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Third Front Movement(1964 -1980) the Cold War Situation

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Third Front Movement(1964 -1980) the Cold War Situation WEEK 2 Chapter 1 The Purpose-built Cities: Radical Urbanism Before and After the Culture Revolution A4575_City and Countryside in China The Third Front Movement(1964 -1980) The Cold War Situation 1950-1953 Korean War 1955-1975 Vietnam War 1964 Gulf Tonkin Event 1960-1989 Sino-Soviet Split 1969 Damansky(Zhenbao) Island Incident 1964-1980 The Third Front Movement 1966-1976 Culture Revolution 1979 Reform and Opening Policies 1980 Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Nikita Khrushchev: publicly, international allies; privately, ideological enemies. (China, 1958) The Third Front 14 Provinces: Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai; Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou; Hebei, Henan; Hubei, Hunan; Guangxi, Shanxi. 2052.6 Billion RMB Investment. 1100 Factories. 92 Research and Development Institutes. Millions of Emigrants and Workers. “Prepare for war and shortage for the people, All good men and good horses go to Third Front” Military Urbanism Cities in the Third Front _Built for political and military purposes _State mobilized immigrants _Factory centered city _Confidential _Isolated danwei (Unit) _Militarized management _Production space, not consumption space Panzhihua City in 1960’, Sichuan Province Deng Xiaoping visited Panzhihua’s Master Plan “It is the victory of Mao Zedong’s thought that Panzhihua can produce irons” Chen Jiagang, Cement Plant in the Mountain, Third Front Series, 2003-2006 Chen Jiagang, Third Front Series, 2003-2006 Chen Jiagang, Third Front Series, 2003-2006 Chen Jiagang, Shuicheng Iron & Steel Co. Ltd, The Great Third Front Series, 2008 Chen Jagang, Artificial Fog, The Great Third Front Series, 2008 Recommended Film: 24 City, 2008 Chen Jiagang, The Great Third Front Series, 2008 Chen Jiagang, Frosted Dormitory, The Great Third Front Series, 2008 Chen Jiagang, Third Front Series, 2003-2006 Recommended Films Wang Xiaoshuai, Shanghai Dreams, 2005; Jia Zhangke, 24 City, 2008 Bryan Tilt, The Struggle For Sustainability in Rural China: Environmental Values & Civil Society, Columbia University Press, 2010 The Shrinking Cities Detroit New Orleans Leipzig Liverpool Manchester … Shrinking Cities Volume 1: International Research; Volume 2: Interventions Edited by Philipp Oswalt, 2005-2006 Museum of China Third Front in Panzhihua City, a Copy of Bilbao Effect? '&%$#ە Шихəнзə Shixenze Shihezi Headquarter of XPCC(Xinjiang 石河子市 Production and Construction Corps) A city found by the station troops in 1950: cultivating and guarding the border area in Xinjiang # Land Defense # Coast Defense, Ming and Qing Dynasty # Dapeng Watch Tower City (Shenzhen) # Nantou Watch Tower City (Shenzhen) # Kowloon Walled City (Hong Kong) He Huangyou, Shenzhen, 1965 He Huangyou, Luohu Bridge, 1965 He Huangyou, Chung Ying Street, 1987 He Huangyou, Shennan Avenue, 1983 Leroy W. Demery Jr, Shenzhen,1980 Leroy W. Demery Jr, Shenzhen,1980 Leroy W. Demery Jr, Shenzhen,1980 Leroy W. Demery Jr, Shenzhen,1980 GZ SSEZ HK SSEZ Borders Jiang Shigao, Working Girls in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone,1983 The Arrival Cities New York Shenzhen ? Shaun Tan, The Arrival, 2007 The following texts quoted from an unpublished curatorial essay by Ou Ning for Design Society: “The Arrival: How Shenzhen Was Shaped” In his book Delirious New York published in 1978, Rem Koolhaas told a fiction story about the floating swimming pool: a Russian architectural student designed this pool in 1923 and some architects built it as the boat heading to the freedom in New York in 1930’, “due to the particular form of locomotion of the pool – its reaction to their own displacement in the water - they have to swim toward what they want to get away from and away from where they want to go”, after 40 years of crossing the Atlantic, they arrived their destination. In 1980, just two year after the book published, Deng Xiaoping decided to build Shenzhen, a small fishing village near Hong Kong, into a “special economic zone”, then after 36 years, Shenzhen became the world’s largest purpose-built arrival city. Rem Koolhass, The Story of Swimming Pool, 1977 Deng Xiaoping visited Shenzhen, 1984 At the very beginning, Deng proposed to get Shenzhen as an experimental site to invite the Hong Kong, Taiwan and other oversea Chinese businessmen for investment, to kick off the new economic (Manuel Castells called it Guanxi Capitalism) in China after the Culture Revolution. He was successful: Shenzhen became Koolhaas’ floating swimming pool - its destination was the free market, but people had to swim very hard toward the opposite direction, in the name of Neo Socialism - it finally arrived, with 10 million population. Shenzhen caused the largest scale of human migration in China in the past 4 decades, which was comparable to the Third Front Movement (a massive industrial development in China’s interior from 1964 to 1980 by the central government based on national defense considerations). A lot of open-minded elites of the CCP, engineering corps from PLA, intellectuals, artists and designers, technical professionals and the cheap laborers from the rural area arrived Shenzhen from all provinces, they worked in the governments, universities and schools, companies, factories where everything was totally new. A grand picture of the huge immigrant population was created, just like the pages in Shaun Tan’s shockingly imaginative graphic novel The Arrival. These people became the driven force of the city building, from early years’ processing and export economic, to the real estate and catering and entertainment business after Deng Xiaoping made his famous “Southern Speech” in 1992, to the creative and information technology industry recently. The “Southern Speech”, 1992 Shenzhen was the most attractive city for those people who wanted to realize their dream for decades. The political system was more open and flexible than the inland, giving people more freedom to start their business and life; the free market respected the commercial value, and the special policies offered better legal guarantee for the companies’ rights; everybody here was equal on opportunity, they shared the same upside potential on education and jobs, the elites had the space to accumulate their wealth while the ordinary people could make living through their small business; the living situation was safe and comfortable while the daily life was very convenient, people enjoyed a lot of 24 hours facilities and services (Shenzhen was the first city that owned the 7-Eleven shops in China), the transport and medical conditions were advanced than the inland cities. Overall, we can say, the attraction of Shenzhen was the result of DESIGN - that is why people respected Deng Xiaoping as Shenzhen’s “chief designer”. "There, building something new is a daily pleasure and a daily occurrence… We discovered that in the area we were in it takes 10 days - and it's three people and three Apple computers. And it's a 40-story building. Others are done in two days." - Rem Koolhaas, Wired Magazine, 1996 Creature, by Triptyque (Brazil) 2009 Shenzhen & Hong Kong bi-city Biennale of Urbanism \ Architecture The Bug Dome, by WEAK! Architects(Taiwan, Finland) 2009 Shenzhen & Hong Kong bi-city Biennale of Urbanism \ Architecture With the Wind 2009, by Jiakun Architects (China) 2009 Shenzhen & Hong Kong bi-city Biennale of Urbanism \ Architecture People’s Roulette, by Franceschini and Allende/Futurefarmers (US) 2009 Shenzhen & Hong Kong bi-city Biennale of Urbanism \ Architecture The Second Borderline of SSEZ Buji Checkpoint Nantou Checkpoint Beizhaijiao Checkpoint Meilin Checkpoint .
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