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PRODUCT MONOGRAPH DIPENTUM ® (Olsalazine Sodium)

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PRODUCT MONOGRAPH DIPENTUM ® (Olsalazine Sodium) PRODUCT MONOGRAPH DIPENTUM ® (olsalazine sodium) 250 mg Capsules Lower gastrointestinal anti-inflammatory Atnahs Pharma UK Limited Date of Preparation: Sovereign House March 13, 2015 Miles Gray Road Basildon Essex SS14 3FR United Kingdom Distributed by: Searchlight Pharma Inc. Montreal, Quebec, H3J 1M1. Control # 182519 ® DIPENTUM is a registered trademark of Atnahs Pharma UK Limited NAME OF DRUG Dipentum (olsalazine sodium) THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION Lower gastrointestinal anti-inflammatory ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY The conversion of olsalazine to 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) in the colon is similar to that of sulfasalazine (SASP), which is converted into sulfapyridine and 5-ASA. On a weight basis olsalazine delivers twice the amount of 5-ASA to the colon compared with SASP and there is no residual carrier molecule (sulfapyridine) following olsalazine administration. It is thought that the 5-ASA component is therapeutically active in ulcerative colitis. The usual dose of sulfasalazine for maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis is 2 grams daily, which would provide approximately 0.8 gram of mesalamine to the colon. More than 0.9 gram of mesalamine would usually be made available in the colon from 1 gram of olsalazine. The mechanism of action of 5-ASA (and SASP) is unknown, but appears to be topical rather than systemic. Mucosal production of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, both through the cyclooxygenase pathways (i. e., prostanoids), and through the lipoxygenase pathways (i. e., leukotrienes (LTs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids [HETEs]) is increased in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and it is possible that mesalamine diminishes inflammation by blocking cyclooxygenase and inhibiting prostaglandin (PG) production in the colon. After oral administration olsalazine has limited systemic bioavailability. Based on oral and intravenous dosing studies approximately 2.4% of a single 1.0 g oral dose is absorbed. Less than 1% of olsalazine is recovered in the urine. The remaining 98-99% of an oral dose will reach the colon, where each molecule is rapidly converted into two molecules of 5-ASA by colonic bacteria and the low prevailing redox potential found in this environment. The liberated 5-ASA is absorbed slowly resulting in very high local concentrations in the colon. Systemically absorbed olsalazine is rapidly cleared from plasma with a half-time of 0.9 hour. The plasma 5-ASA and acetylated-5-aminosalicylic acid (Ac-5-ASA) are rapidly cleared via the kidneys. The elimination half-times are 45 and 80 minutes, respectively. In urine less than 1% is recovered as olsalazine, 20% as Ac-5-ASA and less than 1% as 5-ASA. The remaining 80% is eliminated via the faeces as 5-ASA and Ac-5-ASA. Geriatric use of DIPENTUM did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. 2 In general, elderly patients should be treated with caution due to the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, co- existence of other disease, as well as concomitant drug therapy. CLINICAL STUDIES Two controlled studies have demonstrated the efficacy of olsalazine as maintenance therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis. In the first, ulcerative colitis patients in remission were randomized to olsalazine 500 mg B.I.D. or placebo, and relapse rates for a six-month period of time were compared. For the 52 patients randomized to olsalazine, 12 relapses occurred, while for the 49 placebo patients, 22 relapses occurred. This difference in relapse rates was significant (p<0.02). In the second study, 164 ulcerative colitis patients in remission were randomized to olsalazine 500 mg B.I.D. or sulfasalazine 1 gram B.I.D., and relapse rates were compared after six months. The relapse rate for olsalazine was 19.5% while that for sulfasalazine was 12.2%, a non- significant difference. INDICATIONS Long-term maintenance of patients with ulcerative colitis in remission. Treatment of acute ulcerative colitis of mild to moderate severity, with or without the concomitant use of steroids. CONTRAINDICATIONS Hypersensitivity to olsalazine, other salicylates or any of the excipients. WARNINGS All 5-ASA preparations have been reported to cause an exacerbation of colitis symptoms in less than 1% of patients with ulcerative colitis. This reaction may also occur with olsalazine treatment due to the pharmacological similarities among these drugs. 