Froni r1 J-,ffiilf; 11!/ l,!f .I. Clti1111{T_II. !'.·,,,, _ ROHEH'I' ;\ I OHHISON, D.D. Robert .l\torri.--011, J). 11., l,oni i11 Xort llrnnbPrland 17.'.'):!; n•acl,ed China l·itl A1 11f'ric:1 lt-iOT; st~t.,t,l••d at Canton: lirs_t a11d 01dy f'urlongli lt-i:!4; died in Canton 1834-. Co111p1lt->d tirst E11µ·lish and Clii11 P:-;0 Dictionary, En~lish a11d C l_1111.r.s e G ramrllHr, anrl with hb collrague i\li!1a·, tram-dated t h e w110IP l3illlr,. l'l'actical \.,· ·ulonfl all hi:-l 1n_1ss1onar.r cal'cer. Enga~wU a:-- Intr·rpn~tn for East rwlia Company, wa:-. thert'b.r :--e\f-~upporti11µ·. Connected with L.31.S. '.l'liP founde:· o f Protestant, i\l issio11s in Cl1i11a . F,-o,itf.,pie1·r .. HE CHINESE T EMPIRE A GENERAL & MISSIONARY SURVEY WITH PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS EDITED BY # MARSHALL BROOMHALL, B.A. EDITORIAL SECRETARY, CHINA INLAND MISSION W1TH PREFACE BY THE RIGHT HoN. SIR ERNEST SATOW, G.C.M.G. H.M. MINISTER AT PEKING 1900-1906 LONDON : MORGAN & SCOTT 12 PATERNOSTER BUILDINGS, E.C. CHINA INLAND MISSION, NEWINGTON GREEN, LONDON, N. PHILADELPHIA, TORONTO, MEL­ BOURNE TO ALL WHO BY PERSONAL SERVICE OR SELF-DENYING GIFTS HAVE SOUGHT THE NATIONAL, MORAL, AND SPIRITUAL WELFARE OF THE PEOPLES OF ltbe (tbtnese £mptre AND IN PARTICULAR TO MY HONOURED FATHER AND MOTHER WHO HAVE DEVOTED THEIR LIVES, HOME, TALENTS, AND THEIR SONS AND DAUGHTERS TO THE SAME GREAT CAUSE THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED V "Lo, THESE SHALL COME FROM FAR: AND, LO, THESE FROM THE NORTH AND FROM THE WEST ; AND THESE FROM THE LAND OF SINIM."-lsaiah xlix. 12. "Arias Montanus was among the first to suggest that the Sinim are the Sinese (Chinese) ; and since the question has been so thoroughly discussed by Gesenius (in his Commentary and Thesaurus), most of the Commentators, and also such Orientalists as Langles (in his Recherches Asiatiques), Movers (in his Phrenicians), Lassen (in his Indische AlterthuWJkunde, i. 856-7), have decided in favour of this opinion." "The name 0i:vat (Strabo), };i:vai (Ptol.), T(iviT(a (Kosmas), says the Sinologist Neumann, did not obtain currency for the first time from the founder of the great dynasty of Tsin ; but long before this, T.sin was the name of a feudal kingdom of some importance in Shensi, one of the western provinces of the Sinese land, and Fei-tse, the first feudal King of Tsin, began to reign as early as 897 B.c."-FRANZ DELITZSCH, D.D., in his Commentary on the Prophecies of Isawh. PREFACE THE enormous territory of the Chinese Empire, and the vast multitudes who inhabit it, would well-nigh entitle it to be regarded as a sixth quarter of the globe. For many ages it remained apart from the general current of Western civilisation, but in recent times the improvement in the means of intercommunication has so diminished distance that the Chinese nation has found it no longer possible to maintain its former attitude of isolation and aloofness. One by one the barriers of separation have been broken down, and the Chinese people have themselves come to recognise that they have much to gain by familiarising themselves with the discoveries in every branch of knowledge that have been made by the nations of the West. For just a hundred years past continuous efforts have been made to impart to the Chinese the knowledge of Christianity and the benefit it confers on mankind. In 1807 the pioneer Protestant missionary Robert Morrison of the London Missionary Society landed at Canton. At the present moment his successors, belonging to seventy different Societies, number more than 3 7 0 0 of both sexes, and are to be found preaching, tending the sick, and teaching in nearly every important city throughout the Empire. To the exertions of missionaries we owe the greater portion of the knowledge we possess of the language ana literature, the history, the manners and customs of the vii viii THE CHINESE EMPIRE Chinese. It is only necessary to mention the dictionaries and other works of Morrison, Medhurst, Doolittle, and Wells-Williams, the translation of the Chinese classical books by James Legge, the writings of Eitel, Faber, Edkins, Chalmers, and Arthur Smith, to perceive the magnitude of our own indebtedness to them, while by their versions of the Bible, works in theology, church history, devotional books and treatises in almost every department of secular history and science, they have striven unceasingly to become the interpreters of the West to the Far East. The events of the last few years have awakened a new spirit in the Chinese nation. They no longer desire to shroud themselves in a proud feeling of superiority to other nations, but show that they are willing to