Quebec and Alberta. The other provinces charge the student ten dollars.

Ontario, Alberta and Saskatchewan are the only provinces currently

37 Based on personal correspondence between Duff Montgomerie, Co-ordinator of Spprt, Department of Recreation, Province of Nova Scotia, Halifax, and the writer, January 11, 1976. 159 teaching level tvo theory courses, vhile Nova Scotia and the others are 39 still involved at the first level. Both Nova Scotia and British

Columbia*pay their instructors fifteen dollars an hour, hut the remaining members from across the nation vary in the amount of money the instructor receives. Similar to some provinces, Nova Scotia advertises the courses through a newsletter, and vhile Nova Scotia employs many fulltime techni­ cal directors vith the sport governing bodies, some provinces employ very few, and Nev Brunswick supports none. Uo

NEW BRUNSWICK

Canada's coaching certification programme in Nev Brunswick is directed by the Department of Youth, Recreation and Cultural Resources, situated in Fredericton, the capital city of the province. Jim Morell is the sports coordinator for the province and in that capacity has commented on the funding situation and the importance of the certification programme: "With regard to funding, the Department of Youth, Recreation and Cultural Resources has made this particular programme its number one priority in assisting amateur sport development."*11 The involved individuals in Nev Brunswick feel very strongly about the certification process and Morell has stated: "I can only predict that it will be the most successful of any national-provincial programmes ever

39 'National Coaching Certification Programme, National Survey, op. cIt., p. J* + Uo Based on personal correspondence vith Jim Morell, Sport Co­ ordinator, Department of Youth, Recreation and Cultural Resources, Province of Nev Brunswick, and the writer, September 1, 1977*

k^ased on personal correspondence vith Jim Morell, and the writer, November 10, 1977. 160 ho conceived." These are quite forceful words when one considers the amount of legislation that has developed about the federal-provincial relationship but it does> however, indicate the enthusiasm generated for this particular venture by some of the provinces.

Morell, of course, is speaking of legislation and programming con­ cerning amateur sport, but this statement indeed reflects great optimism.

His enthusiasm continues with still another viewpoint: "The concept is important simply because it is designed to reach the coaches who are actually influencing the performances and attitudes of Canada's athletes, from the grass roots to the elite. No other programme has ever done this before.3

The Province of Nev Brunswick has not become involved vith level two theory courses at this time and will not do so until the French translations are available. Even vith this problem in mind, the province has devoted thirty-five thousand dollars, or sixty-one per cent of the allocated budget to further the efforts of coaching in the technical UU areas. Enthusiasm is demonstrated by the province in the work and attitude of the Department of Youth, Recreation and Cultural Resources towards the national concept of coaching certification, but vith a large percentage of French-speaking individuals being involved, it becomes expedient for the programme to be translated into French at the earliest possible time.

h3 Based on personal correspondence between Jim Morell and the writer, December 21, 1977* Uh National Coaching Certification Programme, National Survey, loc. cit. 161

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

Consistent with other provinces in Canada, the provincial imple- mentation of the National Coaching Certification Plan is funded by the provincial government in Prince Edward Island. This maritime province

Joined the programme in September of 1975 and has modelled its offerings U5 completely after the national plan. The Department of Education administers this programme and the capital city of Charlottetown is the setting for most of the business carried on in the coaching scheme.

Prince Edvard Island is yet another of Canada's provinces that is small in population and some distance from the central government in Ottawa.

As of the first of the year, 1978, this island province had been offering theory courses at level one with most sport governing bodies offering technical courses at the same level as well.U6

Level one Instructors are paid nineteen dollars an hour as an honorarium and a five dollar registration fee is received from each candidate to help defray administration costs. Level tvo theory is not presently being taught and the province may experience some difficulty at this particular level.

Don LeClair is a sport consultant in Charlottetown and he reports that because of a lack of expertise in his province, at the theory two level, it may be necessary to enlist assistance from Nev Brunswick and

Us Based on personal correspondence between Don LeClair, Amateur Sport Consultant, Department of Education, Prince Edvard Island, Charlottetown, and the writer, March 31, 1978. 162

1*7 Nova Scotia in order to become involved at the second level. The percentage of the coaching budget allocated for technical courses is « thirty-three per cent, amounting to an expenditure of tvo thousand dollars. Compared to the three hundred and fifty thousand dollars representing the contribution of Ontario and the tvo hundred thousand dollar minimum established in Quebec, this amount appears very small by comparison. £he populations contained vithin these same three provinces, hovever, reflects the same comparison. In the same manner, provinces such as Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia have separate technical directors for each sport governing body vhile Prince Edvard Island, like

Newfoundland and the Yukon, must have many of its technical heads over­ see a number of sports. Manitoba finds itself in a similar situation and tvelve of the fourteen technical directors in that province are 1*8 responsible for six sports eadh.

Prince Edvard Island has confirmed that the Certification

Programme has vorked veil, as expected, in so far as the programme has progressed. There are, hovever, some concerns, shared by other provinces, related to the format of the theory courses. The problem is centered around the question of vbat modules should be, and actually are, included at each level. At the present time. Prince Edvard Island feels that too much variation, from province to province, is causing anxieties vith both students and teachers alike. The potentially serious problem in Prince Edvard Island, hovever, remains the lack of resource individuals

1*7'Based on personal correspondence between Don LeClair and the writer, April 20, 1978. 1*8 National Coaching Certification Programme, National Survey, op. cit., p. 3 163

1*q to conduct levels two, three and four of the programme. 7

QUEBEC

The Province of Quebec presents a difficult and confusing situation for the unification of the certification programme. Quebec had already begun certification plans within its ovn provincial boundaries and vas reluctant to give away its autonomy in favour of federal membership. It will likely take Borne time and persuasion to encourage Quebec to Join the rest of Canada as a full member of the National Coaching Certifica- 50 tion Programme. The right of the provinces in matters of educational

Jurisdiction is strongly respected across the country but the authority vested in this manner in the Province of Quebec is a particulary sensitive issue. As recently as October of i960 the Government of

Quebec has taken an official position not to support the concept of the

National Coaching Certification Programme but it appears that the sport governing bodies in that province may decide if they wish to participate in theory or technical programmes. Terry Valeriote, National Certifica­ tion Co-ordinator1 has informed the national sport governing bodies coaching certification co-ordinators that the National Coaching

Certification Council will facilitate a process to allow theory courses to be offered in Quebec. The memorandum from Terry Valeriote pointed out:

1*9 LeClair, loc. cit. 50 Statement by Gordon Smith, Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Province of Ontario, in a personal Interview, September 10, 1976. 16U

1. At present one qualified theory' course instructor resides in

Montreal who can deliver theory one and tvo in both English and French.

2. It is Council's wish that any request for theory courses he made from within the Ihrovince of Quebec and be sanctioned by a Quebec provincial sport governing body.

3. The courses may be delivered to both sport specific groups or to groups of coaches from different sports.

U. If demand warrants the action* efforts will be made to train more course conductors in Quebec.

ONTARIO

The Province of Ontario has been the guiding force in developing the present National Coaching Certification Programme. A position paper developed in 1972 by the Ontario developers provided the initial background for ihe development of the programme. The original concepts related the concern to develop a paper that was related to people and to a system that spoke to all and not a select few and, indeed, to put the fun and enjoyment of effort back into amateur sport and coaching. The work of Dr. John Richardson, originally a Professor of Physical Education at the University of Western Ontario, and Gordon Smith, in charge of the

Coaching Development aspects of the Ontario Department of Culture and

Recreation, provided much of the impetus required of the programme during the early seventies.

The Coaching*Association of Canada provided both financial and advisory support to Ontario during the developing years and the relation­ ship with Ontario was a feature of the success achieved prior to 197^* 165 Through the early efforts of the Ontario members* the programme quickly became national in scope and the leadership provided by

Ontario has continued to flourish to the present time.

An important addition to the Ontario Department of Recreation and Culture occurred during the summer of 1980 vhen Judy Kent was appointed Coaching Certification Co-ordinator for the province. Miss Kent had previously been with the School of Physical Education and Athletics at McMaster University.

By the end of the fiscal year of 1979-80, two fulltime terminal operators were hired to assist the Database Manager in the operation of the national computer system. As a result* the records of thirty-two hundred coaches were added to the system and the transfer of records of

Ontario and Alberta coaches was initiated. ^

Overall developments of a recent nature have indicated that the

Canadian Amateur Hockey Association has agreed to re-evaluate its technical programme and the hope exists that hockey could rejoin the 52 National Coaching Certification Programme.

SUMMARY

The ten provinces and two territories* after expressing interest in participating In the National Coaching Certification Programme, began to develop their own adaptations of the federal model. With the

•^Statement by Judy Kent, Coaching Certification Co-ordinator, Department of Recreation and Culture, Province of Ontario* in a personal interview, Toronto, December 11, 1980. 52 National Coaching Certification Programme Council, Chairman’s Report to Interprovincial Sport and Recreation Council. Ottawa, October 3, 1980, 166 exception of the Province of Quebec, the members moved to consolidate their membership as quickly as possible. Chapter 6 describes the progress of each province and territory as they came to grips with the development of their individual programmes.

Each member province and territory has developed a provincial area within an established branch of its government to fund and operate the coaching certification programme. Each province and territory has experienced different methods of operation due mainly to population differences and geographical concerns.

The Province of Quebec has continued to remain outside the

National Coaching Certification Programme but has allowed sport governing bodies within the Province of Quebec to take part in theory courses independently. This allowance from Quebec provides some hope for the future that they may eventually find a way to Join the

National Coaching Certification Programme.

Recent overall developments have indicated that the Canadian

Amateur Hockey Association is willing to discuss its future relationship with the National Coaching Certification Programme. Certainly the addition of the Province of Quebec and the Canadian Amateur Hockey

Association to the national team would improve the solidarity of the

Coaching Certification Programme a great deal. Chapter 7

OTHER SELECTED FORM3 OF CERTIFICATION

Although the present National Coaching Certification Programme is unique, other sports have attempted to provide some form of certification and training for coaches. Hockey has been possibly the most active the sport governing bodies in terms of offering clinics to players and coaches. It is the purpose of this chapter to discuss other selected forms of certification beginning vith the efforts of the

Canadian Amateur Hockey Association.

HOCKEY

From 1963 through to 1967* the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association sponsored a coaching programme under the heading of National Hockey

Leadership Institutes and operated within five regions across Canada.

The C.A.H.A. in consort with the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union began the operation of this programme in the summer of 19^3t assisted by a grant from the Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch of the Canadian federal government's Department of Health and Welfare. Five areas were designated:

1. The Maritime Institute representing the maritime provinces and the University of New Brunswick acted as host. * 2. The Quebec Institute involving the French-speaking aspect of coaching with the University of Montreal hosting.

167 3. The Ontario Institute operated from the Royal Military

College in Kingston and embraced coaches from central Canada.

U. The Prairie Institue found its home base at the University.

of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon and generally looked after people from the

prairie provinces and northwestern Ontario.

5. The Western Institute directed its efforts to the western

seaboard and began operating at the University of British Columbia.^

Although these early attempts were not completely successful in

achieving a lasting and accepted certification process, they did help to

convince the C.A.H.A., the C.I.A.U. and the federal government that certi 2 flcation was a worthwhile endeavour. A three level programme began in

1967 in British Columbia, under the direction of Bob Hindmarsh of the

University of British Columbia. During the Bame time period, Clare Drake of the University of Alberta in Edmonton was involved with a similar

effort that contributed a great deal to the certification thrust that 3 developed in Alberta.

No certification was evident in Saskatchewan and Manitoba during

this period of time, but clinics on coaching were held in some Instances as a result of the five years of Leadership Institute influence. Ontario

on the other hand, through the co-operative efforts of Don Hayes from the

University of Waterloo and the Ontario Hockey Association, produced the

^Statement by Gordon Juckes, Secretary-Manager of the C.A.H.A, in a personal interview, Ottawa, June 3, 1977.

2Based upon personal correspondence between Dennis McDonald, Technical Director, C.A.H.A., and the writer, April 26, 1978.

3Ibid. 169 ]. Don Hayes Coaching Clinic.

The maritime provinces operated isolated hockey clinics in the late sixties, but no major programmes vere apparent until the national

Certification Plan came into being.^

Early in the year of 1969» the federal government, acting on the advice of the Task Force on Sport, established a government agency called

Hockey Canada. The purpose of this agency was to develop and co-ordinate a total programme for the betterment of hockey in Canada, and the newly formed organization was charged with two distinct but related tasks:

1. To operate, manage and develop a national team or teams to represent Canada in international tournaments*

2. To foster and support the playing of hockey in Canada, and in particular, to help to develop the skill and competence of Canadian hockey players, in co-operation with other hockey organizations.^

In 1971 Hockey Canada established a coaching certification programme which was conducted through the universities and colleges and in 1972, at a Joint meeting of Hockey Canada and the C.A.H.A., the 7 Hockey Technical Advisory Committee was formed. It was due to the influence of this committee, to a large degree, that the birth of the

National Coaching Certification Programme took place. This particular hockey certification programme provided much of the material used in

U Statement by Don Hayes, University of Waterloo, in a personal interview, Waterloo, Ontario, April 1, 1972.

‘’Based on personal correspondence between Dennis McDonald, Technical Director, C.A.H.A., and the writer, June 3, 1978.

Hockey Canada Volunteer Manual, (Ottawa: October, 1970), p. 17. 7 'Based on personal correspondence between Gordon Juckes, Secretary-Manager, C.A.H.A., and the writer, May 15, 1976. 170 the foundation and development of the national certification programme now in effect. In particular, the early efforts from the provinces of

Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta and Quebec contributed greatly in the formation of the National Coaching Certification Prograsme.

In the spring of 197^» in Winnipeg, the C.A.H.A. formed the g Hockey Development Council during the annual meeting. At the meeting, the new council was given the following mandate: "It shall be the respon­ sibility of the council to formulate and recommend hockey development pro- grammes reporting directly to the C.A.H.A. Board of Directors." This mandate was significant for the welfare of hockey in Canada, that for the first time there was a clearly established policy designating the C.A.H.A. as the sole agency responsible for the development of hockey in the

Dominion of Canada.*0 Shortly after the formation of the Hockey Develop­ ment Council, a national coaching certification programme was formed by the new council. The name given to this particular endeavour is the same as that of the programme under consideration in this study, and care should be taken not to confuse one with the other. The certification in hockey gave that sport an early start in certification as well as an individua­ lized curriculum that other sport governing bodies were unable to match.

The year 1971* also produced a coaches' study programme that took place in Moscow, held in conjunction with the U.S.S.R.-Team Canada hockey series. Fifty coaches from the hockey certification programme involved at the level three plateau were given the opportunity to partici-

Q Report of the C.A.H.A. Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, June 197?, P* 1. 9 10 Ibid. Ibid., p. 3. 171 pate In a programme that had been planned with the co-operation of the

Soviet Ice Hockey Federation. The selected coaches spent seven days in

Moscow and during that time took part in a series of lectures and demon­

strations by leading coaches from the U.S.S.R. The Canadian contingent*

as well* was able to spend many valuable hours with the top sport

researchers and teachers of the Soviet Union.11 The trip generated a

great deal of interest from the very beginning, a fact that was apparent

when over three hundred coaches across Canada applied for the opportunity

to viBit the U.S.S.R.12

A series of four clinics for hockey coaches was staged while the

Soviet National Team was competing in Canada during the same year, and was conducted in the same site cities of Vancouver* Winnipeg* Toronto and

Quebec City. The seminars held at this time were further enhanced when

the coaches were invited to attend and observe the practice sessions of

both teams and attend a question and answer period with the Soviet

coaches. Three hundred and seventy-five Canadian coaches were present 13 during these sessions.

During the spring of 197^* an International Junior Hockey Coaches

Seminar took place in Winnipeg during the World Junior Hockey Champion­

ships. Fifty-one Junior coaches, primarily from the Tier II and Junior B

levels, took part in a four-day seminar in which each of the partici­

pating teams made their coaches available for lectures and other

^Ibid. * p.* 5* 12 Statement by Joe Marko* Mohawk College* in a personal interview, Hamilton, Ontario, February 10, 1976. Joe Marko made the trip to Mascow as part of the coaching contingent and was Director of Athletics at Mohawk Community College in 197^- 13 C.A.H.A. Report* 197**, op. cit., p. 6. 172 presentations.^1* The coaches presented their basic team philosophies

and reinforced their ideas with video tape highlights of the games

played during the season and the championship tournament. Because of

the excellence of the presentations and the very co-operative manner in which the Junior coaches performed, it was decided by the seminar com­

mittee to ask the National Coaches Certification Programme to certify

the coaches of the ch;ampionship tournament at level three of the Certifi­

cation Programme. Both the coaches and the C.A.H.A. branches were 15 notified of this intention.

Sports other than hockey, while active in offering instructions for

the athletes involved, have not developed coaching certification programmes

in any large and consistent fashion. Track and field, however, offered a

unique programme of instruction from 1962 through to 1969.