3 Use in Pregnancy Olsalazine has been shown to produce fetal developmental toxicity as indicated by reduced fetal weights, retarded ossifications and immaturity of the fetal visceral organs when given during organogenesis to pregnant rats in doses 5 to 20 times the human dose (100 to 400 mg/kg). There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Olsalazine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Nursing Mother Small amounts of the active metabolite of olsalazine (5-ASA) may pass into breast milk. Harmful infant effects (diarrhea) have been reported when 5-ASA was used during breastfeeding. Unless the benefit of the treatment outweighs the risks, olsalazine should not be taken by breast-feeding women, or patients should be advised to discontinue breastfeeding if using olsalazine. Oral administration of olsalazine to lactating rats in doses 5 to 20 times the human dose produced growth retardation in their pups. Use in Children Safety and effectiveness in a pediatric population have not been established. PRECAUTIONS General Overall, approximately 17% of patients reported diarrhea when olsalazine was initially administered, resulting in treatment withdrawal in 6%. This diarrhea appears to be dose related although it may be difficult to distinguish it from the underlying symptoms of the disease. The diarrhea is temporary and may depend on the extent of colonic involvement. However, the severity of ulcerative colitis does not appear to influence its occurrence. Drug-related diarrhea in patients in remission is defined as watery stools, four or more times a day, without blood or sigmoidoscopic signs of inflammation. Withdrawal of the drug results in prompt clinical improvement of the diarrhea. Disease-induced diarrhea (i.e. relapse of the colitis) is defined as four or more bowel movements a day with visible blood in association with sigmoidoscopic evidence of inflammation. Drug-induced hypersensitivity colitis presents with increasing diarrhea that is frequently bloody. Other signs of hypersensitivity such as fever, skin rash, cramping abdominal pain, or nausea are often part of this type of acute exacerbation. Sigmoidoscopy reveals the macroscopic changes of an active colitis. Withdrawal of the drug results in prompt improvement of this hypersensitivity reaction. Dipentum can be used with or without concomitant steroids for treatment of acute ulcerative colitis of mild to moderate severity. 4 The following definitions may serve as guidelines for selection of patients: Remission is defined as three or fewer bowel movements a day without macroscopic blood admixture and without sigmoidoscopic evidence of inflammation. Mild disease is defined as three to five bowel movements a day or other symptoms of colitis including rectal bleeding, anorexia, or nausea. Moderate disease includes patients with at least six and up to ten bowel movements per day, with or without rectal bleeding, anorexia or nausea. Severe disease is indicated by ten or more bowel movements per day and one or more of the following signs: abdominal tenderness, pulse rate greater than 100 beats/minute, body temperature higher than 37.5° C. Severe allergies and/or asthma Patients with severe allergies or asthma should be monitored for signs of worsening of symptoms. Renal It is recommended to monitor renal function in patients receiving olsalazine by estimating serum creatinine before treatment, every 3 months for the first year, every 6 months for the next 4 years, and annually after 5 years of treatment. Although renal abnormalities were not reported in clinical trials with olsalazine, there have been rare reports from post-marketing experience (see under ADVERSE REACTIONS). Therefore, the possibility of renal tubular damage due to absorbed mesalamine or its n-acetylated metabolite, as noted in the ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY section must be kept in mind, particularly for patients with pre-existing renal disease. In these patients, monitoring with urinalysis, BUN and creatinine determinations is advised. Hepatic Patients with impaired hepatic function should be monitored (see under ADVERSE REACTIONS). Blood Patients and/or their caregivers should be instructed on how to recognize signs of haematotoxicity and should be advised to contact their physicians immediately if symptoms such as fever, sore throat, mouth ulcers, bruising, or bleeding develop. Drug interactions The coadministration of salicylates and low molecular weight heparins or heparinoids may result in an increased risk of bleeding, more specifically hematomas following neuraxial anesthesia. Salicylates should be discontinued prior to the initiation of a low molecular weight heparin or heparinoid. If this is not possible, it is recommended to monitor patients closely for bleeding. 5 Increased prothrombin time in patients taking concomitant warfarin has been reported. In view of the
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