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Research Seasonal Distribution and Faunistic of Ticks in the Alashtar County (Lorestan Province), Iran

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Research Seasonal Distribution and Faunistic of Ticks in the Alashtar County (Lorestan Province), Iran Open Access Research Seasonal distribution and faunistic of ticks in the Alashtar county (Lorestan Province), Iran Behroz Davari1, Firoz Nazari Alam1, Hassan Nasirian2,&, Mansour Nazari1, Mohammad Abdigoudarzi3, Aref Salehzadeh1 1Department of Medical Entomology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran, 2Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 3Reference Lab For tick Study, Department of Parasitology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Tehran, Iran &Corresponding author: Hassan Nasirian, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Key words: CCHF, faunistic, hard tick, soft tick, seasonal distribution Received: 17/07/2016 - Accepted: 07/08/2017 - Published: 22/08/2017 Abstract Introduction: Ticks are non-permanent obligate parasites that have considerable medical-veterinary and zoonosis importance. In this regard a study designed to investigate the distribution and fauna of ticks in the Alashtar county in Iran from April and March 2014. Methods: Ticks were collected from livestock farms and facilities from selected rural and geographically location in the Alashtar county. Based morphological characteristics and reference identification keys, ticks were identified. Results: A total of 549 ticks including 411 hard and 138 soft ticks were found. Ten tick species including Haemaphysalis concinna (0.36%), Haemaphysalis sulcata (0.36%), Hyalomma anatolicum (0.18%), Hyalomma dromedarii (0.18%), Hyalomma marginatum (1.45 %), Hyalomma schulzei (0.36%), Rhipicephalus annulatus (0.18%), Rhipicephalus bursa (28.1%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (43.63%) and Argas persicus (25.2%) were identified. Tick seasonal distribution were 47.26%, 22.63%, 14.96% and 15.15% in the spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The tick distribution was more from plain areas (64.96%) than the mountainous areas (35.04%). The rates of the tick contamination were 97.3% and 2.7% in the traditional and industrial livestock's, respectively. The livestock contamination ranks to the hard ticks were cattle (39.51%), sheep (34.15%) and goats (26.34 %), respectively. Chi-square analysis showed a significant difference among the seasonal distribution of the ticks in the spring, summer and autumn or winter; between the tick distribution in the plain and mountainous areas; and between the traditional and industrial livestock's tick contamination (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Present study proves to change the traditional livestock's to the industrial livestock's. These findings highlight the importance of ticks and shows need to their control and tick pest management. Pan African Medical Journal. 2017;27:284. doi:10.11604/pamj.2017.27.284.10341 This article is available online at: http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/27/284/full/ © Behroz Davari et al. The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Pan African Medical Journal – ISSN: 1937- 8688 (www.panafrican-med-journal.com) Published in partnership with the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET). (www.afenet.net) Page number not for citation purposes 1 Introduction various diseases. Due to climate and tick life condition change during different seasons and years, it seems necessary to study the tick distribution and fauna during intermittent periods. Alashtar Ticks are non-permanent obligate and the most frequent County has a climate and weather diversity that is livestock and ectoparasites (ticks, mites, lice and fleas) of the terrestrial animal husbandry are commonly widespread and nomadic tribes vertebrates that have considerable medical-veterinary and zoonosis travelled there especially among the neighbor cities such as Malayer importance [1, 2]. They are a serious threat to animal health and and Nahavand. In recent years, tick-borne disease cases such as public health in many parts of the world because they are able to Relapsing and CCHF have been reported (local reports) in the direct damages and transmission of parasitic, viral and bacterial Alashtar County. Therefore, it needs to conduct a research to obtain pathogens [3, 4]. Control of ticks and tick-borne diseases are the the further epidemiological aspects about diseases caused by the most important sanitation to protect livestock health and their ticks in the Alashtar region. So far, there is not a comprehensive products, particularly prevention