TRACK AND FIELD

The Canadian Track and Field Association, in conjunction with the

Canadian Legion, operated a series of national clinics for coaches and

athletes at the University of Guelph from 1962 until 1969*

Ron Wallingford, Technical Director for the Canadian Track and Field

Association and an active participant during the Guelph experience,

suggests the clinics did nothing to formalize the present National

lU Tier II and Junior B are category designations for Junior Hockey Competition. In Ontario the top level of competition in Junior Hockey is Major Junior A followed by Tier II, Junior B, Junior C, etc. 15 Statement by Dennis McDonald, Technical Director, C.A.H.A., in a personal interview, Ottawa, June 26, 1978.

^Statement by John Hudson, Director of Television Sport, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, in a personal interview, Toronto, June 5, 1978. 173

Coaching Certification Programme hut were unique and stimulating by them­

selves.1^ The instructional staff of the Guelph clinics was possibly a major reason for the enthusiasm shown by the participants, as such well known personalities as John Powell and Oeoffrey Dyson headed an outstand- lfl ing array of Instructors. Oeoff Govan and Peter Radford, both faculty members at McMaster University at the time, were members of the instruc- 19 tional staff as well. ^ It is of interest to record that Olga and Harold

Connolly of the United States were also involved with the field event 20 Instruction.

VOLLEYBALL

The earliest attempt at certification in volleyball was in 1972 when a ccmmittee was appointed to develop a syllabus for the present volley­ ball certification Involvement of the National Coaching Certification 21 Programme. As this endeavour developed, twenty-one individuals were certified as level one coaches, in 197*+ • Certification clinics were then conducted by a volunteer group and this group was designated by the

17 Based on personal correspondence between Ron Wallingford, Technical Director, Canadian Track and Field Association, and the writer, Ottawa, February 1, 1977* 18 John Powell was Director of Physical Education at the Univer­ sity of Guelph and a coach of distinction in Great Britain and Canada. Geoffrey Dyson was the national track coach for England and scholar of international reputation.

^Geoff Gowan is presently Technical Director for the Canadian Coaching Association. Peter Radford, now teaching in England, was an international springer, representing Great Britain in the i960 Olympics. 20 Bill Huyck, Coaching Review. (Ottawa: December, 1965), p. 3.

'nased on personal correspondence between Lorne Sawula, Technical Co-ordinator, Canadian Volleyball Association, and the writer, April 25, 1977. ITU Ontario Volleyball Association to be responsible for coaching development 22 in the Province of Ontario. Lorne Sawula, Technical Co-ordinator for

the Canadian Volleyball Association, has indicated that the programme has had an excellent relationship with the other provinces and that the mate­

rial presently in use will shortly be translated into the French language.

A number of problems encountered have been related to financing as veil as the time and effort required to operate such a large lnstruc- 23 tional programme. As the provincial responsibility has been in the offerings of levels one, tvo and three, the Ontario Volleyball Association has acted quite independently of the Canadian Volleyball Association and has been most active and productive at the initial three levels of certi- 2k flcatlon. At the present time, the C.V.A. has produced a Master Coaches

Committee vhlch is responsible for the production of nev materials and programmes. Their work has been impressive.

FIELD HOCKEY (WOMEN)

Other than the present involvement, no early attempts at coaching certification have existed in field hockey in Canada. Like many of the other sport governing bodies, field hockey has Involved itself with the development of skills from a competitor's viewpoint and have only mobilized their federal and provincial forces after the Canadian Coaching

22Baaed on personal correspondence between Larry Kich, Technical Director, Ontario Volleyball Association, and the writer, January 18, 1978.

2k Based on personal correspondence between Larry Kich, Technical Director, Ontario Volleyball Association, and the writer, February 3, 1978. 175

Association initiated the national certification plan. There are presently four levels of certification in field hockey with the provinces implementing and financing the initial two levels and the 25 Coaching Association sponsoring levels three and four.

RINGETTE

Since the invention of the game, in 1965, hy Dr* Jam Jacks,

Director of Parks and Recreation in the city of North Bay, Ontario, veil over one hundred thousand vomen have been competing In thiB unique winter

sport. The game resembles a combination of ice hockey and floor hockey.

The game is played on ice with the players using skates, masks and other protective hockey equipment. No body contact is allowed and a felt ring or doughnut is used instead of a puck.

At the present time, rlngette is divided into six age groups:

1. The Petites, girls ten years of age and under.

2. The Teens, girls twelve and under.

3. The Juniors, girls fourteen and under.

U. The Belles, girls seventeen and under.

5. The Debs, young women eighteen and under. 26 6. Ladies, vomen twenty years of age and over.

As rlngette has been in operation as a national sport governing body since 1969* little has been achieved as yet in the certification process. A total of six level one clinics in the technical area have

*

25 'Based on personal correspondence between Marina van der Merwe, National Women's Field Hockey Coach, and the writer, February 22, 1978* 26 Margaret Watts, The Silhouette. Hamilton, Ontario, April 5, 1978, p. 12. 176 been held since 1975 and approximately one hundred and fifty coaches have been produced as a result of this endeavour. In the theory offerings at level one* forty-one coaches have successfully completed this portion of the certification programme. So far no one has achieved certification in the practical application of the level one 27 curriculum. As a result of these findings, it is apparent that none has been completely certified throughout the level one system.

As a national sport governing body that is still very young rlngette operates on a local "Approved Community Coach" level, a requirement for every coach outBide of house league competition.

Women's ice hockey has become very popular in the last ten years, particularly in Southern Ontario. This has possibly created some retardation in growth and in the certification process of rlngette. However, enthusiasm remains quite high and organizers are quite excited about the future.

WATER SKIING

Until 1977 when initial activity was established through the first level one course of the National Coaching Certification Programme, water Bkiing had no national certification methods available. The

Canadian Water Ski Association undertook to organize a course of instruc­ tion which was evaluated by a four-person coaching committee. Ihe results

0 7 # Based on ‘personal correspondence between Wes Clark, Technical Director, Ontario Rlngette Association, and the writer, March 15, 1978. 177 were quite inadequate and many members felt the product produced vas not 28 up to expectations.

For over fifteen years and as far back as 1963* the Ontario

Water Ski Association had been conducting the only available instructors course. In terms of national certification, no Ontario

involvement had been permitted and the federal-provincial relation­ ship suffered as a result. Much of the problem could be related to political relationships, but a major issue was one that pointed out no criteria existed requiring the National Coaching Certification

Programme be reviewed by the provincial sport governing body. The provincial representatives are anxiously awaiting a change in this national policy.

The Ontario Water Ski Association, as well as the other provincial water ski bodies, attempt to deal with the activities at the community level. Developing a membership is part of this con­ cern. The Canadian Association established the programmes and the rules that govern them, which in turn are set forth as a standard 29 for all provincial sport governing bodies in water skiing. * This unusual format is not in keeping with the methods used by other sport governing bodies and has delayed the progress expected to a large

“Based on personal correspondence between Walter Sokolowski, Executive Director, Ontario Water Ski Association, and the writer, February 16, 1978.

29Ibid. 178 degree. A much clearer and more compatible relationship must he developed between the provinces and the federal agency if water skiing certification is to become effectively involved with the national plan.

DIVING

The Canadian Amateur Diving Association has not been involved with the National Coaching Certification Programme; however, the need for such involvement is well recognized and the subject is presently under discussion in the hope that some fixed criteria may be forthcoming. The C.A.D.A. has had a role to play within the national certification process, nevertheless; portions of the Learn- to-Dive Instructor Programme have been accepted by the federal authorities. The acceptable portions involved refer to the offerings at the instructors levels one and two, involving practical skills for 30 the beginner.

Don McGavern, past Technical Director for the Canadian Amateur

Diving Association, now operates a coaches training school in the city of

Ottawa. The ultimate goal of this operation is to produce trained and 31 certified coaches in the sport of diving. The school, although Just

30 Based on personal correspondence between Brian Kilpatrick, Executive Director, C.A.D.A., and the writer, February 1, 1978. 31 Based on personal correspondence between Don McGavern, past Technical Director, Canadian Amateur Diving Association, and the writer, March 2, 1978. 179 recently opened, should help to produce qualified people and create interest in the certification programme at the national level, but it is somewhat incongruous that a private school is in operation when the Canadian Amateur Diving Association has not, aB yet, produced a certification programme of its ovn. The Ontario section of the national body differs little from the parent organisation although possessing autonomy within its ovn programme. The provin­ cial body has always followed the guidelines of the C.A.D.A. and operated by federal standards.

SKIING

The National Ski Council is represented by committees that operate within each province, and thus the Ontario Ski Council, as a sport governing body, operates somewhat differently from other sport governing bodies in that the Council is a federation of four major ski associations in Ontario. The Canadian Ski Patrol System of the Ontario Division, through its eight zones in Ontario, provides a safety service programme for skiing. This organization is represented on the Council by the Lake

Superior, Northern Ontario, National Capital and Southern Ontario Divisions.

The competitive aspects of skiing are handled by the Canadian Ski Assocla- 33 tion in all four areas: Alpine, Nordic, Jumping and Freestyle events.

Through the Ontario Ski Council and the Ontario Ministry of Culture and

32 Based on personal correspondence between Peter Owen Smith, Pro­ gramme Co-ordinator, Ontario Ski Council, and the writer, January 25, 1978•

33Ibid. 180

Recreation, level one of the National Coaching Certification Programme is presently in operation.

It would appear that the Interests of skiing are well served by this particular type of operation and the strong Interest that has prevailed in training competent instructors within the Ski Council has not caused a sudden rush to Join the National Coaching Certification

Programme. This particular organization is supportive of the national certification effort hut it would seem that a five level development, as used by other sport governing bodies, is some distance away.

A recent newsletter from the Fort Arthur Ski Club reminds us that since 19**7 over two hundred instructors have graduated from the 3I1 Canadian Travelling Ski Schools in the Province of Ontario. This particular organization was sponsored by the Ontario Department of Travel and Publicity originally, and then transferred to the Department of 35 Education in 1951. The purpose of the Travelling Schools has been to train instructors who in turn teach "The safe, controlled skiing of the Canadian Ski Technique; a combination of the best parts of the 36 Alpine, Swiss, Arlberg and French techniques.

Going back to the year 1938, both Canada and the United

States of America found themselves in a similar position in the world of skiing. Each country employed many European instructors, nearly all of whom were using their own methods of instruction and in many cases,

3I* Barbara Lamb, "The Twenty-fifth Anniversary, Port Arthur Ski Club, 1929-195U," Newsletter, March, 195**, p. 2U.

^Based on personal correspondence between Peter Owen Smith, Programme Co-ordinator, Ontario Ski Council, and the writer, February 25, 1978.

36Ibid. lSl criticizing the teaching of other instructors. This vas indeed a liability. To offset this problem, a small group was formed in

Montreal. The Montreal group gathered together the best ski instructors available from the Laurentian area in an attempt to unify the teaching methods used in skiing. Up to the end of the First World War, or about

1918, the course vas open to both amateurs and professionals, but due to very heavy enrolments, the course became available to professional skiers only. This situation placed the amateur representatives of many ski clubs throughout Canada in a dilemma and as a result, the Provincial

Government of Ontario, following the lead of many European countries interested in winter tourist trade, took up the sponsorship of the 37 Canadian Travelling Ski Schools. 1

The schools have now spread across the North American continent, with other courses being offered as far away as Australia.

TEAM HANDBALL

Although some national planning meetings have taken place recently, team handball, both nationally and provlncially, has accom­ plished little in the area of coaching certification. At the present time, an instructor's manual is now being prepared and when completed, the package will be presented to the Coaching Association of Canada for approval. Seme coaching clinics have been conducted for teachers and students in both the elementary and secondary schools, but none of these

37 * Clint Melville, "Dominion Ski Championships," Newsletter, February, 19**9» P* 21. 182 39 has carried certification endorsement.

TENNIS

The Canadian Lawn Tennis Association, along with the provincial sport governing bodies, has been conducting courses for instructors for the past ten years, but until the formation of the present National

Coaching Certification Programme came into being there waB no single 1(0 sanctioning body for tennis instructors in the United States or Canada.

There are, however, national organizations such as the United States

Professional Tennis Association's Academy and the Van der Meer Tennis

University that conduct clinics and other courses for tennis instructors.

These particular tennis schools are highly regarded but like other tennis organizations, none had any real ability to regulate certification on a broad scale.

Through the co-operation of Dennis Van der Meer, President of the Van der Meer Tennis University, and many highly respected tennis teachers, a Professional Tennis Registry has been established.

Two comprehensive instructor's manuals were prepared in 197b and are available to all tennis professionals who wish to prepare themselves for the national, standardized tests that are presently in use. The

Registry is an international organization with over fifteen hundred members covering twenty-one countries of the globe. A representative

^Based orr personal correspondence between Owen Dick, Director, Ontario Team Handball Association, and the writer, January 28, 1978.

^Statement by Lionel (Butch) Staples, Tennis and Basketball Coach, McGill University, in a personal interview, Hamilton, April, 1978. Mr. Staples is, as well, an active member of the Professional Tennis Registry Association and the owner of a private tennis club in Montreal. 183

office exists In Washington, D. C., with administrative headquarters residing in Los Angeles, California. The playing and testing head- lii quarters find their home in Houston, Texas.

SOCCER

Frank Pike, a recognized soccer coach in Great Britain and

Canada, has studied the coaching of soccer on the Canadian scene.

Mr. Pike has found that coaching in this country has been quite con­ sistent as the type of certification programmes in soccer has been based upon the British coaching courses that have emigrated to this . 1*2 country.

The Canadian Soccer Association is consistent throughout the dominion in terms of its overall offerings and each provincial sport governing body is, in fact, an extension of the national body. Ontario has added two technical levels to the National Coaching Certification

Programme, both of which operate without examinations. At the present time the provinces are involved with the national programme and are operative from level one through and including level five.

COACHING CERTIFICATION AND THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS

The Coaching Certification Programme in Canada has been directed to the improvement of the coach in the hope that improved performance on the part of the athlete will become a natural and continuing result.

UlThe Professional Tennis Registry, Newsletter, 1629 K Street, N.W., Suite $20, Washington, D. C., March, 1975*

**‘Based on personal correspondence between Frank Pike, Provincial Coach, The Ontario Soccer Association, and the writer, January 31, 1978. A number of the participants in the national programme are high school

teachers, but it is the opinion of Dr. Qlynn Leyshon, of the University

of Western Ontario, that the secondary school system does not support,

nor participate in, the national organization to any large degree. As

a result of this lack of enthusiasm on the part of the educational

institutions involved, Dr. Leyshon suggests that many high school

athletes are competing for clubs outBlde of the school system and,

indeed, benefit from the outside coaching. There has been an assumption made by critics of the school system that club coaches have generally participated in the National Coaching Certification Programme; however, there is no evidence to support this theory. The evidence of outside participation by the high school students, however, appears to be well documented and Leyshon states: "In individual sports Buch as gymnastics, swimming, wrestling and track, the evidence of outside par- U3 ticipation is most easily seen." Dr. Leyshon relates further that in * London, Ontario, during the School Girls' Gymnastic Championships of

1976, thirty-eight of forty-five medals were won by gymnastB who were kk members of outside clubs. Leyshon suggests the effect upon team sports

is somewhat more subtle as the Ontario High School Hockey Championship winning team, almost to a man, played on an outside team in 1976.^

If the situation is as Dr. Leyshon suggests, it could be argued that outside participation is accounting for the improved performances of some high school athletes, and that high school coaches are not the *

JiO Glynn A. Leyshon, "Coaching Certification and the High Schools", Coaching Association of Canada, Bulletin No. 16 (January, 1977) 5*

U5Ibid. 185 ones responsible for the advancement In skill.

Dave Fishman is the Executive Director of the Canadian Federation of Provincial School Athletic Associations. His reply to Dr. Leyshon*s claim is recorded in the following statement: "At least it was an attempt to rationalize a premise that club-trained athletes are superior to high school athletes."1*^ Fishman suggests that Leyshon has forgotten why high school athletic programmes exist and puts forth a reminder that the educational system is designed to introduce students to activities and to provide opportunities to participate in a variety of competitive sports as veil as to help students develop both physical skills and proper social 1*7 values. 1 In referring to the number of outside, club players on the

1976 High School Hockey Champions, Fishman contends that the victory vas a narrow one and many of the other competing teams in the tournament had us little help from outside, club players.

The main criticism by Fishman, in reference to Leyson's conten­ tions, is that the high schools do velcome the involvement of outside clubs vith extensive coaching opportunities and that both the school system and the Coaching Certification Programme serve useful but dif- Uq ferent purposes. *

High school coaches have found that the participation aspect of sport appears to be more popular vith secondary school athletes than is the competitive expression and John Brewer, a Toronto high school teacher

***bave Fishman, "(baching Certification and the High Schools: A Rebutal," Coaching Association of Canada. Bulletin No. 17, (April, 1977), 3.

^Ibid. **®Ebid.

U?rbid., p. U, 186 and coach, baa commented that football competition is being reduced in general in the City of Toronto and some schools are eliminating the programme because of the high risk, of injury.^

The fact remains that certification in coaching is available to all teachers if they desire to qualify through the National Coaching

Certification Programme and in such cases the high school coach may veil become Involved vith outside clubs. Andy Higgins, Track Coach at the

University of Toronto, reminded us that many of the top track coaches in the Toronto area are, or have been, elementary and secondary school 51 teachers.

