La Cuisine De L'autre. Echange

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La Cuisine De L'autre. Echange LA CUISINE DE L’AUTRE. ECHANGES ET RIVALITES DANS LES RELATIONS GASTRONOMIQUES FRANCO-ANGLAISES DU XVIII e SIECLE A NOS JOURS Denis Saillard To cite this version: Denis Saillard. LA CUISINE DE L’AUTRE. ECHANGES ET RIVALITES DANS LES RELATIONS GASTRONOMIQUES FRANCO-ANGLAISES DU XVIII e SIECLE A NOS JOURS. Nos meilleurs ennemis. L’entente culturelle franco-britannique revisitée., 2014. halshs-01884367 HAL Id: halshs-01884367 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01884367 Submitted on 30 Sep 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. LA CUISINE DE L’AUTRE. ECHANGES ET RIVALITES DANS LES RELATIONS GASTRONOMIQUES FRANCO-ANGLAISES DU XVIIIe SIECLE A NOS JOURS « Le peuple anglais mange pour vivre ; en France, on vit pour manger » dit un vieux proverbe. Cuisiner n’est presque jamais considéré comme un art au sein de nos classes pauvres et il est vraiment nécessaire que la ménagère anglaise apprenne à faire la cuisine du mieux qu’il lui est possible. Voltaire faisait remarquer à propos de la cuisine anglaise que « si nous avions vingt-quatre religions, nous ne disposions que d’une seule sauce »1. En 1958, dans son Anthropologie structurale, afin d’exposer l’idée que les « structures culinaires » se retrouvent, universellement et pas seulement chez les peuples premiers, dans la mythologie, l’art ou l’idéologie politique, Claude-Lévi-Strauss met en exergue l’exemple qui paraît le plus familier à ses lecteurs : l’opposition des cuisines anglaise et française2. Pourtant, le modèle du triangle culinaire3 peut-il expliquer le fossé gastronomique franco-anglais ? La détestation des Français pour les plats bouillis anglais ou le rejet par les Anglais de la consommation de grenouilles et d’escargots, animaux jugés inquiétants en raison de leur nature visqueuse, ont souvent été discutés depuis les années 60. Récemment, aussi bien sur le plan socio-économique qu’anthropologique, Anthony Rowley a démoli les théories, devenues classiques, de la différence des cuisines française et anglaise4. Par exemple, le penchant marqué et durable de nombre d’Anglais pour la consommation d’huîtres, nourriture « naturelle » et visqueuse elle aussi, laisse penser que l’interprétation de Lévi- Strauss ne fonctionne pas complètement. L’étude diachronique des représentations gastronomiques, à condition qu’elle n’oublie pas de s’interroger sur la réalité des pratiques alimentaires, permet d’aborder ce débat scientifique sous un autre angle5. 1 Harriet DeSalis, Art of Cookery. Past and Present, Londres, Hutchinson, 1898, pp. 22-25, citée par Amy Trubek, Haute Cuisine. How the French Invented the Culinary Profession, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000, p. 59. 2 Claude Lévi-Strauss, Anthropologie structurale, Paris, Plon, 1958, pp. 99-100. 3 Claude Lévi-Strauss, Le Cru et le cuit (Mythologiques I) ; L’Origine des manières de table (Mythologiques III), Paris, Plon, 1964 et 1968. 4 « Cuisine française, cuisine anglaise : je t’aime moi non plus, 1715-2010 », conférence à la BnF, http://www.bnf.fr/fr/evenements_et_culture/anx_conferences_2010/a.c_101204_rowley.html 5 A. Rowley (conférence citée) rappelle l’origine du terme Froggy ; elle remonte au Moyen-Age quand les Français sont désignés en Angleterre comme des « mangeurs de crapauds », autrement dit de créatures diaboliques. Caricatures et stéréotypes foisonnent dans toute représentation de l’Autre et la nourriture constitue l’un des supports anthropologiques de choix, si ce n’est le premier, de la dépréciation d’autrui6. Français et Anglais ont multiplié les représentations gastronomiques dévalorisantes pour les voisins d’Outre-Manche. Les termes de « Froggies » et de « Rosbifs » ont ainsi régulièrement fleuri dans l’expression populaire pour désigner plus ou moins péjorativement l’Autre. Pourtant, comme l’a démontré dans les années 1980 l’étude de Stephen Mennell7, une importante dissymétrie caractérise les regards croisés des Français et des Anglais sur la cuisine de l’Autre. En dépit de fluctuations dans les modes culinaires et de réactions nationalistes, la majeure partie de l’élite sociale anglaise admet très tôt la « supériorité » de la cuisine française. Celle-ci a emprunté une voie originale en Occident à partir du XVIIe siècle, alors que la cuisine anglaise, elle, est presque invariablement jugée « mauvaise » par les Français, toutes classes sociales confondues. Ce schéma général résiste-t-il à une analyse plus détaillée ? Ne masque-t-il pas de nombreuses exceptions, voire des évolutions qui rendraient les regards sur l’Autre plus complexes qu’il n’y paraîtrait de prime abord ? La cristallisation du discours gastronomique anglais au XVIIIe siècle Il existe d’importantes différences des cuisines et des manières de table françaises et anglaises8 et de multiples représentations anglo-françaises de la cuisine de l’Autre bien avant le XVIIIe siècle. Cependant, le succès auprès d’une partie importante de l’élite anglaise de la nouvelle haute cuisine française qui, depuis la Renaissance, s’est développée à la Cour et dans les milieux aristocratiques notamment grâce aux innovations des chefs François Pierre de la Varenne (Le Cuisinier français, 16519), Pierre de Lune (Le Cuisinier, 1656) et François Massialot (Le Cuisinier 6 Denis Saillard, « Nourritures et territoires en Europe. La gastronomie comme frontière culturelle », Eurolimes, Journal of the Institute for Euroregional Studies, n°9, 2010, pp. 127-139. 