of tick-borne diseases transmitted study about distribution and fauna of ticks in this county. In this to humans [5, 6]. Premature and adult stages of ticks are attacked regard a study designed to investigate the distribution and fauna of to different groups of animals and feed on their blood and interstitial ticks in different parts of the Alashtar county in the Lorestan fluids. They irritate their host by relatively long-term feeding and province in western Iran from April and March 2014. continuous saliva injection to their body. Tick feeding period lasts form several minutes in soft ticks to weeks in hard ticks that in addition to release them from one place to another, cause local discomfort of the hosts and facilitate the transmission of pathogens Methods to the other hosts [7]. Ticks are remained infected for lifetime by feeding on their host infected blood and transfer the infection in a Site of study: Alashtar county is located at an altitude of 1,600 way of trans-ovarial or trans-stadial transmissions. Ticks also have meters above the sea level in the northern of Lorestan province one or more various hosts in their life cycle that they transmit the (Table 1, Figure 1). Nomadic herders are common among the infections from wild to domestic hosts by their feeding [8, 9]. Alashtar county peoples. Lorestan province is located in the west of Because of any tick species may have ability to transfer a certain Iran (Figure 1). It is a very beautiful place with a high perspiration type of a disease. Identifying tick species, their abundance and rate and a good climatic condition, making this location green and distribution, have a great effect to understand the epidemiology of cool and it is the route from the south to the north of Iran. This the diseases and their control in each region or globally. As much province has some popular tourist attractions with historical and research is also being done on a vaccine against the diseases such cultural significance. Between the higher ranges lie many fertile as development of anti-tick vaccines [10], tick species identifying is plains and low hilly, well-watered districts. Lorestan covers an area also important of this aspect in the areas. of 28,392 km². The Lorestan population was estimated at 1,754,243 people in 2011. Khoramabad is the capital of Lorestan province. The The Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) has led to an major cities in this province are: Khorramabad, Borujerd, Aligoodarz, increase in the number of studies about tick distribution and tick- Dorood, Koohdasht, Azna, Alashtar, Noor Abad and Pol-e-Dokhtar borne diseases [11]. Some various tick studies were done in (Figure 1). The terrain consists chiefly of mountains, with numerous different parts of Iran such as NorthWestern (West Azerbaijan and ranges, part of the Zagros chain, running northwest to southeast. Ardebil Provinces), North (Guilan, Mazandaran, Golestan and Qazvin The climate is generally sub-humid continental with winter provinces), West (Kordistan and Kohgilouyeh provinces), South precipitation, a lot of which falls as snow. The average annual (Hormozgan province), Southwest (Sistan) and central [10, 12-21]. precipitation is 530 mm. Temperatures vary widely with the seasons The Alashtar County with the various peripheral villages is and between day and night. In summer, temperatures typically considered one of the most important areas in terms of animal range from a minimum of 12°C to a hot maximum of 32°C. In husbandry and it is the most densely populated livestock areas winter, they range from a minimum of -2°C to a chilly maximum of (nearly 250 thousand light and heavy head of cattle) in the Lorestan 8°C. province from western Iran. Ticks are one of the most important pests in the livestock industry and they have the ability to transfer Page number not for citation purposes 2 How to select the study areas: We divided the Alashtar county and facilities viewing (Table 1). A total of 549 ticks including 411 to four areas: North, South, East and West including 23, 41, 17 and hard and 138 soft ticks were collected and identified. The highest 38 villages, respectively. Then we randomly selected ten percent of and the lowest frequency of ticks were observed at the Abbas-Abad villages from each area. Afterward, we selected ten percent of (15.66%) and Sarabe-Chenar (4.0%), respectively (Table 2). Figure livestock's in the each village. Subsequently, we selected ten 3 shows the frequency of the collected ticks in the Alashtar county percent of animals in the each livestock. The villages were Darreh- from April and March 2014. The highest (17.5%) and the lowest Thang and Decamond from North;
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