SUMMARY

Other forms of certification in coaching have been in operation in Canada and the United States and Chapter 7 has dealt vith a selected group of organizations in order to present an overviev of such methods.

Hockey has been particularly active in providing coaching clinics and the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association has been responsible for a good deal of the programming of such effort.

Many offerings to assist coacheB have been held across the country vith the provincial sport governing bodies providing support for these presentations. Track and field featured a unique experience for coaches at the University of Guelph from 1962 until 1969. Volleyball began to develop a syllabus for the present certification programme in «

“^Statement by John Brever, Secondary School Teacher, Toronto, in a personal interviev, March 10, 1978.

^Statement by Andy Higgins, Track Coach, University of Toronto, in a personal interviev, June 1, 1978. 1972* Hie efforts of the Canadian Amateur Volleyball Association have been Impressive in developing a certification programme over the past six years. Women's field hockey and rlngette have been recent additions to the National Coaching Certification Programme and both organizations are looking ahead to the future. Water skiing has suffered from political misunderstandings in terms of the National Certification

Programme and attempts to deal vith coaching at the community level.

The Canadian Amateur Diving Association has not been involved vith the

National Programme and they, too, attempt to deal vith the activities at the community level. Skiing as a vinter sport has operated its ovn unique programme across the country and the Canadian Ski Patrol System of the Ontario Division, through its eight zones in Ontario, provides a safety service programme for skiing. This system, operating across the nation, has been quite successful but it vould seem that full participa­ tion in the National Coaching Certification Programme is some distance avay. Team Handball has operated some coaching clinics for teachers and students but none has carried certification endorsement. Tennis has provided a unique type of coaching certification through the programme offered by Van der Meer Tennis University in Houston, Texas and a

Professional Tennis Registry has been established as a result of this effort. The involvement of soccer presently involves the provinces in the National Coaching Certification Programme and is operative from level one through level five. Coaching Certification in the secondary schools has found many high school teachers involved vith outside clubs.

Certification has thus occurred outside of the school system. The secondary schools viev athletic programmes differently than some outside competition tut it remains a positive situation vhen both, the school system and the Coaching Certification Programme serve useful but different purposes. Chapter 8

THE SPORT GOVERNING BODIES

The association of sport governing bodies in Canada may veil present a confusing picture to the uninitiated. There is an increasing number of sport governing and sport related agencies across the nation that is involved with amateur sport and, in some instances with professional operations as veil. As a result of this ever-increasing activity on the Canadian sporting scene, a puzzling picture emerges at times vhen one ponders the relationships among the sport governing bodies, agencies and governments.

The national governing organizations represent particular sports that speak to national and international competitions and act as the governing agencies in Canada. Such associations as the Canadian

Amateur Hockey Association, the Canadian Amateur Basketball Association, the Canadian Amateur Volleyball Association and the Canadian Amateur

Football Association deal vith the federal government in discussions related to specific concerns. Margot J. Favcett, editor of the

Canadian Sports Annual, has explained this relationship:

All amateur sports in vhich there are national competitions leading to international competitions are headed by a recognized group vhich represents that sport outside of Canada and acts as its governing body in Canada. The national association also represents the sport in discus­ sions vith the federal government.

* Many of the amateur sports governing bodies are members in turn of national support, Games and education sport groupB.

18? 190

Sometimes the governing body is represented on the Board of Directors of these multi-sport and special purpose groups.

Although the sport groups are not representative of any individual sport, they do have a direct interest in the - development of amateur sport in Canada.

Most of the education groups are tied into the education systems, providing competition among secondary schools, colleges and universities.

The federal government is heavily committed to providing support for amateur sports in Canada, primarily in the vay of funding, through the Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch of the Department of National Health and Welfare.

Most professional teams and individuals have limited relationships with the governing body of the corresponding amateur sport. Professional sports have even lesB associa­ tion with each other. There are no formal organizations representing two or more professional sports in Canada.^-

The national sport governing bodies include provincial organi­ zations that reflect the policies and programmes of the parent associations. Such bodies as the Ontario Hockey Association and the

Ontario Basketball Association (Basketball Ontario) carry on the day- to-day regional duties of programme and competition in consort with the philosophies of the parent bodies In Ottawa. The provincial sport governing affiliates represent their sport in discussions with the provincial governments concerned and both federal and provincial governments provide a major amount of funding for the amateur sport programmes across the country.

Although all sport governing bodies are not involved with the National Coaching Certification Programme, many are active participants. Each conforms to the national certification standards

Hlargot J. Fawcett, ed., Canadian Sports Annual, (Toronto: Corpus Publications, 1977)* p. 19• 191 but each, aa veil, reflects individual differences. The Canadian

Amateur Hockey Association, the Canadian Amateur Basketball Association, the Canadian Amateur Volleyball Association and the Canadian Amateur

Football Association reflect a cross section of the participating sports associations in Canada.

THE CANADIAN AMATEUR HOCKEY ASSOCIATION

The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, the most visible of all associations, vas formed in the year 19lU during a meeting held in Ottawa that was the result of the western provinces' involvement with the game of 0 hockey. As the provinces built their own leagues and associations, they requested and received permission to come under the Jurisdiction and 3 guidance of the national body.

In effect, hockey produced the setting for a serlos of sport governing bodies to form a sport administrative network across the nation.

With the driving force of Western Canada producing the birth of the

C.A.H.A., so did increased competition at the national level produce two of amateur hockey's most significant trophies. The Allan Cup was presented for competition in 1916 and two years later the Memorial Cup li came into existence. Other trophies have been presented since that time but the original two will long be remembered. Arthur Stanley, the son of

Lord Stanley of Preston, vas instrumental in forming the Ontario Hockey

2Ibid., p. 13. 3Ibid. U Statement by Gordon Juckes, Secretary-Manager, C.A.H.A., in a personal interview, Ottawa, August 9» 1978. The Allan Cup became the trophy for the Canadian Senior Amateur Hockey Championship, converting the old challenge system to a format of national playdovns. The Memorial Cup came into being in the same fashion to honour the National Junior Amateur Champions. 192 Hockey Association in 1890 and will be remembered, as veil, as the son of

the donor of the fsaous Stanley Cup, now being contested by twenty-one

professional hockey teams of the Rational Hockey League. Wise and Fisher

reminded us that one of the important pioneers in the early days of the

Ontario Hockey Association vas John Hoss Robertson, publisher of the

Toronto Telegram, an historic Toronto evening newspaper. Robertson, at

odds vith the Canadian Amateur Athletic Union on the reinstatement of

professional players in lacrosse, laid down the principle of amateurism without reinstatement" "We make no man a professional and no man an

amateur. The man makes himself a professional, and the O.H.A. should

never unmake him.

The game of hockey has created a great deal of excitement from its

inception to the present day and it may be pointed out that the indivi­

duals and programmes Involved vith this sport have also created an

individualism that is not always apparent in other sports. Amateur hockey

and the C.A.H.A. did not wait for national coaching progammes to develop

in terms of propagating the skills of players and coaches. Throughout the

history of the C.A.H.A. a very large number of clinics and workshops have

been promoted in order to improve the calibre of the game. References

have been made to this particular involvement in earlier chapters, but it

should be remembered that the governing body for hockey in Canada has always felt a strong need to educate players, coaches, referees and parents of the young, aspiring participant.

•

5 S. F. Wise and Douglas Fisher, Canada's Sporting Heroes. (Don Mils, Toronto: General Publishing Company Limited, 19 7**)» P* 193

The Fifteenth Annual University of Windsor Seminar on Canadian-

Amerlcan Relations became one forum to discuss such involvement. The seminar took palce in 1973* a time period vhen coaching certification in

Canada vas barely developing. During the gathering, Dr. Cecil Eaves,

Development Co-ordinator for the C.A.H.A., spoke about the emphasis that is placed upon coaching in the U.S.S.R., the United States of America and Canada:

It is interesting from a comparative point of viev to take a look at where the emphasis is placed in Russia and where the emphasis is placed in Canada. For example, Russia has a whole club system. A boy can get involved in community hockey. They call it their backyard programme in Moscow and if he is good enough to evolve into a club team then he can play for one of six teams, Red Army, Spartak, etc. They still have a broad base, but they have a channel right up the middle, vhich is their club system and that is a bit different than ours. In order to coach a club team you have to be a qualified coach and you are required to have spent four years at a physical culture institute in M o b c o w .

Now these physical culture institutes specialize in the pre­ paration of coaches. There are twenty-three of them in the Soviet Union and seven of them zero in on ice hockey; that happens to be their specialty. The one in Moscow that we visited, that vas their special area.

In the United States, of course, you have the whole system geared to the schools and to the university. So this is where their athletes come from.

In Canada we have taken hockey out of the schools. We did this many years ago. The communities and the volunteer coaches are providing the leadership. This is where we are concerned as a Hockey Technical Advisory Committee, about educating as best we can the parents and the coaches so that maybe the values change a little bit and the boy in the age group of fourteen, fifteen and sixteen can see some reason for staying and playing.®

Cecil Eaves, "Amateur Sports, C.A.H.A.," Proceedings of the 15th Annual University of Windsor Seminar for Canadian-American Relations. (Windsor, Ontario: Printed for the Canadian-American Seminar by Herald Press, 1972), pp. 103-U. Dr. Eaves was with the C.A.H.A. in 1973 while on leave of absence from the University of Windsor. Dr. Eaves had previously coached the University of Windsor Hockey team. 191*

Dr. Eaves' remarks about hockey being taken out of the schools appear to be a reference to the minor league levels in Canada for certainly the game is played in the high schools, colleges and univer­ sities vith some degree of success. The comments do, however, provide some comparison of the nature of coaching in the three countries. A number of prominent athletic personalities spoke to the convention and included such individuals as Richard Moriarty, Director of Sport at the

University of Windsor; Don Canham, Director of Athletics at the Univer­ sity of Michigan; John Loy from the University of Massachusetts, and

Alan Eagleson, player representative for the National Hockey League and

Hockey Cnaada's chief negotiator in international hockey. All of these individuals helped to illustrate the concern and uncertainty that surrounds the athletic scene in terms of coaching and guidance that is offered to the participants, particularly the younger players.

A supporting concern surfaced when an examination into the quality of minor hockey vas conducted in 1979 by the Parent Education 7 Committee of the Ontario Hockey Council. The purpose of the survey vas to air such issues as the elimination of body checking for players under twelve years of age, the quality of coaching and officiating and the need for mandatory coaching certification. In keeping vith the vievs held by the C.A.H.A., the investigation also reflected the need to educate parents concerning the role played in their child's

7 The survey vas not a study of violence in minor hockey. Of more than eighty questions in the survey, only four asked about violence. The Hockey Development Council of the C.A.H.A. vas formed at the 197b annual meeting of the Association, in Winnipeg, Manitoba. 195 Q leisure activity.

Over seventy-eight thousand questionnaires vere mailed to parents of competitive players involving the four major geographical regions of Ontario. Competitive players vere Judged to be those playing on representative teams and did not include house league competitors.

Close to forty per cent of the questionnaires vere returned indicating a high response for such public surveys, as veil as a great interest by parents in the Province of Ontario. The survey revealed that the group of parents vbo felt there vas too much violence in amateur hockey in general and in their child's league in particular, vere more supportive of improving the coaching circumstances in the game of hockey.

This group strongly supported the concept that coaching certification should be a compulsory prerequisite for. all coaches at the competitive o level. Other results indicated that ninety-four per cent of the parents felt that children under ten years of age should spend most of their time practising and learning fundamental skills rather than travelling and playing a competitive schedule. This response is indicative of the concern expressed about the quality of coaching being provided to young hockey players. Eighty-two per cent of those surveyed thought that parents create problems by their behaviour at games and sixty-five per cent said that parentB create unhealthy situations by interacting vith both the hockey association and the coach.^ The questionnaire revealed,

Parent Education Committee of the Ontario Hockey Council, Examination into the Quality of Minor Hockey. (A report sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and Recreation of Ontario and printed in Toronto by the Ontario Hockey Association, 1979)* p* 1*

9Ibid., p. 2. 10Ibid., p. 3. 196 aa well, that sixty per cent of the respondents felt the performance of the coach in question should he improved and fifty-four per cent did not feel that enough time vas spent during practice time in teaching the

fundamental skills of the game such as skating and passing.^*

The results of the survey pointed out in summary that three major areas of discontent were the major concerns of parents. The examination into the prohelms and quality of minor hockey produced the following major concerns:

1. More stress is needed in the area of teaching fundamental skills to the players.

2. An improved quality of coaching is needed and is most desirable. 12 3. Minor hockey is too violent.

The C.A.H.A., although originally involved vith itB own Hockey

CoacheB Certification Programme, Joined the national plan and generally

followed the programmes as set forth by the federal organisation. This arrangement vas discontinued in the fall of 1979 when the C.A.H.A. became disenchanted vith the operation and methodology of the National Coaching

Certification Programme. The C.A.H.A. had always been a leader in opera­ ting hockey clinics and decided to return to its original certification efforts. Hon Smith, Technical Director of the Ontario Hockey Association, readily admitted that a number of differences of opinion vith the National

* Coaching Certification Programme led to the divorce. The C.A.H.A. had

^*Ibid., p. U. 12Ibid., p. 6. 197

tied Its technical programme to the level one theory offerings of the

National Coaching Certification Programme and had been unhappy about the operation of the national theory offerings. Level one theory of the national plan mixes coaches of ail sports in the same classroom, believing that coaches from different backgrounds vill gain from this exposure. The

C.A.H.A. chose not to be involved in the theory portion of the national plan, other than in a voluntary fashion and would have preferred theory to 13 be sport specific so that only hockey coaches would be involved. Ron

Smith, in expressing the feelings of the O.H.A., points out that coaches have experienced enough difficulty in coping with their own sport without making the problem greater by mixing coaches of many different sports in theory education. The concern about this situation has been further explained by pointing out that only after a certain level of competence and sophistication has been attained could one expect a coach to gain lU from a mixed group situation.

The withdrawal of hockey from formal participation in the National

Coaching Certification Programme may prove to be of some consequence to the overall success of the national endeavour. The action taken by such a large and influential body may, in the future, cause other sport governing organizations to attempt similar action. At the present time the relation­ ship of the C.A.H.A. to the National Coaching Certification Programme is cordial but it does not appear that differences of opinion vill be solved in the immediate future. The C.A.H.A. continues to interact vith other

13 Statement by Ron Smith, Technical Director, Ontario Hockey Association, in a personal interview, Toronto, March 28, 1979.

^Statement by Ron Smith, Toronto, April 26, 1979* 198

sport governing "bodies, however, and has been quick to point out that the

experiences of involvement vith the national programme has served a 15 useful purpose.

THE CANADIAN AMATEUR VOLLEYBALL ASSOCIATION

Although Canada vas one of the first countries to play volleyball

after the game vas Invented in the United States in 1895» it vas not until

1953 that a national organization vas formed.

The game vas introduced in Canada in 1900 and became quite popu­

lar in the Ottava Y.M.C.A. under the initiating force of Mr. Percy J. Lee,

the Physical Director.1^ Soon, others began to play the game and the

Toronto Central Y.M.C.A. participated in an Ontario volleyball league as

early as 1913, and in Hamilton, Ontario, in the year of 1920, the

Y.M.C.A. hosted the first annual volleyball championships for business­ men.^ The Ontario Volleyball Association vas formed in 1926 and the

prairie provinces became organizaed the same year. During the 1920*8

British Columbia had a programme in operation through its Y.M.C.A.s, and most veBtern provinces agreed to keep their organizations strictly vithin

the Y.M.C.A. Eventually the Canadian Amateur Volleyball Association vas lfi formed in 1953* A meeting of the Canadian Amateur Volleyball

Association vas held in Montreal in May of 1953 and the first president

15 Based on correspondence betveen Ron Smith and the vriter, April 28, 1979. 16 Robert D. Bratton, Canadian Volleyball. A History to 1967. CScarborough, Ontario: C.V.A. Publications, 1972), p. 5*

^J. H. Crocker, "Ontario Amateur Volleyball Association," Official Volleyball Rules. tNev York: American Sports Publishing Company, 1929-30), p. 6 9. 1 O Bratton, loc. cit. 199 elected vaa Wes Me Vicar although, he vas not present at that meeting.

McVicar, a player of considerable skill, and a Y.M.C.A. physical director, 10 was felt to he the only man for the Job. 3 Prior to the election,

Gordon O'Dell, a member of the Montreal Y.M.C.A., had provided the

Association with a good deal of leadership in his capacity of provisional 20 president.

McVicar served as president for a nine-year period and during this tenure vas awarded the chair on all occasions by.acclamation. He w s b able to combine his duties as a Y.M.C.A. employee and his interest and responsibility to the C.V.A. quite easily as volleyball was essen­ tially a "Y" game. In the early years the C.V.A. was almost totally devoted to the Canadian championship scene but as the International involvement became more Important, leadership and coaching considerations developed as paramount responsibilities.

