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Molecular Characterization of 'Candidatus Borrelia Tachygl RESEARCH REPOSITORY This is the author’s final version of the work, as accepted for publication following peer review but without the publisher’s layout or pagination. The definitive version is available at: https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.001929 Loh,, S.M., Gillett, A., Ryan, U., Irwin, P. and Oskam, C.L. (2017) Molecular characterization of ‘Candidatus Borrelia tachyglossi’ (family Spirochaetaceae) in echidna ticks, Bothriocroton concolor. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 67 (4). pp. 1075- 1080. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/36777 Copyright: © 2017 IUMS It is posted here for your personal use. No further distribution is permitted. NOTE Loh et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:1075–1080 DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.001929 Molecular characterization of ‘Candidatus Borrelia tachyglossi’ (family Spirochaetaceae) in echidna ticks, Bothriocroton concolor Siew-May Loh,1 Amber Gillett,2 Una Ryan,1 Peter Irwin1 and Charlotte Oskam1,* Abstract Recently, a novel species of the genus Borreliawas identified in Bothriocroton concolor and Ixodes holocyclus ticks from echidnas. Analyses of 16S rRNA and flaB genes identified three closely related genotypes of this bacterium (Borrelia sp. Aus A-C) that were unique and distinct from previously described borreliae. Phylogenetic analyses of flaB (763 bp), groEL (1537 bp), gyrB (1702 bp) and glpQ (874 bp) gene sequences and concatenated sequences (3585 bp) of three gene loci (16S rRNA, flaB and gyrB) were consistent with previous findings and confirm that this novel species of the genus Borrelia is more closely related to, yet distinct from, the Reptile-associated (REP) and Relapsing Fever (RF) groups. At the flaB locus, genotypes A, B and C shared the highest percentage sequence similarities (87.9, 88 and 87.9 %, respectively) with B.orrelia turcica (REP), whereas at the groEL and gyrB loci, these genotypes were most similar (88.2–89.4 %) to B.orrelia hermsii (RF). At the glpQ locus, genotypes A and B were most similar (85.7 and 85.4 % respectively) to Borrelia sp. Tortoise14H1 (REP). The presence of the glpQ gene, which is absent in the Lyme Borreliosis group spirochaetes, further emphasises that the novel species of the genus Borrelia characterized in the present study does not belong to this group. Phylogenetic analyses at multiple loci produced consistent topographies revealing the monophyletic grouping of this bacterium, therefore providing strong support for its species status. We propose the name ‘Candidatus Borrelia tachyglossi’, and hypothesize that this species of the genus Borrelia may be endemic to Australia. The pathogenic potential of this bacterium is not yet known. The family Spirochaetaceae is classified under the humans and other animals by ticks within the Ixodes ricinus order Spirochaetales, belonging to the phylum Spirochaetes. complex: Ixodes ricinus in Europe, Ixodes persulcatus in This family consists of genera that are of concern to human Europe and Asia, and Ixodes pacificus and Ixodes scapularis health, such as Borrelia and Treponema [1], with common in USA [7]. These pathogenic spirochaetes are dependent pathogenic species including ‘Treponema pallidum on wildlife, particularly rodents and birds, which act as subsp. pallidum’, the causative agent of syphilis worldwide asymptomatic reservoir hosts that maintain their life cycles [2], and ‘Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue’, the bacte- and transmission [9]. rium responsible for yaws [3]. The genus Borrelia is a mem- Spirochaetes within the RF group have been reported ber of the family Spirochaetaceae and through convention is throughout a number of continents, including Africa [10], divided into three major clades: Lyme disease/Borreliosis Eurasia [11] and North America [12]. These borreliae, in (LB) caused by members of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu contrast to the LB group, are generally transmitted by soft lato complex, the Relapsing Fever (RF) borreliae and the ticks (family Argasidae), with the exceptions of Borrelia Reptile-associated (REP) borreliae [4]. The LB borreliae cur- miyamotoi identified in I. persulcatus [13], I. ricinus [14], I. rently comprise over 20 recognized species including the pacificus [15] and I. scapularis [16]; ‘Borrelia lonestari’ in primary Northern hemisphere Lyme-disease-causing agents Amblyomma americanum [17]; Borrelia theileri in Rhipice- Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia bavariensis, Borrelia burgdorferi phalus microplus [18]; and ‘Candidatus Borrelia texasensis’ sensu stricto, and Borrelia garinii, along with a newly in