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Mosquito Host Choices on Livestock Amplifiers of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Kenya David P

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Mosquito Host Choices on Livestock Amplifiers of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Kenya David P University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Papers in Veterinary and Biomedical Science Department of 2016 Mosquito host choices on livestock amplifiers of Rift alleV y fever virus in Kenya David P. Tchouassi Robinson O. Okiro Rosemary Sang Lee W. Cohnstaedt D. Scott McVey See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vetscipapers Part of the Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons, Cell and Developmental Biology Commons, Immunology and Infectious Disease Commons, Medical Sciences Commons, Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology Commons, and the Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Veterinary and Biomedical Science by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors David P. Tchouassi, Robinson O. Okiro, Rosemary Sang, Lee W. Cohnstaedt, D. Scott McVey, and Baldwyn Torto Tchouassi et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:184 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1473-x RESEARCH Open Access Mosquito host choices on livestock amplifiers of Rift Valley fever virus in Kenya David P. Tchouassi1*, Robinson O. K. Okiro1, Rosemary Sang1,2, Lee W. Cohnstaedt3, David Scott McVey3 and Baldwyn Torto1 Abstract Background: Animal hosts may vary in their attraction and acceptability as components of the host location process for assessing preference, and biting rates of vectors and risk of exposure to pathogens. However, these parameters remain poorly understood for mosquito vectors of the Rift Valley fever (RVF), an arboviral disease, and for a community of mosquitoes. Methods: Using three known livestock amplifiers of RVF virus including sheep, goat and cattle as bait in enclosure traps, we investigated the host-feeding patterns for a community of mosquitoes in Naivasha, an endemic area of Rift Valley fever (RVF), in a longitudinal study for six months (June–November 2015). We estimated the incidence rate ratios (IRR) where mosquitoes chose cow over the other livestock hosts by comparing their attraction (total number collected) and engorgement rate (proportion freshly blood-fed) on these hosts. Results: Overall, significant differences were observed in host preference parameters for attraction (F2,15 = 4.1314, P = 0.037) and engorgement (F2,15 =6.24,P = 0.01) with cow consistently attracting about 3-fold as many mosquitoes as those engorged on sheep (attraction: IRR = 2.9, 95 % CI 1.24–7.96; engorgement: IRR = 3.2, 95 % CI = 1.38–7.38) or goat (attraction: IRR = 2.7, 95 % CI 1.18–7.16; engorgement: IRR = 3.28, 95 % CI 1.47–7.53). However, there was no difference between the attraction elicited by sheep and goat (IRR = 1.08; 95 % CI 0.35–3.33 or engorgement rate (IRR = 0.96, 95 % CI 0.36–2.57). Conclusion: Despite the overall attractive pattern to feed preferentially on cows, the engorgement rate was clearly independent of the number attracted for certain mosquito species, notably among the flood water Aedes spp., largely incriminated previously as primary vectors of RVF. Our findings suggest that insecticide treated cattle (ITC) can be exploited in enclosure traps as contact bait in the monitoring and control of disease-causing mosquitoes in RVF endemic areas. Keywords: Attractancy, Engorgement rate, RVF livestock amplifiers, Enclosure trap, Surveillance Background fever (RVF), a disease of public and veterinary health im- The foraging behaviour of disease vectors controls the portance transmitted by mosquitoes. Despite the isola- opportunities for infection and transmission of patho- tion of the causative agent, RVF virus, from so many gens that cause vector-borne diseases [1]. The emer- mosquito species [3–5], knowledge of their blood- feed- gence of zoonotic arbovirus diseases is intimately linked ing patterns on potential vertebrate hosts remains poor to the range of blood hosts that may be fed upon by vec- and is only just beginning to be appreciated. tors such as mosquitoes [2]. As such, assessment of host A number of methods have been employed to blood feeding preference is of ecologic and epidemio- examine the host preferences of RVF mosquitoes. logical value for arboviral zoonoses such as Rift Valley Earlier studies employed biochemical and molecular identification of host source from blood in naturally engorged mosquitoes sampled using traps [6, 7]. * Correspondence: [email protected] 1International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box Evaluation of host preference based on trap captures 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya of mosquito vectors is limited because certain Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2016 Tchouassi et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Tchouassi et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:184 Page 2 of 8 important species may not be readily collected in attraction and acceptability and the knowledge is im- traps. For example, during the RVF outbreak of 2006/ portant in determining vector biting rates and exposure 07, there was the lack of blood-fed Culex spp. mosqui- to pathogens and for risk assessment among farm ani- toes sampled, yet these species constituted a large mals. These parameters were also not monitored in a proportion of mosquitoes sampled during the period study using humans and calves as bait to evaluate the [5]. While this points to the inefficiency of traps to biting habits of mosquitoes associated with flooded dam- representatively sample different species, this observa- bos with particular interest in flood water Aedes, incrim- tion inadvertently fails to add much to our knowledge inated as primary RVF vectors [18]. Although livestock of the host feeding patterns of Culex spp., which have hosts (cow, sheep and goat) serve as amplifiers for RVF been incriminated as secondary vectors of the disease. virus [19], we posit that the feeding parameters, attrac- Additionally, earlier studies on host preference have tion and engorgement, vary for a community of mosqui- narrowly focused on selected flood water Aedes spp. toes that could likely predispose them to differential risk mosquitoes incriminated as primary RVF vectors e.g. of or source of infection. Hence, their assessment may Aedes mcintoshi and Aedes ochraceus,inaspecific help identify the biting pressure and the mosquito spe- geographic area. However, similar data remains want- cies feeding on these domestic animals and identify ing for other important species given that mosquito those most likely to transmit pathogens. Of epidemio- species incriminated in virus transmission vary from logical value, the highly attractive and acceptable host is region to region [5] and not necessarily the floodwa- the individual with the greatest potential exposure to ter Aedes spp. A number of samples processed for risk of infection with RVF and possibly other mosquito- blood meal analyses may largely remain unidentified borne disease agents. Such an attractive host also serving using biochemical and molecular means likely to be as amplifier could facilitate enhanced transmission affected by integrity of the sample, quality and quan- through infection of efficient and inefficient mosquito tity of the DNA following blood meal digestion and vectors. This knowledge can potentially be exploited in specificity of the associated gene target [8]. mitigation strategy against this disease to target the vec- Behavioural observations using choice assays in the tors given that effective vaccine or therapeutic treat- field may provide a more objective tool for assessing ments are lacking. host preference [9]. These competitive experiments may often represent what a mosquito experiences in nature Methods when a host-seeking mosquito encounters more than Study site one potential host source. Within this context, animal- We carried out this study in the outskirts of Naivasha, baited trapping systems may be applicable to examine an endemic site for RVF [20] where the first case of RVF host associations of animal-biting insects and to deter- was reported in Kenya. Naivasha is located in Nakuru mine the seasonal activity or geographic distribution of County at an altitude of 1,884 m above sea level with an these insect species [10]. Animal-baited traps provide estimated 181,966 inhabitants as per the 2009 census. olfactory cues from hosts for attraction of mosquitoes The climate is warm and temperate with an average an- [10, 11] and often overcome inherent biases from con- nual temperature of 17 °C and rainfall of about 1, ventional mosquito traps and attractants. Using such 150 mm with bimodal peaks experienced every March- methods the possibility of collecting host specific mos- May and October-December. The vegetation is charac- quitoes not readily encountered in conventional traps re- terized
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