The many recent contributions of Anton Furlani, Secretary of the C.V.A., gave added impetus to the coaching development areas of volleyball and the Canadian Amateur Volleyball Association has become an avid supporter of the National Coaching Certification Programme during the past five years. Larry Kich, of the Ontario Volleyball Association, has agreed that the involvement of Furlani in the coaching process has 21 given volleyball a tremendous boost. Kich has been quick to point out

19 Minutes of Annual Meeting, Canadian Amateur Volleyball Association, Montreal, May 3, 1993. 20 Bratton, op. cit., p. 7. From personal correspondence between Wes McVicar, and the writer, Toronto, November 23, 1967. 21 Statement by Larry Kich, Technical Director, Ontario Amateur Volleyball Association, in a personal interview, Toronto, March 15, 1979* 200 that the C.V*A. and Its provincial counterparts have taken special care to follow the national certification plan as closely as possible 22 while introducing some original ideas of their own.

Lome Sawala, Technical Director for the C.V.A., has commented that the international flavor developed in recent years has changed the early recreational style of play to one that requires greater emphasis in the area of coaching and competitive scheduling and so certification 23 of coaches became a high priority.

The certification programme of the C.V.A., since its Inception, has been under the control of the Master Coaches Review Board, who retain the responsibility for levels four and five as well as the opera­ tion of the Master Clinics. Each region within the country has appointed a coaching chairman,who, in turn, is responsible for the levels 2k one, two and three offerings.

Volleyball certification uses six levels of progress: one, two and three levels are essentially the responsibility of the C.V.A. and the provincial agencies, while levels four, five and the Master Clinics fall under the aegis of the Master Coaches Review Board, composed at the op present time of six members (see Table 3) •

22 Ibid.

^^Based on correspondence between Lorne Sawala, Technical Co-ordinator, Canadian Amateur Volleyball Association, and the writer, Ottawa, May 18, 1978. 2k * Ibid. 201

Table 3

Composition of Master Coaches Review Board

Larry Kich - Technical Director, Ontario Charles Cardinal - University of Montreal Victor Lindal - Provincial Coach, British Columbia Mark Tenant - University of Saskatchewan Moo Park - National Women's Coach Dr. Lorne Sawala - Technical Coordinator, C.V.A.

The Canadian Volleyball Association) unlike the Canadian Amateur

Hockey Association, Is in agreement with the format used by the National

Coaching Certification Programme In bringing together coaches from various sport governing bodies to share the experiences of the theory course work. Larry Kich has reflected the views of the C.V.A. and suggests that volleyball will continue to follow the basic structure of the national plan.

A recent interview with Kich has provided a number of answers concerning volleyball's involvement in the National Coaching Certification

Programme. Kich relates that the volleyball certification process is proceeding well and that future expectations are very closely related to those of the national programme as a whole. The programme has been quite successful to thiB point and the provincial bodies have been able to recognize and accept the work carried on by the other provinces. Recog­ nition of the certification offerings from the Province of Quebec has, as well, been fully acceptable, an accomplishment not shared by all sport 202 governing bodies. The future of certification appears quite positive vithin the C.V.A. and the future of volleyball is quite stable.

THE CANADIAN AMATEUR BASKETBALL ASSOCIATION

Historically, the Province of Ontario has been highly visible on the national basketball scene and many talented players and coaches have emerged from this part of the dominion. The Canadian Amateur Basketball

Association vas formed in November, 1928 at Port Arthur (Thunder Bay), 25 thus giving Ontario the honor of hosting such an historic meeting.

Basketball Ontario, formally known as the Ontario Amateur Basketball

Association, is the governing body for basketball in that province and 26 functions as the Ontario arm of the national organization. Rick

Johnson is the Technical Director for O.A.B.A. and as such, certifies volunteer instructors to carry on the work of certification of coaches in Ontario. Smaller provinces, such as Prince Edvard Island, employ a fulltime conductor who is responsible for the local delivery system.

The Province of Quebec is one province that is not Involved vith the national certification scheme and prefers to handle basketball certifica­ tion of coaches in its own way.

Johnson feels the delivery system vill eventually change in basketball because of problems arising in maintaining continuity in the programme and that certification vill eventually settle upon only three

25 "Statement by George E. Warne, Executive Director, Canadian Amateur Basketball Association, in a personal interview, Ottawa, August 15, 1978.

26Ibid. 203 27 levels of instruction. Ontario has been particularly slov in develop­ ing the higher levels of certification and it is the feeling of Basket­ ball Ontario that the example displayed by the Canadian Amateur Hockey OO Association may alter the thinking for basketball certification.

There is the concern that basketball would not produce a large number of national and international coaches through the level four and five offerings and would have difficulty in Justifying the expenditures involved for so few graduates. The success achieved when Jack Donohue was appointed the men's national coach suggests that fever opportunities 20 may exist at the international level for some time to come. 7 The national basketball team's efforts in both the 1972 and 1976 Olympic 30 Games have improved Canada's international rating considerably.

Johnson is of the opinion that basketball certification will become more sport specific in the future and vill eventually conduct the theory levels vith basketball coaches exclusively, following the thinking 31 expressed by the C.A.H.A.

The future success of basketball certification will depend a great deal on how quickly the sport can move in implementing levels two and three. At the present time progress has been slow and Increased

27 'Statement by Rick Johnson, Technical Director, Basketball Ontario, in a personal interview, Toronto, April 26, 1979•

28Ibid. 29 Jack Donohue came to Canada from Holy Cross College in Worcester, Massachusetts prior to the 1972 Munich Olympic Games. His team has been highly successful since that time.

^ The Globe and Mail. July 28, 1976. 31 Johnson, loc, cit. 20U effort ia urgently required in order to preserve credibility in the coaching certification process.

The C.A.B.A* is truly a national organization having provincial sport governing bodies in each of the ten provinces as veil as the tvo territories. The Association is governed by a Board of Directors and a

President and s b is the case vith many sport governing bodies, there are tvo fulltime officers employed in Ottava: an Executive Director and a 32 Technical Co-ordinator. Financial assistance is supplied to a large extent from the federal government vith the Department of National Health and Welfare, Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch being the direct line of communication. Sport Canada, a very important directorate in the funding process, is specifically involved in training, national competition, inter­ national competition and in this particular instance, support of the 33 National Coaching Certification Programme. The role of the Coaching

Association of Canada is as veil an important aspect of the support system to the coaching certification endeavour. The National Sport and

Recreation Centre Incorporated is a corporation at arms length from the federal government but financed by it. The Corporation houses an execu­ tive officer for each participating national sport governing body and as veil supplies the office services required. The Coaching Association of

Canada provides support as veil and all of the research and training ser- 3b vices of this organization are available to the sport governing bodies.

OO Margot J* Favcett, ed., Canadian Sports Annual. (Toronto: Corpus Publications, 1977), p. 56. 33 Department of National Health and Welfare, Fitness and Amateur Sport 1976-1977 Annual Report. (Ottava: Department of Health and Welfare, 1977), p. 5. 3b Wise and Fisher, op. cit., p. 316. 205

THE CANADIAN AMATEUR FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION

In 1891 the Canadian Rugby Union vas formed, although it had

been organized as early as 1 8 8 2 . In 1883 the Ontario Rugby Football

Union caae into being and it is interesting to note at this time the

addition of the vord football to the Union's name. In 19<>7» on

January 1, a legally constituted body designated as "The Canadian

Amateur Football Association" became the successor to the Canadian 36 Rugby Union.

The Canadian Amateur Football Association, like other national

sport agencies that govern their activities in Canada, directs the amateur programmes across the country. Unlike many other sport

governing bodies, the C.A.F.A. has little international dealings because of the unique nature of Canadian football. The C.A.F.A. uses tvo voting delegates from the professional league (C.F.L.) along vith provincial representatives and other affiliated members to create

the external structure of the Canadian Amateur Football Association.

The Canadian Football League provides a substantial grant to help defray the expenses of this large amateur sport governing body.

Over half of all revenue is used to develop football at the minor league 37 level. The Canadian Amateur Football Association established a vorking

^Favcett, op. cit., p. 86.

36Ibid., p.'87. 37 Statement by Ted Purnell, Technical Director, Canadian Amateur Football Association, in a personal interviev, Ottava, August 16, 1975• 206 committee to produce the technical package that initiated the coaching certification process in football; the programme being developed in # 19YU-7 5. The committee agreed that coaching certification should attempt to provide the necessary fundamental skills and knowledges that are so vital to coaching effectiveness in the game of football.

The C.A.F.A. took great pains to explain, at this time, vhat coaching certification vas not intended to achieve. Highlights of this concern vere:

1. It vould not be used as a reward for coaches who had achieved great successes vith athletes;

2. It vould not be used as a reward for experience because years of experience do not automatically indicate a guarantee of compe­ tence, expertise or sophistication in the game;

3. It vould not be an attempt to produce conformity among coaches;

k. It vould not be an attempt to produce a dogma all must follov.

Certification could achieve, however, a much expanded knowledge and understanding of the physiological, mechanical and psychological prin­ ciples involved and while there is no guarantee of coaching excellence, none the less, ignorance of these important aspects of coaching is at 39 least a promise of partial failure. It vas anticipated that the programme vould act as a motivator and vould encourage young and

36Ibid.

3^C.A.F.A., Coaching Certification Programme, Introduction. 207 inexperienced coaches to achieve a “broader and more thorough base of fundamental knowledge. It vas also hoped that certification vould encourage the experienced coaches to continue growing and developing through involvement in the programme and above all, be able to share I4O their knowledge with other, less experienced coaches.

The football certification process, presently operating at the level II plateau, has reflected a successful operation to date.

Ross Tripp, the Technical Director for the Ontario Amateur Football

Association, has indicated that there are some problems to be faced in spite of the accomplishments of the programme, but ones that may be easily rectified. Although the football certification offerings closely follow the national curriculum, levelB IV and V do not apply in the same fashion available to other sport governing bodies. The nature of

Canadian football does not readily lend itself to international competi­ tion although some scheduling does occur between the United States and Ul Canada* The certification of coaches at the higher levels vill, therefore, likely not carry the importance placed upon the initial three levels and it is difficult to foresee the actual implementation of levels IV and V. The implementation of level III of the technical package, as well, may be delayed as it 1b felt the first tvo levels

‘" W . lii Exhibition play between Canadian and American colleges 1ms and vill continue to happen in a few Instances. The Canadlan-American post season classic in Tampa, Florida vas an example of this relationship in January of 1978 and 1979* Darwin Semotiuk, University of Western Ontario, and Gino Fracas, University of Windsor, coached the Canadian college all­ stars. 208 llP require some review. The Ontario association is, therefore, consider­ ing changes to encourage attendance as some coaches have felt the present weekend offerings are discouraging many' of the applicants. Courses held on Sundays have presented particular problems. Both Tripp, and

Bill Robinson, from the C.A.F.A., Indicate that level II is somewhat difficult for minor league coaches but not demanding enough for the Li o majority of high school coaches. The revision of levels I and II and the development of level III will concentrate on the elimination of such problems. The football response to theory Instruction involving coaches from many sport areas has been a satisfactory one and the consensus of opinion has been to avoid sport specific theory offerings. As long as a large number of sport governing bodies continue to agree with the foot­ ball attitude this opportunity should remain.

Overall, satisfaction has been expressed by the C.A.F.A. in the progress achieved in coaching certification, but the number of individuals attending clinics has been less than expected. Original expectations suggested level I courses vould attract groups of fifty to sixty students but over the course of the past tvo years the attendance has been closer to twenty-five participants. It is generally felt that if certification becomes mandatory, attendance will increase, but the immediate problem appears to be one that requires an improved marketing effort. The

ho Statement by Ross Tripp, Technical Director, Ontario Amateur Football Association, in a personal interview, Toronto, March 2k, 1979* ho JIbid. Bill Robinson is currently the Executive Director, Canadian Amateur Football Association in Ottava. An interview vith Mr. Robinson in September of 1978 reflected the same concerns about the programme as expressed by Ross Tripp. 209 financial implications vill dictate that larger numbers are essential In the programme In football certification Is to Justify the funding formula now in use.

OTHER SPORT GOVERNING BODIES

Although the four sport governing bodies previously described give a cross section of the sporting activity and coaching certification picture In Canada, many other sport bodies are active as well.

The Aquatic Federation of Canada. This organization is responsible for the administration and control of competitive swimming, diving, water polo and synchronized swimming in Canada. The Federation is affiliated to F.I.N.A. (International Federation of Amateur Swimming), vhich is the world governing body for these sports. The four members making up the

Federation in Canada are (see Table U):

Table U

Memeber Federations of the Aquatic Federation of Canada

The Canadian Amateur Swimming Association

The Canadian Amateur Diving Association

The Canadian Amateur Synchronized Swimming Association

The Canadian Water Polo Association

Each association retains certain autonomous practices but is represented by the A.F.C. in international activities. Each association has provincial section offices across the country to carry on regional business and coaching certification programmes. One should recognize 210 the difference, at this point, between Red Cross Swimming Programmes and the competitive nature of the Aquatic Federation of Canada.

There are numerous other sport governing bodies in Canada participating in the Rational Coaching Certification Programme; there are others, as well, vho by the unusual nature of their organizations, have not become concerned about coaching certification and meet this need in an individual fashion.

The Canadian Ball Hockey Association. Participation in Canada occurs today in almost every province and is contested on the concrete floors of hockey arenas once the ice is removed for the summer. Ball hockey vas officially organized in 1977> on a national basis, so as to provide the organization for a national championship. The Ontario Ball Hockey

Association entered a team in the International Memorial Day Tournament in Leominister, Massachusetts in the spring of 1977 and the representa- Ijli tive from Niagara Falls, Ontario emerged as the victors.

Chess Federation of Canada. This governing body was founded in 1872 and from that time until the early 1930s, it regulated the annual Canadian championship. Since 1932, the C.F.C. has expanded its operations, but to date has not initiated a coaching certification programme. The federation is affiliated vith the World Chess Federation and sends

Canadian teams to the Chess Olympics as veil as numerous other U5 national tournaments.

UUCanadian Amateur Ball Hockey Association, Neva Release. Toronto, June, 1977. Us “Tavcett, op. cit., p. 72. 211

The Canadian Darts Council, Another sport governing body not Involved with coaching certification Is the Canadian Darts Council. Darts have been popular In Canada for years and the objectives of the Council are directed not only towards the staging of championships but to fostering and promoting the growth of the sport.

Other Sport Governing Bodies. There exist many other sport governing bodies that are active in competition but Inactive in the national

Coaching Certification Programme. Included in this group of sport governing bodies are the International Frlsbee Association, the Royal

Canadian Golf Association, the Canadian Greyhound Racing Breeders

Assoclatio, the Hang Gliding Association of Canada, and the Canadian

Sport Parachuting Association.

The Sports Federation of Canada, composed of such a variety of sport governing bodies, does indeed appear, at times, to be a complex and confusing structure. Each in its own way, however, has helped to expand and support the many sporting activities that Canadians enjoy across the country.

SUMMARY

Chapter 8 reviews the importance of the sport governing bodies in

Canadian amateur sport. The origins of selected agencies have been presented in order to relate their present involvement vith the National

Coaching Certification Programme. The history of the sport governing bodies is, as well, a very close companion of amateur sport and coaching in this country. Such sport governing bodies as the Canadian Amateur

Hockey Association, the Canadian Amateur Volleyball Association, 212 the Canadian Amateur Football Association, and the Canadian Amateur

Basketball Association are particular examples reviewed in this chapter.

The review has reflected the Individual differences that exist from sport to sport while emphasising the fact that all participating members follow certain general guidelines. Although hockey has retained a cordial relationship vith the N.C.C.P., it.now operates its own certification system, quite separate from the federal curriculum.

The withdrawal of hockey from formal participation in the national

Coaching Certification Programme may prove to be of some consequence to the overall success of the federal programme. If, in the future, other sport governing bodies copy the example of hockey, serious changes in the national certification model may well occur.

Hockey, basketball, football and volleyball are possibly the most visible sport governing bodies on the national scene. Other active agencies have been reviewed, some closely allied with the certification movement, others vith little association with the National

Coaching Certification Programme. CHAPTER 9

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The coaching certification process varies from country to country and the methods used in the U.S.S.R., the Federal Republic of

Germany, Great Britain and the Unived States of America have been discussed in Chapter 2. The formal methods used in the Soviet Union are contrasted quite visibly when viewing the efforts of the Federal

Republic of Germany and Great Britain. Coaching preparation in the

United States of America presents yet another successful method of certification. All countries treated in this chapter have shown that certain individual differences have proven to be successful for particular nations but the thrust of the Soviet Union, with a programme that is tied very tightly to the ideologies of Marx and Lenin, has been most enlightening. Both the United States and the Soviet Union find many of their roots in the educational systems of their countries and both nations have used the educational institutions to further their efforts to develop coaches. While West Germany involves its sport governing bodies in the coaching certification process they still receive assistance financially from the government to produce a programme that has been proven to be quite successful. With little early formal preparation in the art and science of coaching, Great

Britain has managed to retain the British custom of playing the game for its own sake. Recent developments have indicated a more formal

213 21U approach, to coaching is developing in Great Britain.