Dermacentor variabilis [19]. described genospecies ‘Candidatus Borrelia mayonii’ that causes LB in the upper Midwestern USA [5–8]. Members of The third major clade of this genus, the REP borreliae, was the LB group are vectored by hard ticks (family Ixodidae), identified after the discovery of Borrelia turcica in Hya- with the pathogenic species commonly transmitted to lomma aegyptium ticks collected from tortoises in Turkey Author affiliations: 1Vector and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; 2Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, Queensland, Australia. *Correspondence: Charlotte Oskam, [email protected] Keywords: Australian ticks; Candidatus Borrelia tachyglossi; Spirochaetaceae; Bothriocroton concolor; Echidna. Abbreviations: LB, Lyme disease/Borreliosis; REP, Reptile-associated; RF, Relapsing Fever. All sequences generated in this study were deposited in GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ under accession numbers KY586964-KY586974. One supplementary figure and seven supplementary tables are available with the online Supplementary Material. 001929 ã 2017 IUMS Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. IP: 134.115.74.94 1075 On: Mon, 29 May 2017 08:18:37 Loh et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:1075–1080 [20, 21], followed by subsequent addition of REP-related (874 bp) and gyrB (1702 bp) (Table S1, available in the species of the genus Borrelia identified in various reptiles [4, online Supplementary Material). Primers were designed to 22]. While the LB and RF spirochaetes consist of zoonotic amplify short fragments of each gene with overlapping pathogens and are of significant public health concern in regions in order to obtain maximum coverage of the genes many countries, the pathogenicity and zoonotic potential of analysed for accurate characterization. PCR cycling condi- the REP group are not yet known. tions were as described by Loh et al. [37] (see Table S1 for respective annealing temperatures), with the exception of Although LB borreliae have never been identified in Austra- groEL primers: initial denaturation at 95 C for 5 mins, 35 lian ticks, wildlife or people [23], two RF borreliae are recog- cycles of denaturation at 95 C for 30 s, annealing at 48 C nized: B. theileri and Borrelia anserina that are transmitted for 40 s, extension at 72 C for 2 mins, and a final extension by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) australis [24, 25] and Argas at 72 C for 7 mins. Amplification products of the targeted persicus [26, 27], respectively. In addition, ‘Borrelia queens- DNA products were electrophoresed in 1–2 % agarose gel landica’ was the first species of the genus Borrelia to be with blue light using safe (Invitrogen), and positive samples reported from native long-haired rats, Rattus villosissimus, were purified and sent for Sanger sequencing. in north-west Queensland, Australia. While the soft tick, Ornithodorus gurneyi, was considered to be the vector of DNA sequences generated at flaB, groEL, glpQ and gyrB loci this species due to its presence in the region, transmission were aligned and analysed together with sequences repre- experiments were not successful, and molecular characteri- senting species of the genus Borrelia retrieved from Gen- zation was never conducted to reliably identify the species of Bank. All sequences were aligned using MAFFT v7.017 [39] the genus Borrelia [28, 29]. and then refined using MUSCLE [40]. The best-fit model for each locus was assessed using MEGA6 [41] and was selected Sequence analysis of multiple loci offers the advantage over based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Bayesian morphological characterization of being highly discrimina- phylogenetic reconstructions using sequence alignments of tory, therefore serving as a reliable method for accurate all four loci were generated using MrBayes 3.2.6 [42], identification, characterization and population, and epide- and concatenated phylogenetic reconstructions using miological analyses in numerous bacterial studies [30, 31]. concatenated sequence alignments were produced using the This technique was first used on Borrelia burgdorferi in CIPRES Science Gateway V.3.3 [43]. GTR and HKY substi- 2008 [32] and has become an increasingly common tech- tution models were selected, with gamma categories of five, nique for taxonomic and epidemiological studies of this MCMC length of 1 100 000, burn-in length of 10 000 and genus [33–36]. subsampling frequency of 200. Recently, a novel species of the genus Borrelia was detected In the present study, Borrelia-specific flaB (763 bp), groEL in a number of echidna ticks, Bothriocroton concolor, col- (1537 bp), gyrB (1702 bp) and glpQ (874 bp) DNA sequen- lected
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