7 Stephen Mennell, All Manners of Food : Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present , Oxford, Blackwell, 1985 ; rééd. Champaign, University of Illinois Press, 1996 / Français et Anglais à table du Moyen-Age à nos jours, Paris, Flammarion, 1987. 8 A. Rowley, conférence citée et Bruno Laurioux, « Les repas en France et en Angleterre aux XIVe et XVe siècles », pp. 87-114, in Jean-Louis Flandrin et Jane Cobbi (dir.), Tables d’hier, tables d’ailleurs : histoire et ethnologie du repas, Paris, Odile Jacob, 1999. Cf. également J.-L. Flandrin, « La diversité des goûts et des pratiques alimentaires en Europe du XVIe au XVIIIe siècles », Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, janvier 1983, pp. 66-83. 9 Ce livre fait l’objet de trois éditions londoniennes en anglais, The French Cook, en 1653, 1654 et 1673 ; cependant l’accentuation de la divergence entre cuisines anglaise et continentale (française, italienne et espagnole tout particulièrement) est perçue en Grande-Bretagne dès les années 1610, notamment par les cuisiniers anglais Gervase royal et bourgeois, 1691), change durablement la donne. Ces innovations consistent principalement dans le service à la française qui d’ailleurs ne cesse d’évoluer sous l’Ancien Régime, la séparation du salé et du sucré, la diminution drastique de l’usage des épices, la diversification des sauces, de plus en plus relevées, et des modes de cuisson, ainsi que la nette augmentation de l’usage du beurre10. La vogue des French Cooks ne se démentira quasiment jamais en Angleterre. Elle relance d’ailleurs l’exportation de vins français en Angleterre, florissante depuis le XIVe siècle notamment pour le Bordeaux11. De surcroît, la réaction nationaliste que provoque l’engouement pour les chefs français dès le milieu du XVIIe siècle, mais surtout à partir de 1710, rejouera périodiquement jusqu’à nos jours. Mieux même, la mémoire de cette date fondatrice du discours gastronomique moderne anglais, qui correspond à la publication dans le numéro 148 du Tatler d’un article hostile aux modes de préparation français, rejaillit parfois quand périodiquement surgissent des revivals de la cuisine anglaise traditionnelle ou supposée telle. C’est le cas par exemple au milieu des Sixties dans un article de Jean Robertson, rédactrice de la chronique culinaire du Sunday Telegraph, par ailleurs très favorable, dans le sillage d’Elizabeth David, à l’ouverture de l’Angleterre aux cuisines française et méditerranéenne : « Effective French influence on the English kitchen dates back to the 18th century, when it was sufficiently widespread for Richard Steele, writing in the Tatler, to make a plea for a return to the beef and mutton which had fuelled the warriors of Crécy and Agincourt. »12 Le contexte, aussi bien diplomatique que culturel (mode vestimentaire, cuisine, ...) des relations franco-britanniques, en ce début du XVIIIe siècle, explique la réaction appuyée du Tatler. Le très inventif ouvrage de Massialot a été traduit en anglais et publié à Londres en 1702 sous le titre, The Court and Country Cook, et semble avoir augmenté encore l’engouement pour la cuisine française parmi l’élite anglaise. Nous savons aujourd’hui que l’auteur de l’article du Tatler du 21 mars 1710 était en réalité Joseph Addison, l’autre co-fondateur de ce journal, et que quelques fragments de texte, notamment deux vers de la Satyr against the French, datant de 1691, précèdent cette Markham – qui pille allègrement les livres de recettes de cuisinières – et John Murrell ainsi que par le voyageur écossais Fynes Morrison ; cf. Gilly Lehmann, The Bristish Housewife. Cookery Books, Cooking and Society in 18th Century Britain, Totnes, Prospect Books, 2003, p. 36. 10 Benoît Garnot, La culture matérielle en France aux XVIe-XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles, Paris, Ophrys, 1995, pp. 42-56 ; Patrick Rambourg, De la cuisine à la gastronomie. Histoire de la table française, Paris, Louis Audibert, 2005 ; rééd., Paris, Plon, 2013 ; Florent Quellier, La Table des Français. Une histoire culturelle (XVe-début XIXe siècle), Rennes, PUR, 2007. 11 Marcel Lachiver, Vins, vignes et vignerons. Histoire du vignoble français, Paris, Fayard, 1988, p. 115 ; Paul Butel, Les dynasties bordelaises : splendeur, déclin et renouveau, Paris, Perrin, 2008.
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