In Canada a historical overviev vas presented in order to reflect the involvement of the federal government vith sport and physical education during the early years of the twentieth century. The review established the position that the federal government vas not originally concerned about the outcome of sport during the early years. Slowly and at times reluctantly, the government has altered this position. When

Canada lost the gold medal in hockey in the 1936 Olympic Games to

Great Britain, politlcans and citizens dike became disturbed. However,

Canadians soon forgot the defeat and settled back to old and often unconcerned attitudes related to sport.

A number of government effortB to encourage military drill and physical fitness among the youth of the nation were presented to the

Canadian citizen during these early tlmeB. The Strathcona Trust vas established as early as 1909 to support physical activity through military drill and in 1939 the Youth Training Act provided physical training opportunities for unemployed teenagers as parliament became aware of the fact that physical training programmes might enhance the war effort. In 19^1, the Minister of National Defense estimated that almost one-third of recruits for military service had difficulty walking five mileB and the House of Commons was told that the health problem in Canada vas very real. As a result the National Physical

Fitness Act was passed in 19**3 and a National Council on Physical

Fitness vas created*. 215 In 1959» Prince Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh, challenged the medical profession to improve Canada's attitude about fitness and interest by citizens and politicans alike began to increase.

A most momentous occasion for amateur sport occurred in

September of 1961 with the establishment of Bill C-131, An Act to

Encourage Fitness and Amateur Sport. The Act established the fact that amateur sport vas no longer the retarded brother of physical fitness and the National Council on Fitness and Amateur Sport vas created at the same time.

John Munro and Marc Lalonde, in their capacity of Minister of

National Health and Welfare, continued to support amateur sport and the Report of the Task Force on Sports for Canadians, In 1969, gave added impetus to the case for sport in thiB country.

During the period from 1969 to 1972, a number of organizations was created that greatly assisted amateur sport and coaching. Two of the structures were "at arms length" agencies and became known to

Canadians as Hockey Canada and the Coaching Association of Canada.

Both structures have been of significant Importance since their birth vith the Coaching Association being the moulding force in the creation of the National Coaching Certification Programme.

The establishment of a Canadian sport competition among provinces vas created vith the introduction of the Canada Games in

1 9 6 7* The Artie Winter Games and the Northern Games enlarged this type of competition while promoting cultural development among the original inhabitants of Canada's far north.. 216

Iona Campagnola ‘became the first Minister of State for Fitness and. Amateur Sport In 1976, the same year that Montreal hosted the twenty-first modern Olympic Games*

The time period of 1968-1973 produced a change in university athletics in that Canadian university athletic programmes became very aggressive and interest in recruiting and athletic scholarships was increased. The change was emphasized when "Third Party Scholarships" were introduced by the federal government through Sport Canada and this form of assistance to university athletes was greeted with mixed emotions from the coaching fraternity and university officials. In

1977* the proposed "green paper" put forward by Iona Campagnola sug­ gested more government control in university sport was a primary objective, but the defeat of the Liberal government in 1979 delayed the completion of the act.

Interest in the concept of a National Coaching Certification

Programme developed during the late 196o's and by the turn of the decade many Canadians were anxious to meet fonnally and discuss the action required to produce some form of national certification in coaching.

The First International Symposium on the Art and Science of Coaching took place in Toronto in the fall of 1971 and a month later the Council of Provincial Directors of Sport and Recreation met in Quebec City. The need for a national plan was identified at this time. After many meetings, a position paper vas established by Ontario's Steering » Committee and a model vas designed to meet the needs of the National

Coaching Certification Programme. The Ontario pilot study vas eventually accepted by the other provinces but Quebec continued to avoid a 217 commitment to the national programme. The model produced a curriculum that consisted of three major components and five levels of instruction within each component. The components related to theory, technical and practical experiences but the programme vas still some distance avay from completion. Finally, in the fall of 197^ the first level theory courses were held in Toronto and Hamilton and for the first time the programme became operational.

The ten provinces and the two territories of Canada, each in its own way, developed programmes that followed the guidelines of the

Ontario model but each reflected geographical and philosophical differences. With the exception of Quebec, the rest of Canada soon began to offer instruction in the National Coaching Certification

Programme.

Many problems continued to plague the programme and the con­ tinuing battle with copyrights, financial commitments and policy decisions kept the membership actively involved vith seeking solutions.

Terry Valeriote's appointment as National Coaching Certification Co­ ordinator and the formation of a National Coaching Certification Council, in 1977* helped to relieve some of the stress during this time period.

Quebec remained a question mark but the programme continued to grow.

Other selected forms of certification were discussed and earlier attempts at various forms of coaching certification have been highlighted through many sport governing bodies in Canada and throughout

North America.

Although the certification programme does not presently operate within the high school system, many high school teachers are qualifying in the N.C.C.P. 218

The history and importance of the sport governing bodies have

been presented to the reader and the sports of hockey, football,

basketball and volleyball have been used as specific examples of how

different sports are participating in the National Coaching Certification

Programme. This particular reviev has helped to illustrate problems that each sport governing body experiences* Hockey, not in agreement vith a number of national guidelines, eventually vithdrev from the

National Coaching Certification Programme. If other sport governing bodies are influenced by this vithdraval, the unity of the N.C.C.P. could be at stake.

The Coaching Association of Canada has produced tvo support programmes designed to improve the calibre of international class coaches. Both programmes provide bursaries for selected coaches and the opportunity to improve the knowledge of coaching in Canada. These offerings are: The National Apprenticeship Programmes and the Coaching

Scholarship Programmes for University Study.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In reviewing the study the following recommendations are presented:

1. A streamlining of the present National Coaching Certification

Programme to include three levels of accreditation rather than five presently in use. The critical need to improve the calibre coaching at the minor league* levels is imperative if athletes are to develop the skills required for advanced competition. A three level programme would accompoish this objective sooner than the five level operation now in progress. 219

2. The establishment of a national coaching institute, centrally located in Ottawa. The success of this type of institute has been well documented in the Soviet Union and the successful coaching programmes that have been developed in these institutes suggest that others might consider this method as well. In time, provincial coaching schools could be considered as a method of enlarging the opportunities for the coaching scene in Canada.

3. The immediate translation of all course materials to the

French language. Given the heritage of the country both the unity of the Coaching Certification Programme and the unity of the people of

Canada would be enhanced by providing all materials in both the French and English languages.

U. Continued effort to encourage the Province of Quebec to establish its membership in the National Coaching Certification

Programme. The inclusion of written materials in the French language should help to encourage this effort as the Province of Quebec has already agreed to allow the sport governing bodies of that province to participate in the theory offerings of the National Coaching Certifica­ tion Programme.

5. Continued encouragement to universities and colleges to develop and conduct research in the area of coaching expertise. Other countries such as the Soviet Union and the United States of America continue to use this relationship with the educational Institutions to

« develop new scientific insight in the field of coaching and athletic competition. 220

6. Continued funding by thus federal government in co-operation vith. the provincial governments, to construct more and improved community athletic facilities. Facilities have improved over the past decade in Canada but much more needs to be accomplished.

7. Continued funding by the federal government in co-operation vith the provincial governments to assist the programmes designed to upgrade coaching in Canada.

8. An increased effort to encourage financial support from the private sector to further develop the coaching scene in Canada. Support is presently evident from a number of private areas but increased participation from other private sources is urgently required.

9. The establishment of tax incentive programmes to encourage the private sector to become 'financially involved vith programmes of amateur sport and coaching.

10. An increased effort by both the federal and provincial governments to support information services to inform the public of the need to upgrade coaching in Canada. Although efforts have improved in recent years communication vith the citizens of the nation is a vital link to any future success of the National Coaching Certification

Programme. APPENDIX A

THE FITNESS AND AMATEUR SPORT ACT

1961

221 222

BILL C-131

AN ACT TO ENCOURAGE FITNESS AND AMATEUR SPORT

(Assented to 29th September, 1961)

SHORT TITLE

1. This Act may be cited as the Fitness and Amateur Sport Act.

INTERPRETATION

2. In this Act

(a) "Agreement" means an agreement entered into under this act; (b) "Council" means the National Advisory Council on Fitness and Amateur Sport established by this Act; (c) "Member" means a member of the council; and (d) "Minister" means the Minister of National Health and Welfare.

OBJECTS AND POWERS

3. The objects of this Act are to encourage, promote and develop fitness and amateur sport in Canada, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Minister may, in furtherance of such objects,

(a) provide assistance for the promotion and development of Canadian participation in national and international sport; (b) provide for the training of coaches and such other personnel as may be required for the purposes of this Act; (c) provide bursaries or fellowships to assist in the training of necessary personnel; (d) undertake or assist in research or surveys in respect of fitness and amateur sport; (e) arrange for national and regional conferences designed to promote and further the objects of this Act; (f) provide for the recognition of achievement in respect of fitness and amateur sport by the grant or issue of certificates, citations or awards of merit; (g) prepare and distribute information relating to fitness and amateur sport; (h) assist, co-operate with and enlist the aid of any group interested in furthering the objects of this Act; Cl) co-ordinate federal activities related to the encouragement, promotion and development of fitness and amateur sport, in co­ operation vith other departments or agencies of the Government of Canada carrying on such activities; and (J) undertake such other projects or programmes, including the provision of assistance therefore, in respect of fitness and amateur sport as are designated to promote and further the objects of this Act.

The Minister, in furtherance of the objects of this Act, may vith the approval of the Governor in Council make grants to any agency, organization or institution that is carrying on actlgitles in the field of fitness or amateur sport.

AGREEMENTS AUTHORIZED

(1) The Minister may, vith the approval of the Governor in Council, enter into an agreement vith any province, for a period not exceeding six years, to provide for the payment by Canada to the province of contributions in respect of costs incurred by the province in undertaking programmes designed to encourage, promote and develop fitness and amateur Bport. (2) In thiB section, "costs" incurred by a province means the cost incurred by the province determined as prescribed in the agree­ ment made under this section betvcen the Minister and the province. (3) In this section the expression "programmes designed to encourage, promote and develop fitness and amateur sport" in respect of a province, means programmes, s b defined in the agreement made under this section betveen the Minister and the province, that are designed to further the objects of this Act.

Any agreement made udner this Act may be amended

(a) vith respect to the provisions of the agreement in respect of vhich a method of amendment is set out in the agreement, by that method; or (b) vith respect to any other provision of the agreement, by the mutual consent of the parties thereto vith the approval of the Governor in Council.

COUNCIL ESTABLISHED

Cl) There shall be a Council to be called the National Advisory Council on Fitness and Amateur Sport, consisting of not more than thirty members to be appointed by the Governor in Council. (2) Each of 1he members of the Council shall be appointed to hold office for a term not exceeding three years. 221*

(.3) The Governor in Council a hall designate one of the members to he chairman. 0 0 Of the members of the Council, at least one shall he appointed from each province. (5) A majority of the members constitute a quorum of the Council, and a vacancy in the membership of the Council does not impair the right of the remaining members to act. (6) In the event of the absence or temporary incapacity of any member, the Governor in Council may appoint a person to act in his stead during such absence or incapacity. (T) The Council may make rules for regulating its proceedings and the performance of its functions and may provide therein for the delegation of any of its duties to any special or standing com­ mittee of its members.

8. (1) The Chairman of the Council shall be paid such remuneration for his service as may be fixed by the Governor in Council. (2) The members other than the chairman shall serve without remunera­ tion, but each member is entitled to be paid reasonable travel­ ling and other expenses incurred by him in the performance of his duties.

9* (1) The Minister may refer to the Council for its consideration and advice such question relating to the operation of this Act as he thinks fit.

10. The Minister of Finance shall, upon the certification of the Minister, pay out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund such amounts not exceeding in the aggregate five million dollars in any one fiscal year as may be required for the purpose of this Act.

11. Such officers, clerks and other employees as are necessary for the administration of thiB Act shall be appointed under the provisions of the Civil Service Act.

12. The Governor in Council may make regulations

(a) defining for the purpose of this Act the expressions "fitness" and "amateur sport"; (b) respecting the provision of facilities in respect of fitness and amateur sport; and (c) generally, for carrying into effect the purposes and provisions of this Act.

13. The Minister shall, within three months after the termination of each fiscal year, prepare an annual report on the work done, moneys expended and obligations contracted under this Act and cause a report to be laid before Parliament if Parliament is then sitting or, if Parliament is not then sitting, on any of the first fifteen days thereafter that Parliament is sitting. lU. This Act atin.ii come into force on a day fixed by proclamation of the Governor in Council. APPENDIX B

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WHITE PAPER ON SPORT

TOWARD A NATIONAL POLICY ON AMATEUR SPORT

226 227

Released March 23, 1979

The goal of Canadian amateur sport In international competition ought to he the highest pinnacle of athletic performance. Within the next decade, its goal should he continued improvement upon the position Canada held following the 1976 Olympic Games.

The federal government is prepared to sponsor a national Congress of Sport, which would engage in fundamental dehate on the needs of Canadian sport, discuss the- posslhlity of sport partnership and more toward the achievement of that goal.

Canadian sport must develop greater momentum than it has generated to this point, and the pooling of knowledge, experience and urgent require­ ments is one of the hest ways to hring this ahout.

The federal government proposes the creation of a Sport Council, com­ prised of representatives of national sport governing bodies, umbrella organizations and volunteer associations. Those elements of Sport Canada now in the Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, would he transferred to the Sport Council. Fitness and recreation activities would remain in Health and Welfare Canada.

The Sport Council will he charged with responsibility for matters relating to Canadian participation in national and international sport, and will work closely, with those sport associations dedicated to the pursuit of excellence at these levels of competition.

In addition to the monies allocated by Loto Canada to the Sport Council to assist with its on-going programs, it is hoped that additional funds may he secured to establish a National Sport Trust.

Increased federal public funding for sport 1b unlikely in the foreseeable future and amateur sport will he obliged to secure through the private sector the further financing it will need.

Responsible business leadership must judge what weight should be given to the achievement of national athletic goals and how their support forms part of their corporate citizenship and social responsibility.

Canadian universities can play a decisive role in the pursuit of athletic excellence in our country. They have the capacity to relate advances in research to sport situations and where that research can be directly applied.

Canadian universities constitute an Important pool of athletic potential, one that might be further enhanced were the universities to accept the principle of athletic scholarships.

Canada's success in sport stems in part from the help and advice received from more advanced sporting nations. We have an obligation to repay this 226 debt> so far as we can, by assisting those countries still developing In the field of sport.

Great care must be taken not to blunt or discourage the drive and enthusiasm of the private citizen whose voluntary work remains a founda­ tion of the Canadian sport system. APPENDIX C

THE FEASIBILITY OF CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES BECOMING INVOLVED IN COACHING CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS

(A Pilot Study)

by

JOHN R. KENNEDY

Me MASTER UNIVERSITY HAMILTON, ONTARIO

1975

229 230

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

List of Tabl...... ill

Introduction ...... I

Review of the Literature...... 3

Design of the Study...... b

Analysis of D a t a ...... 10

Conclusions...... 13

Appendix...... 1?

Bibliography...... 17 231

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

I Percentage of Respondents In Each. Category According to School Population...... 6

II Percentage of Respondents In Each‘Category According to Geographical Location ...... 7

III Percentage of Respondents in Each Category According to Professional Schools of Physical Education ...... 8

IV Percentage of Respondents in Each Category According to Language ...... 9

V Summary Table...... 12 232

INTRODUCTION

Concern has arisen in Canada, in the past few years, about the

Canadian image in International Sport. Although much thought has been centered on the game of hockey, all athletic competition is involved and it has been suggested that the coaching role associated vith international competition Bhould be reevaluated.

Canada, like the U.S.A., has often selected her international coaches on the bases of a winning record and association with professional sport. These qualifications by themselves no longer are sufficient to withstand the stiff competition of scientific research that is being revealed in the sphere of world athletics. It would seem appropriate to develop coaches who combine a competitive background along with an academic and scientific awareness of the problems to be faced in the

Olympic games and World Cup competitions.

If such a person is to be trained to do these things many con­ siderations must be contemplated. If a training program vas developed to certify coaches, where should it take place? What should be the nature of the instruction? Who should provide the expertise? This paper will attempt to find if the university setting is a feasible atmosphere for such considerations»

Statement of the Problem

The singularly most important consideration at this moment is to determine the feasibility of Canadian universities becoming involved in coaching certification programs and the hypothesis of this endeavor shall be stated as follows: It is not feasible that Canadian universities 233 become involved in coaching certification programs.

Del Imitations

This study shall deal only vith. degree granting institutions in

Canada. As fee number of degree granting schools is not large in Canada it is important to Include a representative selection in the sample, one that will take into consideration geography, language and size of student bodies.

Definition of Terms

The word feasibility shall mean the degree to vhlch. the situation is practicable, as illustrated by the Oxford dictionary. The vord certification shall mean reliably endorsed. 23k

« REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Although a review of the literature Indicates no previous study of this specific nature In Canada, York University of Toronto, Ontario and The University of Western Ontario, London will he offering a coaching stream for physical education students for the 197*4-75 univer­ sity year. Neither of these pgorams will approach national certification considerations. Shneidman indicates that sport schools, as the U.S.S.F. has in operation, would he useful in Canada, 1 but he does not go into the certification problem. Kennedy has talked about coaches being certified and the type of person needed in the field but again does not 2 become involved with a national certification program.

