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Inclusive Design for a Digital World Designing with Accessibility in Mind Inclusive Design for a Digital World Designing with Accessibility in Mind Regine M. Gilbert Foreword by Ron Rateau Inclusive Design for a Digital World: Designing with Accessibility in Mind Regine M. Gilbert New York, NY, USA ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-5015-0 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-5016-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5016-7 Copyright © 2019 by Regine M. Gilbert This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Managing Director, Apress Media LLC: Welmoed Spahr Acquisitions Editor: Natalie Development Editor: James Markham Coordinating Editor: Jessica Vakili Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media New York, 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail [email protected], or visit www.springeronline.com. Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC and the sole member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is a Delaware corporation. For information on translations, please e-mail [email protected], or visit http://www. apress.com/rights-permissions. Apress titles may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use. eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our Print and eBook Bulk Sales web page at http://www.apress.com/bulk-sales. Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book's product page, located at www.apress.com/ 978-1-4842-5015-0. For more detailed information, please visit http://www.apress.com/ source-code. Printed on acid-free paper I dedicate this book to my daddy Allen Gilbert, Jr. - he told me I could do whatever I put my mind to and he was right. Thank you to all of my students, who have taught me more than I could have ever taught you. To all my friends and family: you all have been with me on my journey - thank you! Table of Contents About the Author ...............................................................................xiii About the Technical Reviewer ............................................................xv Acknowledgments ............................................................................xvii Foreword By Ron Rateau ...................................................................xix Introduction .....................................................................................xxiii Chapter 1: Designing with Accessibility in Mind ..................................1 Changing Attitudes to Disabled People .................................................................3 Medical/Social Model of Disability ........................................................................4 We Can All Create More Inclusive Experiences .....................................................9 True Story ......................................................................................................11 NFL Image Color Rush Uniforms ....................................................................12 Red–Green Color Blindness ...........................................................................14 Blue–Yellow Color Blindness .........................................................................15 Complete Color Blindness .............................................................................15 Where to Begin? ..................................................................................................19 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................20 Chapter 2: Accessibility, Content, HTML, JavaScript, CSS, and the Land of Accessible Rich Internet Applications ......................21 Governing on the Web .........................................................................................22 Web Accessibility ................................................................................................24 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Web Content ........................................................................................................26 Information Architecture Helps Build Better Experiences .............................27 What Does the Code Do? ...............................................................................30 The Benefits of Knowing Basic HTML and CSS .............................................30 Understanding Code and How to Code Is Understanding Pixels ....................31 Assistive Technologies ........................................................................................32 HTML Best Practices ...........................................................................................33 Use Container Elements for Layout Only .......................................................34 Use Other HTML Elements the Way They’re Intended ....................................34 Headings ........................................................................................................35 Examples of Accessibility Do’s and Don’ts for HTML ..........................................35 JavaScript ...........................................................................................................40 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................42 Chapter 3: If It’s Annoying, It’s Probably not Accessible ....................43 The Annoyances and Solutions ...........................................................................45 A Page Taking Too Long to Load ....................................................................46 Poor Content Layout ......................................................................................46 Pop-ups .........................................................................................................48 Too Much Text ................................................................................................49 Uncertainty Related to Buttons and Links .....................................................50 Autoplay .........................................................................................................51 What to Do Next ..................................................................................................58 Closing Thoughts .................................................................................................59 Chapter 4: Compliance and Accessibility ...........................................61 A Step in the Right Direction ...............................................................................61 United States .................................................................................................62 Other US Digital Accessibility Legislation ......................................................62 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Canada ..........................................................................................................62 Europe ...........................................................................................................63 Asia Pacific ....................................................................................................63 International Standards .................................................................................63 Further Reading .............................................................................................64 Web Content Accessibility Timeline ....................................................................64 POUR ...................................................................................................................65 Perceivable: Providing Text Alternatives ........................................................66 Operable: Components and Navigation .........................................................74 Understandable: Error Identification ..............................................................77 Robust ...........................................................................................................78 ADA’s Impact on Web Accessibility .....................................................................79 Target 2008....................................................................................................80
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