learn and desirous of appropriating whatever may serve to help them as a people in attaining to the level of the leaders of civilisation. Perhaps they do so thinking in the first place of securing the means for maintaining their independence and territorial unity. To such an aim it is impossible to refuse our warmest sympathy. Without security within their own borders they cannot turn their attention to the most precious elements in the life of a nation-to the religion which brings us into conscious relation with the God and Father of all mankind, to well-ordered civil and political liberty, to the pure administration of justice between man and man, and the elevation and improvement of human life under every aspect. It is to the missionaries that we must look for help in diffusing these blessings among the people of China, to whose welfare, spiritual, moral, and intellectual, they have devoted themselves so earnestly in the past, hoping even against hope for that fruit of their labours which the present time seems to promise. It has been my privilege, during a residence of nearly PREFACE ix six years in China, to have been brought into close personal relations with many Protestant missionaries, and to have seen a good deal of the work carried on by them in evan­ gelistic, hospital and medical work, and education. I can testify to the sincerity and ardour with which they pursue their noble and self-sacrificing task, often under great diffi­ culties from fanatical opposition, sometimes in almost absolute solitude, and frequently even at the risk of their lives-undaunted witnesses for the faith. ERNEST SATOW. SIDMOUTH, February 1907. EDITOR'S PREF ACE DURING the years 1902-1903 the writer edited a series of articles on the Provinces of China, accon;i.panied with maps, in China's Millions, the monthly organ of the China Inland Mission. Subsequently repeated requests were received, both from friends in China and at home, asking for the republication in book form of these articles. Instead of this, an entirely new work has been undertaken, which, it is hoped, will be of much more permanent value. In view, also, of the fact that the year 19 0 7 would be the Centenary of Protestant missionary effort in China, it appeared desirable and fitting to publish a comprehensive survey of the Chinese Empire. It was therefore decided to publish a large and new Atlas of the Chinese Empire, the Atlas to be accompanied by a book giving a geographical, historical, and missionary survey of each Province and Dependency of that Empire. The preparation of the various articles was entrusted to those who, by long residence in the field,· were specially qualified to write as experts upon their own particular Provinces. The present volume contains the articles thus written, and is intended, though published separately, to be a supplementary volume to the Atlas of the Chinese Empire. It needs but a glance at the Contents Table to see that each author writes from personal experience, the date of each writer's arrival in China being given in that table. If xi Xll THE CHINESE EMPIRE it be mentioned that the aggregate number of years spent in China by the writers of this book amounts to five hundred and fifty, it will readily be perceived that the book is the work of those who may be regarded as qualified to speak with authority. While the general basis of the work as laid before each author was, the preparation of an article giving a geo­ graphical, historical, and missionary survey of his Province or Dependency, it was but natural that among so many writers there should be some slight variety of treatment and some variation as to length. Although the majority of the con­ tributors exceeded the limits suggested, in only two or three cases has it been necessary to seriously condense or abbre­ viate. The lenient treatment of those who exceeded the limits originally suggested is recognised as possibly some­ what unfair to those who conformed to the original programme, and to these the Editor would offer his apology. Many of the longer articles were so valuable that they have only been curtailed where abbreviation appeared absolutely necessary. Unfortunately, all were not able to supply the provincial statistics as suggested. The order in which the provinces . have been arranged has been determined approximately by the date missionary work was commenced in them. Thus K wangtung comes first, the coast provinces next, and the inland provinces last. It should be explained that although Formosa is not now part of the Chinese Empire, an article upon that Island has been included as the history of Missions there is so closely connected with the mainland.