The Coaching Association of Canada, operating from the Adminis­ trative Centre for Sport, Sport Canada, Ottawa, is very concerned about upgrading the calibre of coaching at the international level and would be interested in the development of a National Coaching Training Plan.

Borman N. Shneidman, "Soviet Sport Schools: An Organizational Model for Canadian Youth Athletics?," Journal of the Canadian Associa­ tion for Health. Physical Education and Recreation. 39. no. ^ (March- April, 1973), pp. 32-35. p Jack Kennedy, "Should CoacheB Be Certified," Journal of the Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and Recreation. 32, no. 1 (October-November, 1965)»PP* 39-^1* 235

DESIGN OF THE STUDY

A closed form questionnaire vas developed with the aid of promi­ nent physical educators and coaches in Canada as the instrument to he used in this pilot study, one that would he succinct. The questionnaire vas circulated among professional educators across the dominion and a random selection procedure vas used within each province to Insure representation from each of Canada's ten regions. Directors' of Schools of Physical Education, Director's of Men's Intercollegiate Athletic

Programs and Director's of Women's Intercollegiate Programs were the respondents selected for this survey. A sample questionnaire and covering letter will he found in the appendix. Thirty individuals were selected aB a result of the sampling process and a simple percentage analysis was used in reviewing the data. Tables have heen prepared to facilitate the reading and have heen related to school population, geographical location, professional degree programs in Physical Education and language considerations.

School populations were divided into three divisions: l) schools over 15,000 students, 2 ) schools between 10,000 and 1 5,000 students, and

3) schools under 10,000 students. The geographical breakdown was West

(the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba),

East (New Brunswick, Prince Edvard Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland), and Central (Ontario and Quebec). Language divisions consisted of

English speaking, French speaking and Bilingual respondents. The other consideration vas related to the division of schools vith and without degree programs in Physical Education. 236

Results

The following percentages vere obtained from the data.

1 . 92.6? supported a coaching certification program at their university.

2 . 7U? supported a coaching certification program as part of a degree program.

3 . 77.7/C expected government, financial aid if undertaking such a program.

1*. 100/C felt there vas a need for the certification of coaches in Canada.

5. 100/C vere prepared to discuss their attitudes tovards such a program.

6 * 81.5? felt such a program should be at the undergraduate level.

7. 1*8.9? felt such a program should be at the graduate level.

8. 18.7? felt such a program would be better handled in a national Institute.

9. 62.6? felt such a program would not be better handled in a national institute.

1 0 . 1 8.7? vere undecided about such a program being better handled in a national institute.

1 1 . 90? of the questionnaires vere returned. 237 Table I

Percentage of Respondents In Each Category According to School Population

Total % Schools over Schools from Schools lest 15000, N*5 10-15000,N=8 than 10000, N«lU

1. Respondents supporting 9 2 .6 100 100 85.7 a program at their university.

2. Respondents supporting 7U 100 100 9 2.B a program as part of a degree program.

3* Respondents expecting 77-7 80 50 9 2 .6 government financial aid.

U* Respondents supporting 100 100 100 100 the need for coaches to be certified.

5. Respondents prepared 100 100 100 100 to discuss their feelings about such a program.

6 . Respondents in favor 81.5 80 100 71. U of a program at the undergraduate level.

7. Respondents in favor U8.9 60 75 28.5 of a program at the graduate level.

8. Respondents in favor 18.7 20 12.5 2 1 .U of a program handled in a national institute. 238

TABLE II

Percentage of Respondents in Each Category- According to Geographical Location

Total % Western Central Eastern Canada. Canada. N**19 Canada.N“U

1. Respondents supporting 9 2 .6 100 9U.2 75 a program at their university.

2 . Respondents supporting 7U 100 78.9 50 a program as part of a degree program.

3. Respondents expecting 77-7 100 6 8. U 100 government financial aid.

k. Respondents supporting 100 100 100 100 the need for coacheB to be certified.

5. Respondents prepared 100 100 100 100 to discuss their feelings about such a program.

6 . Respondents in favor 81.5 100 73.6 75 of a program at the undergraduate level.

7. Respondents in favor 1*8.9 50 57.6 0 of a program at the graduate level.

8. Respondents in favor 18.7 25 31.5 25 of a program handled in a national institute. 239

TABLE III

Percentage of Respondents in Each. Category According to Professional Schools of Physical Education

Total % Degree Non Degree * Schools.N«l8 Schools.N*S

1. Respondents supporting a 9 2 .6 100 77.7 program at their university.

2. Respondents supporting a 71+ 100 33.3 program as part of a degree program.

3. Respondents expecting government 77.7 68. U 88.8 financial aid.

U* Respondents supporting the need 100 100 100 for coaches to be certified.

5. Respondents prepared to discuss 100 100 100 their feelings about such a program.

6 . Respondents in favor of such a 81.5 88.8 66.6 program at the undergraduate level.

7* Respondents in favor of such a U8.9 66.6 ll.l program at the graduate level.

8. Respondents in favor of such a 18.7 1 6 .6 22.2 program handled in a national institute. 2U0

TABLE IV

Percentage of Respondents in Each. Category According to Language

Total Jf French. English iilingual, Speaking.N=3 Speaking. N*19 N«5

1. Respondents supporting 9 2 .6 100 9b.2 80 a program at their university.

2. Respondents supporting 7U 100 73.6 80 a program as part of a degree program.

3. Respondents expecting 77.7 0 89. k 80 government financial aid.

U. Respondents supporting 100 100 100 100 the need for coaches to be certified.

5. Respondents prepared 100 100 100 100 to discuss their feelings about such a program.

6. Respondents in favor 81.5 100 88.8 60 of such a program at the undergraduate level.

7. Respondents in favor 1(8.9 66.6 1*7.5 Uo of such, a program at the graduate level.

8. Respondents in favor 18.7 0 15.7 80 of such a program handled in a national institute.

• 21*1

ANALYSIS OF DATA

In analyzing the data several aspects of the questionnaire come to

light. Strong support for a university based coaching certification

program has been expressed by the 92.6JC in favor of such a proposal and

over three quarters of the respondents felt that government financial

aid vas desirable. Schools of less than 10,000 students viewed this aid

as necessary with almost complete unanimity (9 2.8/C). The results of the

survey showed complete agreement in the need for a coaching certification program in Canada and the same absolute agreement prevailed in the willing­

ness to discuss the problems surrounding such a possible program. The majority did not agree that a program would be best suited to a graduate program and, once again, schools of less than 10,000 enrollment indicated

strongly (Tl.bjt) that such a suggestion should be held at the under­

graduate level. The concept of a coaching certification program being

fostered by a national institute received mixed emotions in every case with close to one-fifth of the individuals being undecided.

Institutions of larger populations, over 10,000 students, were unanimous in their support of a program at their university and within a degree situation. The schools of smaller enrollments, less than

10,000, indicated the strongest support for a program to be held in a national institute (21.J*/C).

The schoola of Western Canada were unanimous in their support of a coaching certification program at their institution, as part of a

degree program, in expecting government financial aid, in the need for

coaches to be certified in Canada, in their willingness to discuss the 2k2 problems involved and in favoring such, a proposal being at the under­ graduate level. Although, not unanimous, strong support of the above considerations vas indicated by both central and eastern schools.

Institutions that had professional programs were Btrongly in favor of every category except that a certification program be held in a national institute. Only 16 ,6% of these schools favored this latter option.

French speaking respondents shoved the most support in every category except two and they were unanimous in refuting government financial aid as veil as being completely against such a program existing in a national institute. These results might indicate a strong feeling on the part of French speaking educators in Canada to avoid federal government involvement. Strangely enough, bilingual educators vere 80Jf in favor of government aid and a nationally based institution.

The English speaking element vere strongly in favor of government assistance (8 9. UjC) and the concensus of opinion vould indicate that

French schools vould avoid government financial aid, possibly because of the fear of losing identification in their institutions. Close to

90% of the schools vith no degree program in physical education sup­ ported government financial aid indicating that the smaller schools may have more stringent budget considerations and vere less fearful of federal intervention in their programs. 2U3

TABLE V

Summary Table

1. Ninety percent of the questionnaires vere returned.

2. One hundred percent felt a need for a certification program for coaches.

3. One hundred percent of the respondents vere prepared to discuss their attitudes towards such a program.

U. Fifty-one and nine-tenths percent of the respondents felt such a program should not be at the graduate level.

5. Seventy-seven and seven-tenths percent expected government financial aid if undertaking such a program.

6. One hundred percent of the schoolB with populations over 10,000 students supported a program at their institution as part of a degree course.

7. Western schools were 100J6 in support of every aspect of the questionnaire except two. (Fifty percent favored a program at the graduate level; 25JE favored a program at a national institute.)

8. Eastern Canada completely rejected the idea of a program at the graduate level.

9. French Canada completely rejected government financial aid and the suggestion that a program be held through national institutes.

10. Bilingual schools vere 80JS in favor of a national institute as a setting for a coaching certification program. 2UU

CONCLUSIONS

The need for a coaching certification program has been unanimously supported by all respondents as veil as the desire to discuss such a programs and its ramifications at a convenient time. French Canada's rejection of federal aid and the hosting of such a program at a national institute reflects the independent nature of the Province of Quebec. The hosting of a program through a national institute vould also tend to dilute the cultural heritage of "la bell province."

The smaller institutions in the dominion vould require some financial assistance, outside of the university, in order to participate in a program of any magnitude.

It vould seem appropriate, therefore, in vlev of the evidence presented, that the hypothesis "it is not feasible that Canadian univer­ sities become involved in coaching certification programs" be rejected.

On the evidence shovn in the study the alternative hypothesis "it is feasible that Canadian universities become involved in coaching certifica­ tion programs" may be accepted vith some reservation. The acceptance of the alternative hypothesis vould require further study vlth a comprehen­ sive look into other related factors. These factors vould include the type and availability of physical facilities and the selection of appropriate faculty. The teaching staff vould need to combine scholar­ ship vith practical*experience as veil as the ability to relate such a background to the national and international scene. 2U5

For such, a future study to he significant a comparison of other models should be undertaken and vorld povers in the sphere of inter­ national sport such as the U.S.S.R. and East Germany should be viewed in such a comparative endeavor.

The concept of a national institute should not be discarded at this time in spite of the inclination of many to resist such a possibility.

A further study of the strength and weakness of a central Institute is recommended in viev of the success of such a system in other countries.

The determination of the strength of such an option may possibly

Influence the feasibility of a coaching certification program vithin the universities of Canada.

A possible coaching certification program involved vith Canadian universities could produce different viewpoints as to how and where such courses vould operate. For example, each university involved could operate a program vithin its own institution; a special staff could be assembled at a particular university for the purpose of conducting the program or specialists might be assembled at a place or places, forming a national institution, with the universities supplying the expertise.

All of the ramifications discussed will require careful investi­ gation in any future study of the feasibility of Canadian universities becoming involved in coaching certification programs. 2k6

APPENDIX A

SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE

Please ansver yea or no to the following questions by placing an X in the appropriate box. YES NO

1. Would you support a coaching certification program at your university. □ □ 2. Would you support a coaching certification program at your university as part of a degree program? □ □ 3. Would you expect government financial aid in under­ taking such a program? □ □ U. Do you feel there is a need for the certification of coaches in Canada? □ □ 5. Would you be prepared, at your convenience, to discuss your attitudes towards such a program? □ □ 6. Do you feel such a program should be at the under­ graduate level? □ □ 7. Do you feel such a program should be at the graduate level? □ □ 8. Do you feel that such a program would be better handled in a National Institute? □ □ APPENDIX B

SAMPLE COVERING LETTER

April, 197^

Dear i

Some concern has arisen in Canada in the past few years ahout the Canadian Image in international sport. The concern is not only with our athletic performances hut vith the role of the coach and his preparation for such an undertaking.

The scientific development of sport vithin the last tvo Olympics has pointed out to all of us vho are interested in the international scene hov important a role coaching plays in the ultimate results. There is little doubt that the modern coach must have experience as a performer, scientific knowledge as a scholar, and understanding as a human being.

I am endeavoring to look into this problem in order to determine if certain encouraging actions and suggestions on the part of our profes­ sional physical educators might influence the preparation of our coaches. Specifically, I am trying to find out your opinions on vhere, hov and vhen this preparation might take place. This short note is intended to arouse your curiosity about such matters and ask you to answer a fev brief questions. The The questions that you are being asked are specifically related to "the feasibility of Canadian universities becoming involved in coaching certification programs."

I desperately need your ansvers to the questionnaire involved as you are the only people vho can provide this expertise. It is also quite important to both of us that you complete and return this informa­ tion as soon as possible.

Life at The Ohio State University has treated me veil and X am sloviy but surely about to complete my year of study in Columbus. I am looking forward to visiting vith you in the fall over a cup of cheer. Give my varmeBt regards to everyone and I look ahead to seeing you soon.

Sincerely, ljh Jack Kennedy e n d 2kQ

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Periodicals

Kennedy, Jack. "Should Coaches Be Certified?," Journal of the Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and Recreation. 32, No. 1 (October"November, 19651) PP» 6.39—**1 -

Shneidman, Norman N. "Soviet Sport Schools: An Organizational Model for Canadian Youth Athletics?," Journal of the Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and Recreation* 39* No. 4 (March-Apr11, 1973) PP. 32-35.

Personal Correspondence

York University. Correspondence vith Dr. Bryce Taylor, Director of the School of Physical Education, York University, Toronto, Ontario.

. Correspondence vith Mr. Norbert Wirkovski, Coordinator of Men's Athletics, York University, Toronto, Ontario.

Personal Interviev

University of Western Ontario. Personal interviev vith members of the Faculty of Physical Education, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario. APPENDIX D

AN EXAMINATION OF WHY PARTICIPANTS DROP OUT OF TEE COACHING DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

ROBERT COUGHLIN AND MICHAEL HEIT

SEPTEMBER, 197?

SPONSORED BY

THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND RECREATION: SPORT AND FITNESS DIVISION 250

REASONS WHY PARTICIPAHTS DROPPED OUT

A count was made of the response rate for each Hem; following this they were then arranged In rank order from highest to lowest. The final order of the items and their corresponding frequencies are presented below.

Humber of Item Responses Percent

"It is not a matter of length of the course, but I am so Involved with other things that I just don't have the time to attend all sessions." 26 32.5

"I would lik e to take the course with members of my own sport only - many of the examples given were not relevant to my sport." 10 12.5

"The course seemed to emphasize the ideal way to coach and to handle s itu ­ ations but it did not give me enough practical tips to deal with the "real" situations on the field". 9 11.3

The course is too simple! 7 8.7

The course Is orientated to coaches who coach at the younger age groups, I deal 7 8.7 more with older competitors and adults.

The course is not interesting! • 6 7.5

The course seemed to be oriented to team sports and not individual ones. 6 7.5

8 weeks Is too long* 4 5.0

I thought the course, through the films and the Instructor, would tell me ju s t exactly how I should coach; Instead I just listened to the opinions of others. 4 5.0

The instructor was not interesting 1 1.3 ~ W ToOas

The participants' time commitments and other responsibilities undoubtedly produced time conflicts and comprised, by fa r , the main reason fo r th e ir dropping out from the course. 251

However, the course content, not surprisingly, was the second main reason for their leaving the course. Feeling that the course was too general, the participants requested much more application to their own individual soort. In addition they desired more examples and Instruc­ tions relating to real life situations.

It follows that the more general the course, the more difficult 1t is to give relevant examples applicable to real life situations; since these examples would necessarily have to be almost sport s p ecific.

In a sense then, reasons 2 and 3 are related - and consideration might be given to a change 1n the generality offered, although one suspects, at Level I, that the generalization Is exactly what Is required.

Taken as one unit, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th reasons for attrition relate directly to the course content. This Implies that the drop-outs perceived the content to be faulty or Irrelevant. Comments from Item 14 elaborate on this subject and are discussed 1n the next section.

"Open Ended" Responses

Item 14 was an "open ended" response, that 1s, participants could freely express their reasons for leaving the course. The conments 1n Item 14 were Intended to fMl1 the gap not covered by all Items previously. However, 1n most cases the comments given 1n 14 were elaborations on the firs t 13 responses.

Nevertheless, certain points were made 1n this Item that shed addi­ tional light on these participants' absence.

Again, most refusals (44%) were related to personal reasons and con­ flicting commitments which prevented them from attending the course. In essence the participants had other conmitments which he/she f e lt were more Important or binding.

Coincident with this, the second largest group mentioned that even though they missed the course for various reasons, they did Intend to take 1t again at a later date, suggesting they are not really "drop-outs", just non-participants foFThe interim.

Many of the remaining comments related again to the course content. They s p e c ific a lly complained about redundancy and sim p lic ity . However, It appears that this may not be due to the nature of the, course per se but rather the problem lies with the screening. The candidates recom­ mended that those applicants who have had these concepts before (either through a Q.A. program In P.E. or some other source) should not be exposed to the same principles again for they found it a simplistic, redundant and boring experience.

The next major theme 1n the comments related to the more specific content question. These participants wished to see a movement away from the competitive team spirit aspect and more application to non-competitive, individual sports such as swimming or bowling.

