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The Structural Analysis of Illumination Designs in the Paintings of Ibrahim Mirza’S Haft Awrang

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The Structural Analysis of Illumination Designs in the Paintings of Ibrahim Mirza’S Haft Awrang Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (69):41-54 /Mar. 2019 DOI: 10.22034/bagh.2019.82309 Persian translation of this paper entitled: تحلیل ساختاری طرحهای تذهیب در نگارههای هفت اورنگ ابراهیم میرزا is also published in this issue of journal. The Structural Analysis of Illumination Designs in the Paintings of Ibrahim Mirza’s Haft Awrang Maryam Azimi Nezhad*1, Alireza Khajeh Ahmad Attari2, Samad Najarpoor jabbary 3, Bahareh Taghavi Nejad4 1. Isfahan University of Art, Iran. 2. Isfahan University of Art, Iran. 3. Isfahan University of Art, Iran. 4. Isfahan University of Art, Iran. Received 2018/03/13 revised 2018/10/06 accepted 2018/10/15 available online 2019/02/20 Abstract A statement of the Problem: One of the richest sources of Iranian art is the miniature painting in which the use of beautiful and well-designed motifs are abundantly visible in the form of geometric, abstract or naturalistic motifs, and such motifs can also be seen in different branches of this art, including illumination and Shepherd. The illustrated version of Jami’s Haft Awrang, illustrated in the 16th century A. D. is one of the most famous and valuable manuscripts of the Safavid period. Research Objectives: The present study aimed at analyzing the illumination designs used in the images of the Haft Awrang and also examining their features such as form, color, place of application and the way these designs have been used. Methodology: Data collection has been conducted with reference to written sources and the obtained data has been examined using a descriptive-analytical method. Research questions: - What are the qualities of designs and motifs in the images of Haft Awrang? - How is the use and method of Illumination in the illustrated version of the Haft Awrang? Conclusion: The results indicate that the illumination motifs used in Haft Awrang images, mostly include Palmette flowers and Khatayi designs as well as combined Khatayi and Arabesque designs have been most frequently used in the illumination patterns of this illustrated manuscript. Illumination designs have been depicted on the surfaces of buildings, tile works, domes, carpets and rugs and occasionally in humans’ clothing and animal coverlets. Also, these designs have played a significant role in promoting the decorative glory of the images and adjusting the composition of the paintings. The plurality of the designs and decorative motifs in this illustrated manuscript represents the decorative arts of the Safavid period and provides the virtuosos with a comprehensive collection of Iranian decorative motifs in one of the most flourishing periods in Iranian history of art. Keywords: Illumination, Safavid Period, Iranian Miniature Painting, Haft awrang. *. Corresponding author: 09120982684 [email protected] This paper is extracted from an M.A thesis by Maryam Aziminezhad Introduction and Statement of the Problem entitled “Aesthetic Analysis of Illuminated Drawings In Jami’s Haft Awrang Since the creation of human and animal images has Miniatures And the Application of Patterns In the Design and Production of Ornaments “, with the supervision of Dr. Alireza Khajeh Ahmad Attari and been banned in Islamic art, these motifs are rarely Dr. Samad Najarpour Jabbari, and advice of Dr. Bahareh Taghavi Nejad at seen in Islamic ornaments (Bolukbashi, 2004: 385). the Isfahan University of Art is presented. .......................................41.. .. ........... ........ ....... .......... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism M. Azimi Nezhad, et al. As a result, the Muslim artists began to create of the Safavid miniature painting art, the degree to ornamentations whose main elements were geometric which colors and illumination designs have been shapes and abstract motifs; these shapes and motifs used as colorful shades, the degree of darkness and then became commonplace in different Islamic arts. brightness, and the creation of the various contexts Application of these types of decorations with more in miniature painting, and this is a demonstration of details and accurate development of motifs as well the aesthetic ideas of the Safavid era at the court of as the use of various colors can be seen in the art of Ibrahim Mirza. illumination, as an independent art, and also in the decorations of Holy Qurans, Iranian manuscripts, and Background research paintings. The places in which illumination designs In a paper titled “A Pictorial Narration of Jami’s are used in miniature painting are the margins of Haft Awrang” Hosseini (2006), has investigated the images and decorations outside of the original pictorial theme of the images in Haft Awrang. space, but the