The final small section of comments related mostly to the logistics of the course. Only 2 Individuals fe lt the film demonstrations were poor 252 because of their simplicity; 3 fe lt the discussions were a bad format for the sharing of ideas since only 2 or 3 participants controlled the entire discourse.

These final criticisms were by far confined to a very small number of participants and one suspects they would be found in any evaluation of any course, anywhere; that is, you can't satisfy everyone.

It is Interesting to note that this item generated a surprising number of positive responses even though 1t was not probing fo r compliments. These comments related to the excellence of the Instructions and to the interesting and helpful nature of the course. These came almost totally from those who were unable to attend fo r personal reasons and reflects to some degree why they plan to take the course again. 253 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

ASIDE FROM THOSE WHO SIMPLY COULD NOT ATTEND THE SESSIONS, THERE APPEARS TO BE THREE MAJOR CONCLUSIONS ARISING FROM THIS EVALUATION EXERCISE.

1. THE DROP-OUTS SHOULD BE VIEWED AS A PROBLEM FOR THEY HAVE AN ADVERSE EFFECT ON THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROGRAM. I t Indicates that the course did not meet expectations and 1s a potential source of bad p u b lic ity . The Coaching Development program had an attrition rate of 16% which is considered normal.

2. THE DROP-OUTS PERCEIVED THE COURSE AS SIMPLISTIC, REDUNDANT AND BORING. The survey participants recomnend that a more re lia b le screening of the participants be carried out to separate those who have had the material previously from those who have not, and this former group could then be placed 1n different levels of the Couching Development Program; resulting In a more homogenous group at Level I and greater applicability to those placed 1n a level compatible with their expertise.

3. THE COURSE DID NOT APPLY TO SPECIFIC SPORTS AND REALISTIC EXAMPLES WERE NOT GIVEN. The question to address at this point Is; Does one consider this group of respondents large enough to warrant actual changes and diversification 1n the course content as a feasible alternative? Because of the accepted generalized nature of the Level I theory course, It 1s recommended that these respondents contact th e ir appropriate Sports Governing Body for further assistance 1n their own Individual sport. APPENDIX E

NATIONAL COACHING CERTIFICATION PROGRAMME

APPROVED TECHNICAL PROGRAMMES

25k 255

A3 OP JOLT 5. 1978 NATIONAL COACHING CERTIFICATION PROGRAM Approved Technical Programs

Tha following la an updata on aporta that do hava nationally approved C.A.C. tachnical prograna. Alao llatad ara tha aporta praaantly working on tachnical programs. (a) APPROVED TECHNICAL PROCRAMS

SPORT Pra-Level Pre-Laval 1 Laval 1 Laval 2 Laval 3 Laval A Archery a a a * Baakatball (being ravlaad a for Sept.) Badminton a a Baseball (S hours) a Bowling (3 pin) a Canoaing (flatwatar) a Curling a a Cycling a Diving a a European Handball a Fencing a Field Hockey (Women) a a a Football a Gymnastics a Hockey a a * (1-3 Inclusive) Hockey alao has Lacrosaa a levels A and 3 Lawn Bowling a Modern Rhythmic Gymnastics a Racquetball a Rowing a Rugby a a Skiing (Alpine) a a a Softball a Soccer a a a Speed Skating a Svlming a Synchronised Swimming a a Table Tennis a a Tennia a a Track and Field a Volleyball a Water Polo a a Uater Skiing a a Weightlifting a Vraacling a Yachting a a a (b) WORKING OH DEmOPHDTT Bowling (10 pin) Handball Ski-Jumping Boxing (early winear projection) judo (lata fa U projaction) Squash Canoaing (Vhicawacar) Natball Traapollnlng X-Country Skiing Oriantaaring Crickat Equestrian (probably Laval I by Shooting spring) APPENDIX F

A CHART ILLUSTRATING THE ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE NATIONAL COACHING CERTIFICATION PROGRAMME

256 257

Chart 3

A Chart Illustrating the Organizations Involved in the National Coaching Certification Programme

Sport Canada Coaching Association of Canada

National Sport National Coaching Provincial Sport Governing Certification Programme Governing Bodies Bodies

Council of Provincial Federal and Provincial Directors of Sport Governments and Becreation t

APPENDIX 0

ORGANIZATION CHART

THE FITNESS AND AMATEUR SPORT BRANCH

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL HEALTH AND WELFARE

1978

258 Chart M

THE FITNESS AND AMATEUR SPORT BRANCH Organization Chart

Mmnmnor MMaSTEAQA STATE NATIONAL AOVttOHY NATIONAL HEALTH AMO NtLFAME r ITNCtS AMO AMAUUn VOMT

M ro vn xo APPENDIX H

HIGHLIGHTS OF COACHING SURVEY OF THE NATIONAL SPORT GOVERNING BODIES

1978

260 261 The Coaching Association of Canada along vith Nestor Gayovsky of

Sport Canada agreed to Join Purnell in refining the original q u e s t i o n ­

naire. However, some significant information resulted from the

initial effort and brought to light a number of interesting trends.

Four hundred and eighty-four coaches were surveyed and the

question arose as to the validity of such a survey in view of the manner

in which the research was conducted. It became quite difficult to deter­ mine an answer to the validity question when it was discovered that the

provinces did not know how many questionnaires had been distributed.1

However, the Certification Council agreed that the sample was very useful

and that trends could be observed although the results could not be taken

as concrete evidence of such trends. Geoff Gowan cautioned the members

about this particular point and Indicated that people, in general, vould

read into the statistics what they wished and that responsibility of

the researchers should always be to deal vith the facts in a straight- 2 forward fashion.

Despite the doubts arising from the questionnaire, the survey did

produce a large number of interesting statistics:

1. Over thirty-one per cent of the coaches taking the courses vere not presently coaching. The fact that some or all of this group may not coach in the future was not determined.

2. Almost twenty-one per cent of the coaches vere over forty years of age and another twenty per cent vere between twenty and

^Based on personal correspondence between Terry Valeriote, National Coaching Certification Co-ordinator, and the writer, February, 1978.

^Minutes of Meeting, September 20, 1977* op. cit., p. 13. 262 tventy-four years of age. These two groups obviously made up a major portion of the coaches surveyed.

3. One-third of the coaches surveyed in the technical courses vere female.

1*. It had been thought, prior to the survey» that many coaches would be talcing the course because their children vere involved as players. Although this was true in a number of cases, forty-eight per cent, or almost half the number surveyed, did not have children of their own competing in the sport involved.

5. Of the coaches sampled, fifty-seven per cent possessed post­ secondary educational backgrounds. It was not determined, however, how many of these people vere actively involved in coaching.

6. Fifty-eight per cent of the coaches contacted vere involved with an age group that ranged from ten to nineteen years of age*

7. All topics taught were deemed to be of some importance by the coaches, but certain materials were received with much less enthusiasm than others. The topics received in less than an enthusiastic manner vere in the bio-physical areas and the question of why this should occur produced interesting answers. The blo-physlcal areas vere generally rated below par because coaches felt the quality of instruction was not what it should have been. The answer to this problem could well have been that many coaches did not understand the material and felt the

Instructor was at fault because of this confusion* It is also possible that a large number of the coaches involved vere not as interested in some theory areas as was expected. It was interesting to observe that the sport medicine lectures received the lowest rating of all the 263

subject materials presented.

8. The bio-physical areas received the poorest ratings in terms

of the quality of materials presented and, again, sport medicine was

rated at the bottom of the scale.

9. The bio-physical areas commanded more teaching time than

other courses, and sport medicine required the most time of all. It is

certainly a possibility that the longer time spent in the classrooms

vith these courses helped to undermine their ratings.

10. Forty-four per cent of the coaches preferred classes being

offered in the evening. This statistic has obvious implications for the

delivery syBtem of the technical courses, as some coaches did not vish

to take courses on the weekend. The data did not reveal if individuals vould or could take classes during the day, throughout the week.

11. Coaches preferred tests that allowed self-evaluation. Sixty per cent of the sajnple preferred this type of evaluation as opposed to

allowing someone else to Judge their efforts. The survey did not

Indicate why the coaches felt this way.

12. Over thirty-six per cent of the coacheB polled asked for a written test to count as a final grade, the test to be held at the end of the course.

A smftl1 percentage, twelve per cent, indicated that a test

should be given only to evaluate the success of the learning experience but not to Indicate a passing or failing mark.

13. Coaches generally preferred to be taught by specialists.

The instructors, although well qualified in a specific sport, vere not viewed as specialists in terms of the overall objectives and philosophies 26k of the national programme. The major complaint was that many teachers knew their ovn subject matter quite veil but were unable to relate that particular area to an overall philosophy.

1U. Eighty-one per cent of the population replied that they enjoyed taking courses vith coaches of other sports. The question was not asked if coaches would have preferred taking courses vith only coaches of their ovn sport.

15* Forty per cent of the coaches attending theory instruction said they had not changed their attitudes about coaching.

At the same time, a confusing sixty-three-point-four per cent claimed the courses attended improved their attitude. The same question yielded a still more confusing statistic in that eight-point-tvo per cent of the coaches surveyed were undecided about attitude change.

16. Over seventy-tvo per cent of the participants indicated they intended to take higher level theory courses in the future.

Armed vith the results of the survey, the chairman asked for opinions from the members of the National Coaching Certification Council, 3 particularly in terms of analyzing the results of the questionnaire.

Bill Heikkila, representing Sport Canada during the September meetings, felt that a positive trend had resulted from the survey but was, undecided as to the form the model should take in the future.

Alex Atamenko, another representative from Sport Canada, recommended that any flexibility involved vith future courses should be the option of the Instructor. Jim Morell noted that fifty-eight per cent of the ooacheB had post-secondary school backgrounds and as such, should be

3Ibid., p. lU. 265 capable of absorbing the materials presented, but in spite of this, many coaches experienced difficulty with the materials presented in the bio- mechanic and exercise physiology lectures. It was a general consensus of opinion that the instruction in the sport medicine offerings was not at all satisfactory.

Don McGovern, representing the technical directors of the sport governing bodieB, Indicated he was not quite sure why some coaches were

Involved with the programme. He felt most coaches with university degrees were involved because they wished to became more qualified, but was disturbed that two coaches, who asked not to be named, were taking the course for the sole purpose of enlarging their curriculum vitae.

The difficulty of some theory courses suggests the possibility that some coaches will not wish to study beyond a certain level and the

Council did not comment, at this time, that five levelB of theory and technical offerings may not be a practical curriculum. Although comments in terms of solutions to this particular problem were not brought forward during the meetings, the solutions could very well be predicted by offering only four or three units of instruction. The format of the revised model would, of course, require that special attention be given to the type and length of instruction offered.

The original concept of the Coaching Certification Programme was to reach the needy coach; the individual who did not possess any amount of expertise in the coaching field. It was suggested that the more knowledgeable coaches were making up the bulk of the student population and that the original concept was not being accomplished. If this is an accurate observation, priorities must be 266

re-established in order to meet the needs of the grass rootB coach. For

some time the question has arisen as to the need of teaching bio-mechanics and exercise physiology to the coaches in viev of the learning problems associated vith these offerings* Coupled with this dilemma is the

fact that the questionnaire revealed almost one-third of the population polled were not actively coaching and it is questionable, at this time,

if the programme is accomplishing its original objectives to upgrade the coaches involved vith the younger age groups. BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

Bennett, Bruce L., Maxvell Hovell and Uriel Simri. Comparative Physical Education and Sport. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1975.

Bratton, Robert D. Canadian Volleyball. A History to 1967. Scarborough, Ontario, C.V.A. Publications, 1972.

Bucher, Charles A. Foundations of Physical Education. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company, 1952.

Canadian Amateur Volleyball Association* Coaching Certification for Levels I - V and the Master Coach. Toronto: C.V.A. Publications, 1977-

Cantor, Norman F. and Richard I. Schneider. Hov to Study History. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1967.

Cosentino, Frank and Maxvell Howell. A History of Physical Education in Canada. Don Mills, Ontario: General Publishing C., Ltd., 1970.

Cosentino, Frank. Canadian Football - The Grey Cup Years. Toronto: The Musson Book Company, 1969•

. A History of Canadian Football. Toronto: The Musson Book Company, 1969*

Edwards, Harry. Sociology of Sport. Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1973*

Fawcett, Margot J. ed. Canadian Sports Annual. Toronto: Corpus Publications, 1977*

Flath, Arnold. A History of the Relations Between the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Champagne, Illinois: Stipes Publishing Co., 196b.

Gilbert, Douglas. The Miracle Machine. New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan,.Inc., 1980.

Hackensmith, C. W. History of Physical Education. New York: Harper and Row, 19 66.

267 268

Hoch, Paul. Rip Off the Rig Game. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1972.

Howell, Maxwell and Nancy Howell. Snorts and Games in Canadian Life 1700 to the Present. Toronto: MacMillan of Canada, 1969.

Johnson, Henry. A Brief History of Canadian Education. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Co. of Canada Ltd., 19^8.

Levy, Garry. Government Involvement In Sport and Recreation. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1979*

MacFarlane, Qua. Unification of Sport. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1976.

Matthews, A. W. Athletic Programmes in Canadian Universities. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 197*+•

Munro, John. A Proposed Sports Policy for Canadians. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1970.

Meggyesy, Dave. Out of Their League. Berkley: Ramparts, Inc., 1970.

Phillips, Charles E. The Development of Education In Canada. W. J. Gage and Company Ltd., 1997*

Rea, Harold V., Paul Wintel Des Ruisseaux and Nancy Greene. Report of the Task Force on Sport for Canadians. Ottawa: Queen's Printer,

Reed, Thomas Arthur. The Blue and White. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1977*

Rlordan, James. Sport in Soviet Society. London: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

. Sport Under Communism: The U.S.S.R. Montreal: MeGill- Queen's University Press, 197&.

Scott, Jack. The Athletic Revolution. New York: The Free Press, 1971.

Shneidman, Norman. The Soviet Road to Olympus. Toronto: The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 1978. lyier, Martin, ed. The History of the Olympics. London: Marshall Cavendish Publications Ltd., 1979*

Van Dalen, Deobold’B. and Bruce L. Bennett. A World History of Physical Education. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1971.

Williams, Jesse Feiring. The Principles of Physical Education. London: W. B. Saunders Company, 19^2._ 269

Wise, S. P. and Douglas Fisher. Canada * s Sporting Heroes. Don Mills, Ontario: General Publishing Co., 197^«

Zeigler, Earle F. ed. A History of Physical Education and Sport. Engleuood Cliffs, N. J.: *Prentice-Hall Inc., 1979*

PERIODICALS

Brezhnev, Leonid. "Communist Party of the Soviet Union - Party of Lenin," Soviet Union Today. Published by the U.S.S.R. Embassy in Canada, (March, 1971), p. 11.

Bucher, Charles A. "Professional Preparation of the Athletic Coach," Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. XXV (September, 1959), p. 27.

Chambers, David. "The Training of Coaches in the Soviet Union," Professional Circle. II (May, 1976), P* 5*

DeQroot, Dudley. "Have We Ignored Coaching as a Profession," Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. XVII (December, 1950), p. 30.

Drysdale, Arthur C. (ed.). "Editorial," Journal of the Canadian Association of Parks and Recreation. Ill (June, 1973)j p. 5«

Fishman, Dave. "Coaching Certification and the High Schools: A Rebuttal," Coaching Association of Canada. Bulletin No. 17, (April, 1977), P* 3.

Galasso, Patrick J. "The Involvement of the Canadian Federal Government in Sport and Fitness," Canadian Journal of Sport and Physical Education. Ill (December, 1970), p. 5^.

Gear, James I. "Factors Influencing the Development of Government Sponsored Physical FitneBS Programmes in Canada from 1830-1972," Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education, XIV (May, 1973) pp. 15-20.

Govan, Geoffrey. "Are We an Athletic Country or a Sporting One?" Journal of the Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and Recreation. (January-Februarv. 1973). n. U5.

Huyck, Bill. "Track and Field," Coaching Review. (December, 1965), P« 3.

Karbe, Wolfgang. "Physical Education and Sport in East and West Germany," Physical Educator IV (October, 1962), p. 1U .

Kennedy, Jack. "Should Coaches be Certified?" Journal of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. XXXII (October, 1 9 6 5), pp. 39-Ul. 270

Lamb, Barbara. "The Twenty-fifth. Anniversary, Port Arthur Ski Club, 1929-195^»" Port Arthur Ski Club Neva letter. (March, 195M. p. 2U.

Leysbon, Glynn. "Coaching Certification and the High Schools," Coaching Association of Canada, Bulletin No. 1 6 , (January, 1977)* P* 5*

Melville, Clint. "Dominion Ski Championships," Port Arthur Ski Club Newsletter. (February, 19^9)» P» 21.

Munro, John. "Canada's Sport Potential," Journal of the Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and Recreation. XXXV (December, 1968-January, 19^9)» p. 6 .

Rlordan, James. "Soviet Sport and Soviet Policy," Journal of the Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and Recreation. Supplement to the hOth vol. (September, 197*0 > p. *+2.

Shneldman, Norman. "Soviet Sport Schools: An Organizational Model for Canadian Youth Athletes," Journal of the Canadian Association for Health. Physical Education and Recreation. XXXIX (Marcb. 1973!). pp. 32-35.

Valeriote, Terry. "Coaching Certification," Coaching Review. I (July 1978), pp. 20-23.

West, Thomas J. "Physical Fitness, Sport and the Federal Government 1909-195^»" Canadian Journal of the History of Sport and Physical Education. IV (December, 1973), p. 26.

GOVERNMENT REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS

Bedecki, Thomas. An Examination of the Amateur Code in Canada. Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 1968.

Campagnola, Iona. Towards a National Policy on Amateur Sport. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer, March, 1978." _ ^ 1

Hockey Canada. FlrBt Annual Report. Ottawa, 1969-70.

House of Commons Canada. An Act to Establish a National Council for the Purpose of Promoting Physical FitnesB. Ottawa: The King's Printer, 19^

. Debates. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer, January 13, 19581 Vol. I.

. Debateb . Ottawa: The King's Printer, January 30, 1937* Vol. I.

______. Debates. Ottawa: The King's Printer, May 20, 19^1, Vol. II. 271

______• Debates. Ottawa: The King's Printer, March 2U, I9U9 , Vol. II.

______. Debates. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer, September 19, 1961, Vol. I.

» Debates. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer, January 20, 1959, Vol. II.

National Coaching Certification Programme, Sport Canada. National Survey. Ottawa, May, 1977*

National Coaching Development Programme, British. Columbia. Policy Statement. Victoria, April, 1977*

National Coaching Development Programme, Manitoba. Policy Statement. Winnipeg, June, 1977*

National Council on Physical Fitness. Minutes of the l6th Meeting. Executive Secretary's Report. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer, 1951. 1951.

Department of National Health and Welfare. The Duke of Edinburgh's Presidential Address to the Canadian Medical Association in Ottawa. June. 30, 1959. Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, no date given.

» A Proposed Sports Policy for Canadians. Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 1970.

______• Salute. Information Brochure, Ottawa: The Queen's Printer, 197S.

______• FitneBS and Amateur Sport Annual Report 1962-1963. Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 1 9 6 3.

• Fitness and Amateur Sport Annual Report 1963-I96U. Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 196 k,

______• Fitness and Amateur Sport Annual Report 196U-1 9 6 5. Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 1 9 6 5.

______* Fitness and Amateur Sport Annual Report 1969-1970. Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 1970.

______• Fitness and Amateur Sport Annual. Report 1973-197U. Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 197U. 272

. Fitness and Amateur Sport Annual Report 197^-1975. Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 197?*

. Fitness and Amateur Sport Annual Report 1976-1977- Ottawa: Department of National Health and Welfare, 1977 •

. The First Ten Years and After. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer, June, 1973.

Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation. Policies re National Coaching Development Programme. Toronto, June, 1973.

. Information Brochure. September, 197^*

______. Information Brochure. March, 1976.

Public Archives of Canada. Memorandum of the Meeting with Sports Officials and the Minister of National Health and Welfare, Fitness and Amateur Sport Directorate.Ottawa, 19^9*

Recreation Branch, Ministry of Culture of the Yukon Territory. Policy Statement. Project Coach - Yukon Plan. Whitehorse, January, 1977-

Report by the Committee on International Hockey. A report presented to the Minister of State, Fitness and Amateur Sport. Ottawa: Govern­ ment of Canada, 1978.

P. S. Ross and Partners Ltd. Sport and Leisure in Canada. A report prepared for the Department of National Health and Welfare, 1 9 6 9.

PROCEEDINGS AND MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES

Adams, Dennis. "Northwest Territories Plan," Recreation Division, Department of Natural and Cultural Affairs, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, September, 1976.

Canadian Amateur Ball Hockey Association. News Release. Toronto, June, 1977.

Canadian Amateur Football Association. Coaching Certification Level I . Developed and printed by the C.A.F.A. Working Committee, Ottawa, 1976.

Canadian Amateur Hqckey Association. Origins of Hockey in Canada. A report submitted to the C.A.H.A. Annual Meeting, Toronto, April, 1959-

. Annual. Report. Winnipeg, Manitoba, June, 1975-

Crocker, J. H. "Ontario Amateur Volleyball Association," The Official Volleyball Rules. New York: American Publishing Company, 1929-30. 273

Canadian Amateur Volleyball Association. Annual Report. Montreal, 1953.

Coaching Association of Canada. "The National Coaching Apprenticeship Programme." October 1, 1970* mimeo.

. "Coaching Scholarships for University Study." October 1, 1970* mimeo.

Coaching Development Programme, Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Province of Ontario, Minutes of Meeting, Toronto, January 27* 20, 1970*

. Minutes of Meeting, Toronto, May 7* 1975*

Committee of the Central Council of Physical Recreation, Great Britain. Annual Report, London, 1966.

Daniel, Uri. "Reaction to - Towards a National Policy on Amateur Sport," The Canadian Council of University Physical Education Administrators, November, 1970*

Eaves, Cecil. "Amateur Sports, C.A.H.A.," Proceedings of the 15th Annual University of Windsor Seminar for Canadlun-American Relations. Windsor: Herald Press, 1973.

Higgins, Andy. "Memorandum on Philosophical Questions," Steering Com- Mittee, Ministry of Community and Social Services, Toronto, Ontario, June 29, 1972.

Hockey Canada. Volunteer Manual. Ottawa, October, 1970.

Johnson, William, ed., Physical Education Around the World, (Indianapolis, Indiana: Phi Epsilon Kappa, Monograph Series No. 1, 1966), pp. 20-29*

Lalonde, Marc. "Sport and Fitness in Canada: It's a New Game," Speech presented March 1*, 1973* Lethbridge, Alberta, mimeo.

Lefaive, Lou. Speech presented June, 1971* University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

Lundquiat, Al. "Memorandum, Ministry of Community and Social Services," Toronto, August, 1972.

Makosky, Lyle. "The Organization of Sport in West Germany," A report presented to the Canadian Sport Governing Bodies, Ottawa, November, 197**.

MacFarlane, Gus. "What Price Sport in Canada," address given to Cornwall Lion's Club, Cornwall, Ontario, May 21, 1915*

. A Ministry of Sport. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer, January, 1975* 27*4

McDiarmid, Ian. "The Strathcona Trust: Its Influence on Physical Education," in Proceedings of the First Canadian Symposium on the History of Sport and Physical Education* University of Alberta, May 13-16, 1970, pp. 29541**.

Moriarty, Dick. Minutes of the Executive Council Meeting, Ontario Universities Athletic Association, Ottawa, August, 197*4.

. "Address to the National Association of College Directors of Athletics and Association of University Athletic Directors," June 2U, 197*4, mimeo.

National Coaching Council, Minutes of Meeting, Ottawa, September 20, 21, 22, 1977.

. Minutes of Meeting, Ottawa, March, 1977.

Parent Education Committee of the Ontario Hockey Council. An Examination into the Quality of Minor Hockey. A report sponsored by the Ministry of Culture and Recreation of Ontario and printed in Toronto by the Ontario Hockey Association, 1979*

Professional Tennis Registry. Newsletter. Washington, D. C., March, 1975*

"Position Paper," Report to the Ministry of Community and Social Services from the Steering Committee, June 29, 1972.

Report of the Provincial Sport Governing Bodies of Ontario, Toronto, September 3, 1973.

Report of the Provincial Directors Council on Sport and Recreation, Edmonton, June, 197*4.

Tutko, Thomas. "Developing the Individual and Team Image," Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Art and Science of Coaching. Toronto, Vol. II, 1977, PP. 137-1*46.

Valeriote, Terry. A report prepared for the Provincial Directors Council on Sport and Recreation, Ottawa, May, 1976.

Youth and Recreation Branch, Ontario Ministry of Community Services. Minutes of the Conference to Develop More Effective Amateur Coaching, Toronto, Ontario, April 8, 1972, mimeo.

. Minutes of Steering Committee Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, April 17, 1972*.

. Minutes of Steering Committee Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, May 9,' 1972. 275

. Minutes of Steering Ccanniittee Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, July 17, 1972.

Van Vliet, Maury. Text of Presentation to Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Waterloo, Ontario, June, 1971*

UNPUBLISHED SOURCES

Bedecki, Thomas. "Modern Sport as an Instrument of National Policy With Reference to Canada and Selected Countries," Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State Univeslty, 1971*

Cox, A. E. "A History of Sport in Canada, 1866-1900," PhD. Dissertation, University of Alberta, 1 9 6 9*

Galasso, Patrick J. "The Involvement of the Canadian Federal Government in Sport and Fitness," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1965.

Hall, Ann. "A History of Women'b Sport in Canada Prior to World W elt I," M.A. Thesis, University of Alberta, 1970.

Jobling, Ian F. "Sport in Nineteenth Centure Canada: The Effects of Technological Changes on its Development," PhD. Dissertation, University of Alberta, 1970.

Kennedy, John. "The Feasibility of Canadian Universities Becoming Involved in Coaching Certification Programmes," April, 197^*

. "So You Want to Coach," Speech presented to Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Fredericton, June, 1 9 6 5.

Lansley, Keith L. "The Amateur Athletic Union of Canada and Changing Concepts of Amateurism," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Alberta, 1969.

Lindsay, P. L. "A History of Sport in Canada, 1007-1667," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Alberta, 1 9 6 9.

Lund, Rolf T. "The Development of Skiing in Canada Prior to 19^0," M.A. Thesis, University of Alberta, 1970.

Mitchelson, Barry E. "The Evolution of Men's Basketball in Canada, 18 92-1 9 3 6," M.A. Thesis, University of Alberta, 1970.

Moriarty, Richard James. "The Organizational History of the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union Central (C.I.A.U.C.) 1906-1955*" Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1971* 276

Semotiuk, Daxvin and John Wilson. "A Short Duration Study of the Coaching Development Programmes of the Football Association and Rugby Football Union,” February, 1977*

NEWSPAPERS

The Globe and Mall, Toronto, July 26, 1976.

The Kingston Whig-Standard, Special Edition, February 12, 1976.

The Ottawa Citizen. May 20, 1956.

The Ottawa Citizen, May 13, 1973.

The Ottawa Citizen, September 5, 1976.

The Silhouette. Hamilton, Ontario, 1976.

The Toronto Star, February 26, 1 9 6 9•

The Toronto Star, September 30, 1976.

The Toronto Star. March 23, 1978.

Winnipeg Free Press. January 10, 1911.

Winnipeg Free Press. May 21, 1931.

INTERVIEWS

Brever, John. Secondary School Teacher, Toronto, March 10, 1978.

Hay, Charles. President, Hockey Canada, Toronto, December 20, 1970.

Hayes, Don. Faculty Member, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, February 6, 1972, April 1, 1972 and others.

Higgins, Andy. Track Coach, University of Toronto, June 1, 1978.

Hudson, John. Sports Director, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Toronto, February 2, 1978 and June 5, 1978.-

■ Jackson, Roger. Director of Sport Canada, Ottava, September 11, 1977*

Kich, Larry. Technical Director, Ontario Amateur Volleyball Association, Toronto, March 15, 1979 and April 26, 1979. 277

Johnson, Rick. Technical Director, Ontario Amateur Basketball Associa­ tion, Toronto, March 15» 1979 and April 26, 1979*

Juckes, Gordon, Secretary-Monager, Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, Ottava, June 3, 1975 and July 9t 1977*

Lefaive, Lou. Director, Sport Canada, Ottava, May 6, 1973* July 8, 1976 and others.

Loosemore, Phil. Secretary, University of Toronto Athletic Association, Toronto, 1955 and January 10, 1965*

Lundquist, Al. Physical Recreation Consultant, Youth and Recreation Branch, Ontario Ministry of Community Services, Toronto, March 26, 1975.

MacFarlane, Gus. Ottava, September 5* 1977.

Marko, Joe. Director of Athletics, Mohavk College, Hamilton, Ontario, Hamilton, February 10, 1976.

McDonald, Dennis. Technical Director, Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, Ottava, May 5» 1977 and June 26, 1978.

Munro, John. Minister of National Health and Welfare, Hamilton, Ontario, June, 1972.

Perclval, Lloyd. Canadian Track and Field Coach, Toronto, October, 1971.

Richardson, John. Faculty Member, University of Western Ontario, London, April 3, 1972, May 8, 1975 and September 9» 1976.

Secord, Bob. Director of Sport and Recreation, Province of Ontario, Toronto, May 2, 1973» August 21, 1976 and others.

Schmidt, Adolf. International Swimmer from West Germany, July 3, 1975*

Smith, A. J. Secretary, Ontario Universities Athletic Association, Hamilton, June 12, 1976.

Smith, Gordon. Co-ordinator for Sport and Recreation, Fitness Branch, Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Toronto, June, 1973, July 5* 1971* and others.

Smith, Ron. Executive Director, Ontario Hockey Association, Toronto, April k, 1978, Jlarch 28, 1979 and April 26, 1979*

Staples, Lionel. Tennis and Basketball Coach, McGill University, Hamilton, April 3, 1978.

Stevens, Warren. Director of Athletics, University of Toronto, Orillia, Ontario, September 6 , 1 9 6 2. 278

Tripp, Rosa. Technical Director, Ontario Amateur Football Association* Toronto, March. 2 k, 1979*

Warne, George E. Executive Director, Canadian Amateur Basketball Association, Ottava, August 19, 1978.

CORRESPONDENCE

Bell, Allan. Director, National Documentation Centre for Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, Great Britain, December 19, 1979.

Clark, Wes. Technical Director, Ontario Ringette Association, March 19, 1978.

Dick, Oven. Director, Ontario Team Handball Association, January 28, 1978.

Eagle, Tom. Consultant, Recreation Division, Department of Natural and Cultural Affairs, Government of the Northvest Territories, Yellowknife, October 10, 1977.

Fodor, Julius. Supervisor of Sports Programmes, Department of Recrea­ tion, Parks and Wildlife, Province of Alberta, November 7* 1977*

Goulet, Bob. Chief, Recreation Division, Department of Cultural and Natural Affairs, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife» October U, 1977*

Johnson, Cathy. Co-ordinator, Coaching Certification Programme, Department of Health and Social Development, Province of Manitoba, January 9* 1978.

Juckes, Gordon. Secretary-Manager, Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, Ottawa, May 19, 1976.

Kich, Larry. Technical Director, Ontario Volleyball Association, January 18, 1978 and February 3, 1978.

Kilpatrick, Brian. Executive Director, Canadian Amateur Diving Association, February 1, 1978.

LeClair, Don. Amateur Sport Consultant, Department of Education, Province of Prince Edward Island, March 30, 1978 and April 20, 1976.

Lefaive, Lou. President, Sports Administration Centre, Ottawa, July 20, 1977.

Lundq.uist, Al. Physical Recreation Consultant, Youth and Recreation Branch, Ontario Ministry of Community Services, June 19, 1972 uni July 9. 1972. 279

Mather, George, provincial Sport Consultant, Department of Culture and Youth., Province of Saskatchewan, April h, 1978.

McAllister, Bill. Provincial Coaching Co-ordinator, Ministry of Recrea­ tion and Conservation, British. Columbia, October 2, 1977 and October 18, 1977.

McDonald, Dennis. Technical Director, Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, April 26, 1978 and June 3, 1978.

McGavern, Don. Past Technical Director, Canadian Amateur Diving Association, March 2, 1978.

Montgomerie, Duff. Co-ordinator of Sport, Department of Recreation, Province of Nova Scotia, January 11, 1978.

Morell, Jim. Sport Co-ordinator, Department of Youth, Recreation and Cultural Resources, Province of New Brunswick, September 1, 1977* November 10, 1977 and December 21, 1977.

Pike, Frank. Provincial Coach, Ontario Soccer Association, January 31, 1978.

Rae, Marilyn. Executive Director, Squash Ontario, February 17, 1978.

Robb, Barrie. Director, Recreation Branch, Ministry of Culture, Government of the Yukon Territory, October 12, 1977 and October 16, 1977*

Richardson, John. Director, Domestic Sport, Recreation Canada, Ottawa, April 13, 1977.

Rogers, Keith. Provincial Sport Consultant, Department of Culture and Youth, Province of Saskatchewan, May 10, 1978.

Sawula, Lorne. Technical Director, Canadian Volleyball Association, April 25, 1977 and May 18, 1978.

Sokolowski, Halter. Executive Director, Ontario Water Ski Association, February 16, 1978.

Owen-Smlth, Peter. Programme Co-ordinator, Ontario Ski Council, January 25, 1978 and February 25, 1978.

Smith, Ron. Executive Director, Ontario Amateur Hockey Association, April 28, 1979-

Steplock, George. Technical Director, Ontario Amateur Svimming Association, August 6, 1978.

Valeriote, Terry. Co-ordinator, National Coaching Certification Programme, Ottawa, February 10, 1978 and October 3, 1980. 280 van der Merve, Marina. Women's Canadian National Field Hockey Coach, February 22, 1978.

Wallingford, Hon. Technical Director, Canadian Amateur Track and Field Association, February 1, 1977*

Wheeler, Ralph. Co-ordinator of Training, Recreation and Sport Services, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, October 10, 1977*