use of these decorations is also seen Simpson (2003) in a book titled “Persian Poetry and in the context of the images and in some styles of Painting, Supporting Iranian Art”, has described miniature painting and illustrated manuscripts. One the images of Haft Awrang in terms of theme and of these manuscripts is Jami’s Haft Awrang which content. was decorated with various illustrations in Mashhad Regarding the examination of the features and School at the workshop of Ibrahim Mirza, a Safavid identification of the illumination ornaments, no prince. This research has been conducted based on the source that has been specifically devoted to the study, identification, and analysis of the illumination decorative designs in Iranian miniature paintings designs of this illustrated manuscript. Accordingly, and the analysis of the motifs was found. Despite the twenty-eight images of this manuscript and the the importance and large number of illumination illumination designs contained therein have been decorations seen in most Safavid paintings, no analyzed. comprehensive study has been conducted on these arrays. Some scholars have deemed it suffice to Methodology merely mention the various types of illumination In the present research, descriptive (analytical) designs and introduce different motifs: Machyani method was used to obtain comprehensive (2001), Zarei mehrvarz (1994), Kuhnel, Maleki information and helpful results. From this perspective, & Aghdasieh (1989), Lings (1998), Mayel heravi by investigating the images, the decorative elements (1993) and (1974), Mojarrad Takestani (1996), and of the illuminations have been analyzed and the Najarpoor jabbary (2016), are among the researchers patterns and motifs applied in each image have been who have introduced the illumination designs and individually identified and extracted. From among decorative motifs in their books and articles. a total of 28 images, 25 images with illumination decorations were examined. According to the Ibrahim Mirza’s Haft Awrang in Mashhad number of images and in order to avoid prolonging School the text, 2 images are explored in detail1, and the During the Safavid reign, after Tahmasebi’s rest of the images are presented in three tables Shahname, Ibrahim Mirza’s Haft Awrang is one of ........... representing the designs, colors, and the ways in the most prominent and at the same time most brilliant which the Illuminations have been applied in Haft miniature painting works created by Ibrahim Mirza. .......... Awrang manuscript; also several image have been This book consists of seven Masnavis composed by ........ provided in this paper that demonstrate the quantities. Nur al-Din Abdol Rahman Jami between 1453 and ....... These tables and image illustrate the magnificence 1470 A. D. Ibrahim Mirza’s Haft Awrang or Freer ...... ............................ ............................................................. 42 ... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism .... Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (69):41-54 /Mar. 2019 Jami’s manuscript was turned over to a group of used in illumination art, can be divided into several artists for book designing and calligraphy between groups in terms of their types: geometric motifs, 1541 and 1551 A. D. under the order of Ibrahim plant and abstract motifs, human and animal motifs, Mirza, the Safavid prince and the nephew of Shah and combined motifs. Tahmasb and then ruler of Khorasan2 (Pakbaz, 2000:39). The Use of Illumination in Miniature Painting In one of the pages of the first volume of Selselat al- Historians have referred to illumination as an art which Zahab, a specific seal of first Shah Abbas dating back is dependent on book-making and book designing to 1595 A. D. is seen that the sign of the dedication techniques, and they have ignored the independent of the Haft Awrang is on the verge of the shrine of aspects of illumination art and the originality Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardebili (Hosseini, 2006: 18). boundary as well as the centrality of this magnificent Thereafter, no further documentary information branch of decorative art in the scope of Iranian art is available on the fate of Haft Awrang until the in their classical definitions. (Machyani, 2001:7). twentieth century, when it was acquired by Freer, But in fact, illumination has been an independent art the American collector, and he placed this exquisite that could support the flourishing of other Iranian arts. work in his collection at the Smithsonian Institute, In the Islamic era and in various schools of miniature Washington DC. Thirty. Ibrahim Mirza’s complete painting, illumination was used in decorating collection of Haft Awrang is now available at this Qur’ans and the margins of different manuscripts. Institute3. The presence of illuminated ornaments reached the peak of its diversity and elegance in the images
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